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ASTM D1914-95(2014)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Conversion Units and Factors Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres

Standard Practice for Conversion Units and Factors Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 ASTM requires the use of SI units in all its publications and their use in reporting atmospheric measurement data. However, there are historic data and even data currently reported that are based on a variety of units of measurement. This practice tabulates factors that are necessary to convert such data to SI and other units of measurement.  
3.2 IEEE/ASTM SI-10 does not list all the conversion factors commonly used in air pollution and meteorological fields. This practice supplements IEEE/ASTM SI-10.  
3.3 The values reported here were obtained from a number of standard publications. They were adjusted to five figures and organized in a rational order. All values reflect the latest information from the 16th General Conference on Weights and Measurements held in 1979.  
3.4 The factors in Table 1 are provided to change units of measurement from one system to related units in other systems, as well as to smaller or larger units in the same system.  
3.5 Values of units in the left column may be converted to values of units in the right column merely by multiplying by the conversion factor provided in the center column.  (A) For specific applications and exceptions, see Terminology D1356.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides units and factors useful for members of the air pollution and meteorological communities.  
1.2 This practice is used together with IEEE/ASTM SI-10, which discusses SI units and contains selected conversion factors for inter-relation of SI units and some commonly used non-metric units.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2014
ICS
13.040.20 - Ambient atmospheres
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Drafting Committee
D22.01 - Quality Control
Current Stage
Ref Project

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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1914 − 95 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Practice for
Conversion Units and Factors Relating to Sampling and
1
Analysis of Atmospheres
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1914; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
Sieves
1.1 This practice provides units and factors useful for
IEEE/ASTM SI-10 Standard for Use of the International
members of the air pollution and meteorological communities.
System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
1.2 This practice is used together with IEEE/ASTM SI-10,
3. Significance and Use
which discusses SI units and contains selected conversion
factors for inter-relation of SI units and some commonly used
3.1 ASTM requires the use of SI units in all its publications
non-metric units.
and their use in reporting atmospheric measurement data.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor- However, there are historic data and even data currently
reported that are based on a variety of units of measurement.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the This practice tabulates factors that are necessary to convert
such data to SI and other units of measurement.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.2 IEEE/ASTM SI-10 does not list all the conversion
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
factors commonly used in air pollution and meteorological
fields. This practice supplements IEEE/ASTM SI-10.
2. Referenced Documents
2
3.3 The values reported here were obtained from a number
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ofstandardpublications.Theywereadjustedtofivefiguresand
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
organized in a rational order. All values reflect the latest
Atmospheres
information from the 16th General Conference on Weights and
Measurements held in 1979.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.01 on Quality Control.
3.4 The factors in Table 1 are provided to change units of
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2014. Published September 2014. Originally
measurementfromonesystemtorelatedunitsinothersystems,
approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D1914 – 95 (2010).
as well as to smaller or larger units in the same system.
DOI: 10.1520/D1914-95R14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.5 Values of units in the left column may be converted to
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
values of units in the right column merely by multiplying by
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. the conversion factor provided in the center column.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1914 − 95 (2014)
TABLE 1 Conversion Units
Multiply By To Obtain
Temperature
Degrees Fahrenheit (F) + 459.72 1 Degrees Fahrenheit Absolute or Rankine (R)
5
Degrees Fahrenheit (F) − 32 ⁄9 Degrees Celsius (C)
Degrees Celsius (C) + 273.15 1 Kelvins (K)
Degrees Celsius (C) + 17.78 1.8 Degrees Fahrenheit (F)
Degrees Rankine (R) − 459.72 1 Degrees Fahrenheit (F)
Kelvins (K) − 273.15 1 Degrees Celsius (C)
Pressure
−5
Dynes per square centimetre 1.4504 × 10 Pounds per square inch
−4
10.197 × 10 Grams per square centimetre
−6
1×10 Bars
0.1 Pascals
Pounds per square inch absolute (psia) 70.307 Grams per square centimetre absolute
51.715 Millimetres of mercury absolute
144 Pounds per square foot absolute
1 Pounds per square inch gage + 14.696
6894.8 Pascals
Pounds per square inch gage (psig) 70.307 Grams per square centimetre
51.715 Millimetres of mercury at 0°C
27.673 Inches of water at 4°C
1 Pounds per square inch absolute − 14.696
6894.8 Pascals
Inches of water (at 4°C) 0.03614 Pounds per square inch
0.07355 Inches of mercury
0.57818 Ounces per square inch
25.399 Kilograms per square metre
2490.8 Dynes per square centimetre
249.2 Pascals
Inches of mercury (at 0°C) 0.49116 Pounds per square inch
13.595 Inches of water at 4°C
345.31 Kilograms per square metre
4
3.3864 × 10 Dynes per square centimetre
3386.4 Pascals
Millimetres of mercury (at 0°C) 0.01934 Pounds per square inch
1.3595 Grams per square centimetre
1333.2 Dynes per square centimetre
133.32 Pascals
4
Centimetres of mercury (at 0°C) 1.
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1914 − 95 (Reapproved 2010) D1914 − 95 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Practice for
Conversion Units and Factors Relating to Sampling and
1
Analysis of Atmospheres
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1914; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice provides units and factors useful for members of the air pollution and meteorological communities.
1.2 This practice is used together with IEEE/ASTM SI-10, which discusses SI units and contains selected conversion factors
for inter-relation of SI units and some commonly used non-metric units.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
IEEE/ASTM SI-10 Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
3. Significance and Use
3.1 ASTM requires the use of SI units in all its publications and their use in reporting atmospheric measurement data. However,
there are historic data and even data currently reported that are based on a variety of units of measurement. This practice tabulates
factors that are necessary to convert such data to SI and other units of measurement.
3.2 IEEE/ASTM SI-10 does not list all the conversion factors commonly used in air pollution and meteorological fields. This
practice supplements IEEE/ASTM SI-10.
3.3 The values reported here were obtained from a number of standard publications. They were adjusted to five figures and
organized in a rational order. All values reflect the latest information from the 16th General Conference on Weights and
Measurements held in 1979.
3.4 The factors in Table 1 are provided to change units of measurement from one system to related units in other systems, as
well as to smaller or larger units in the same system.
3.5 Values of units in the left column may be converted to values of units in the right column merely by multiplying by the
conversion factor provided in the center column.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.01 on Quality Control.
Current edition approved April 1, 2010Sept. 1, 2014. Published June 2010September 2014. Originally approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 20042010 as
ε1
D1914 - 95 (2004)D1914 – 95 (2010). . DOI: 10.1520/D1914-95R10.10.1520/D1914-95R14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1914 − 95 (2014)
TABLE 1 Conversion Units
Multiply By To Obtain
Temperature
Degrees Fahrenheit (F) + 459.72 1 Degrees Fahrenheit Absolute or Rankine (R)
5
Degrees Fahrenheit (F) − 32 ⁄9 Degrees Celsius (C)
Degrees Celsius (C) + 273.15 1 Kelvins (K)
Degrees Celsius (C) + 17.78 1.8 Degrees Fahrenheit (F)
Degrees Rankine (R) − 459.72 1 Degrees Fahrenheit (F)
Kelvins (K) − 273.15 1 Degrees Celsius (C)
Pressure
− 5
Dynes per square centimetre 1.4504 × 10 Pounds per square inch
− 4
10.197 × 10 Grams per square centimetre
−6
1 × 10 Bars
0.1 Pascals
Pounds per square inch absolute (psia) 70.307 Grams per square centimetre absolute
51.715 Millimetres of mercury absolute
144 Pounds per square foot absolute
1 Pounds per square inch gage + 14.696
6894.8 Pascals
Pounds per square inch gage (psig) 70.307 Grams per square centimetre
51.715 Millimetres of mercury at 0°C
27.673 Inches of water at 4°C
1 Pounds per square inch absolute − 14.696
6894.8 Pascals
Inches of water (at 4°C) 0.03614 Pounds per square inch
0.07355 Inches of mercury
0.57818 Ounces per square inch
25.399 Kilograms per square metre
2490.8 Dynes per square centimetre
249.2 Pascals
Inches of mercury (at 0°C) 0.49116 Pounds per square inch
13.595 Inches of water at 4°C
345.31 Kilograms per square metre
4
3.3864 × 10 Dynes per square centimetre
3386.4 Pascals
Millimetres of mercury (at 0°C) 0.01934 Pounds per square inch
1.3595 Grams per square centimetre
1333.2 Dynes per
...

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5.3 The procedures in this guide, when supplemented by recommendations for controlling lead hazards, provide for the conduct of a lead risk assessment of a dwelling or of other child-occupied facilities.  
5.4 This guide may be used to supplement assessment procedures used to determine the causes of elevated blood lead (EBL) levels in young children.
Note 2: In cases of EBL levels, investigation of the total living environment of the child and a pediatric medical evaluation may also be needed. Reference should be made to documents such as Managing Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Young Children,6 Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children (1991),7 the HUD Guidelines, and Screening Young Children for Lead Poisoning (1997).7  
5.5 Although this guide was developed for dwellings and for other child-occupied facilities, this guide may be suitable for lead hazard assessments in non-residential buildings and other properties following agreement between assessor and client on appropriate lead action levels.  
5.6 This guide is not intended for use in identifying building materials that when abraded or otherwise degraded, such as that which may occur in remodeling or renovation activities, may result in lead hazards.  
5.7 Lead hazard assessment reports describe lead hazards identified at the time the assessment was performed. The locations, types, or severities of lead hazards can change over time as a result of property improvement or deterioration, significant changes in property use, or other factors.
Note 3: The term “lead-free” should never be used to describe the absence of ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers how to conduct, document, and report findings of a lead hazard assessment of dwellings and of other child-occupied facilities.  
1.2 Procedures for assessment of personal items, such as toys, dishes, and hobby materials that may contribute to elevated lead levels in blood are not included in this guide.  
1.3 Procedures for random sampling of units within dwellings having multiple units are not included.  
1.4 This guide contains notes, which are explanatory, and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this guide.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5.1 Exception—The inch-pound and SI units shown for wipe sampling data are to be individually regarded as standard for wipe sampling data.  
1.6 Methods described in this guide may not meet or be allowed by requirements or regulations established by local authorities having jurisdiction. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to comply with all such requirements and regulations.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8406-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Performance Evaluation of Ambient Outdoor Air Quality Sensors and Sensor-based Instruments for Portable and Fixed-point Measurement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice establishes standardized tests for the performance evaluation of sensor-based continuous instruments for ambient air quality measurements. Public and private air monitoring interests have manifested themselves as a driving force for the deployment of air quality sensors and instruments to quantify air pollutant concentrations in communities, around schools, around industrial facilities, and elsewhere. Users of air quality sensors require information on the performance and limitations of these devices so that informed decisions regarding their suitability for various purposes can be determined. This practice describes both laboratory and field tests that provide information on candidate instrument repeatability, sensitivity, linearity, cross-interferences, drift and comparability with more costly instruments typically used by entities such as government agencies. The air quality sensors are first evaluated in a laboratory chamber by comparing their response to a reference instrument and challenging the gas sensors with interferents. The sensors are then deployed outdoors for field testing at two sites with different climates against reference air quality instruments. This practice is intended to be referenced in standards and codes that establish minimum performance quality for sensor-based ambient outdoor air monitoring.  
5.2 This practice is intended for air quality sensors that measure one or more of the criteria pollutants in ambient air (ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, PM10 and PM2.5) that can be operated in outdoor environments and can log a concentration reading. It is not intended for devices or transducers that require additional enclosures for deployment outdoors or post-processing to convert their output signal into a pollutant concentration reading.  
5.3 It is anticipated that the main users of this practice will be manufacturers, developers, and distributors of outdoor air quality sensors, air quality agenc...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes standardized tests for the performance evaluation of sensor-based continuous instruments for ambient outdoor air quality measurements. It describes both laboratory and field tests that provide information on candidate sensor repeatability, sensitivity, linearity, cross-interferences, drift, and comparability against reference instruments.  
1.2 This practice does not apply to sensors or instruments that remotely measure atmospheric pollutants using open path, lidar, or imaging technology.  
1.3 The evaluation procedures contained in this practice are for sensors that alone or in combination measure outdoor criteria pollutants in ambient air: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), or nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at concentrations that are relevant to public health.  
1.4 Testing is to be performed by a competent entity able to demonstrate that it operates in conformity with internationally accepted test laboratory quality standards such as ISO/IEC 17025.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1914-95(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Conversion Units and Factors Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 ASTM requires the use of SI units in all its publications and their use in reporting atmospheric measurement data. However, there are historic data and even data currently reported that are based on a variety of units of measurement. This practice tabulates factors that are necessary to convert such data to SI and other units of measurement.  
3.2 IEEE/ASTM SI-10 does not list all the conversion factors commonly used in air pollution and meteorological fields. This practice supplements IEEE/ASTM SI-10.  
3.3 The values reported here were obtained from a number of standard publications. They were adjusted to five figures and organized in a rational order. All values reflect the latest information from the 16th General Conference on Weights and Measurements held in 1979.  
3.4 The factors in Table 1 are provided to change units of measurement from one system to related units in other systems, as well as to smaller or larger units in the same system.  
3.5 Values of units in the left column may be converted to values of units in the right column merely by multiplying by the conversion factor provided in the center column.  (A) For specific applications and exceptions, see Terminology D1356.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides units and factors useful for members of the air pollution and meteorological communities.  
1.2 This practice is used together with IEEE/ASTM SI-10, which discusses SI units and contains selected conversion factors for inter-relation of SI units and some commonly used non-metric units.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2914-15(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Sulfur Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere (West-Gaeke Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sulfur dioxide is a major air pollutant, commonly formed by the combustion of sulfur-bearing fuels. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set primary and secondary air quality standards (7) that are designed to protect the public health and welfare.  
5.2 The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has promulgated exposure limits for sulfur dioxide in workplace atmospheres (8).  
5.3 These methods have been found satisfactory for measuring sulfur dioxide in ambient and workplace atmospheres over the ranges pertinent in 5.1 and 5.2.  
5.4 Method A has been designed to correspond to the EPA-Designated Reference Method (7) for the determination of sulfur dioxide.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the bubbler collection and colorimetric determination of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the ambient or workplace atmosphere.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable for determining SO2 over the range from approximately 25 μg/m3 (0.01 ppm(v)) to 1000 μg/m3 (0.4 ppm(v)), corresponding to a solution concentration of 0.03 μg SO2/mL to 1.3 μg SO2/mL. Beer's law is followed through the working analytical range from 0.02 μg SO2/mL to 1.4 μg SO2/mL.  
1.3 The lower limit of detection is 0.075 μg SO2/mL (1),2 representing an air concentration of 25 μg SO2/m3 (0.01 ppm(v)) in a 30-min sample, or 13 μg SO2/m3 (0.005 ppm(v)) in a 24-h sample.  
1.4 These test methods incorporate sampling for periods between 30 min and 24 h.  
1.5 These test methods describe the determination of the collected (impinged) samples. A Method A and a Method B are described.  
1.6 Method A is preferred over Method B, as it gives the higher sensitivity, but it has a higher blank. Manual Method B is pH-dependent, but is more suitable with spectrometers having a spectral band width greater than 20 nm.
Note 1: These test methods are applicable at concentrations below 25 μg/m3 by sampling larger volumes of air if the absorption efficiency of the particular system is first determined, as described in Annex A4.
Note 2: Concentrations higher than 1000 μg/m3 can be determined by using smaller gas volumes, larger collection volumes, or by suitable dilution of the collected sample with absorbing solution prior to analysis.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 8.3.1, Section 9, and A3.1.3.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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