ASTM D3744-97
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Aggregate Durability Index
Standard Test Method for Aggregate Durability Index
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of a durability index of an aggregate. The calculated durability index is a value indicating the relative resistance of an aggregate to production of detrimental clay-like fines when subjected to the prescribed mechanical methods of degradation.
1.2 Units of Measure:
1.2.1 With regard to sieve sizes and size of aggregate as determined by the use of testing sieves, the values in inch-pound units are shown for the convenience of the user, but the standard sieve designation shown in parentheses is the standard value as stated in Specification E11.
1.2.2 With regard to other units of measure, the values shown in parentheses are for information purposes.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 3744 – 97
Standard Test Method for
Aggregate Durability Index
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3744; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope gregate’s resistance to generating fines when agitated in the
presence of water. Separate and different test procedures are
1.1 This test method covers the determination of a durability
used to evaluate the coarse and the fine portions of a material.
index of an aggregate. The calculated durability index is a
3.2 A sample of coarse aggregate is prepared to a specific
value indicating the relative resistance of an aggregate to
grading and then washed in a mechanical washing vessel for a
production of detrimental clay-like fines when subjected to the
2-min agitation time. After discarding the minus No. 4 (4.75-
prescribed mechanical methods of degradation.
mm) material, dry the washed test sample.
1.2 Units of Measure:
3.3 The coarse aggregate test sample is then agitated in the
1.2.1 With regard to sieve sizes and size of aggregate as
mechanical washing vessel for a period of 10 min. A represen-
determined by the use of testing sieves, the values in inch-
tative portion of the resulting wash water and minus No. 200
pound units are shown for the convenience of the user, but the
(75-μm) size fines is collected and mixed with a stock calcium
standard sieve designation shown in parentheses is the standard
chloride solution and placed in a plastic cylinder. After a
value as stated in Specification E 11.
20-min sedimentation time, the level of the sediment column is
1.2.2 With regard to other units of measure, the values
read. The height of the sediment value is then used to calculate
shown in parentheses are for information purposes.
the durability index of the coarse aggregate (D ).
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the c
3.4 The fine aggregate sample is prepared by washing a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
specific quantity of the material in the mechanical washing
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
vessel for a 2-min agitation period. All minus No. 200 (75-μm)
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
size material is washed from the sample through a No. 200
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
(75-μm) sieve and discarded. The plus No. 200 (75-μm)
2. Referenced Documents fraction is dried.
3.5 The fine aggregate test sample is tested by the Standard
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Sand Equivalent Test Method (Test Method D 2419) except for
C 136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
modifications to the test sample preparation and duration of the
Aggregates
shaking time. The mechanical shaker method is required. A
D 75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
shaking time of 10 min instead of 45 s is used.
D 2419 Test Method for Sand Equivalent Value of Soils and
3.6 This test method includes procedures for testing aggre-
Fine Aggregate
gates exhibiting a wide range in specific gravity, including
D 4753 specification for Evaluating, Selecting, and Speci-
lightweight and porous coarse aggregates, and also procedures
fying Balances and Scales for Use in Testing Soil, Rock,
for testing small maximum size aggregate which is too fine to
and Related Construction Materials
test as a coarse aggregate and too coarse to consider as a fine
E 11 Specification for Wire-Cloth and Sieves for Testing
aggregate, such as a pea gravel or a very coarse sand.
Purposes
3.7 The durability index for coarse aggregate (D ) or for fine
c
3. Summary of Test Method
aggregate (D ) is calculated, as applicable, by appropriate
f
equations presented in the method. The durability index of a
3.1 This test method was developed to permit prequalifica-
well-graded aggregate containing both coarse and fine fractions
tion of aggregates proposed for use in the construction of
is defined as the lowest of the two values, D or D , obtained
transportation facilities. Basically, the test establishes an ag- c f
by the test. This value should be the controlling value for
specification purposes.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-4 on Road
4. Significance and Use
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.51 on
Aggregate Tests.
4.1 This test assigns an empirical value to the relative
Current edition approved July 10, 1997. Published February 1998. Originally
amount, fineness, and character of clay-like material that may
published as D 3744 – 79. Last previous edition D 3744 – 97.
2 be generated in an aggregate when subjected to mechanical
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.
degradation.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 3744
4.2 The procedure has been used in limited geographical 5.5 Sieves—The sieves shall conform to Specification E 11.
areas of the United States and the results have been correlated 5.6 Balance — A balance having a minimum capacity of
with aggregate performance in various construction applica- 500 g and meeting the requirements of Specification D 4753,
tions, including: aggregate base, permeable material for back- Class GP5.
fill, fine concrete aggregate, and riprap for rock slope protec-
5,6 6. Reagents and Materials
tion.
4.3 A minimum durability index may be specified to pro- 6.1 Calcium Chloride Solutions—Stock and working cal-
cium chloride solutions as specified in the Reagents and
hibit the use of an aggregate in various construction applica-
tions that is prone to degradation, resulting in generation of Materials section of Test Method D 2419 are required.
6.2 Water—Distilled or demineralized water will be needed
clay-like fines.
4.4 This test method provides a rapid test for evaluation of for the normal performance of this method. This is necessary
because the test results may be affected by certain minerals
the quality of a new aggregate source. Research has indicated
it may also be suitable for use instead of the sodium sulfate dissolved in water. However, if it is determined that local tap
water is of such purity that it does not affect the test results, it
soundness test for evaluating the durability characteristics of
fine aggregate for use in portland-cement concrete, thereby is permissible to use it except when otherwise specified in the
procedure in place of distilled or demineralized water. For
reducing the need for time-consuming and expensive sound-
ness tests. referee purposes, distilled or demineralized water shall be used
for all steps in the test.
4.5 Although the application of this method has been
limited to aggregates for specific construction uses, the possi-
7. Temperature Control
bility exists for expanding the application of this method to
7.1 This test may be normally performed without strict
control the quality of aggregates used in other areas of
temperature control; however, for referee purposes, retest the
construction, such as aggregates for use in bituminous paving
material with the temperature of the distilled or demineralized
mixtures, coarse aggregate for use in portland-cement concrete,
water and the working calcium chloride solution at 72 6 5°F
and aggregate for use as railroad ballast.
(22 6 3°C).
5. Apparatus
8. Sampling
5.1 Mechanical Washing Vessel (Pot)—A flat-bottomed,
8.1 Obtain samples of the aggregate to be tested in accor-
straight-sided cylindrical vessel conforming to the specifica-
dance with Practice D 75.
tions and dimensions shown in Fig. 1.
5.2 Collection Pan— A round pan (at least 9 in. (229 mm)
9. Initial Sample Preparation
in diameter and approximately 4 in. (102 mm) deep), suitable
9.1 Dry aggregate samples sufficiently to permit a complete
to collect the wash water from the washed sample. The pan
separation on the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve and to develop a
shall have vertical or nearly vertical sides and shall be
free-flowing condition in the portion passing the sieve. Drying
equipped as necessary to hold the wire mesh of an 8-in.
may be performed by any means that does not heat the
(203-mm) diameter sieve at least 3 in. (76.2 mm) above the
aggregate in excess of 140°F (60°C) or cause degradation of
bottom. An adaptor that will not allow loss of fines or wash
the particles. The use of sunlight, ovens, or forced drafts of
water may be used to nest the sieve with the container, or the
warm air are the most common drying methods.
sieve may be nested with a blank sieve frame resting in the
9.2 If the sample contains an appreciable amount of clay,
bottom of the pan.
turn the aggregate frequently during the drying process to
5.3 Agitator—A mechanical device designed to hold the
obtain even drying throughout and prevent the formation of
wash vessel in an upright position while subjecting it to a
hard clay lumps.
lateral reciprocating motion at a rate of 285 6 10 complete
9.3 Break up any hard clods and remove coatings of fines
cycles per minute. The reciprocating motion shall be produced
from the coarse aggregate particles by any means that will not
by means of an eccentric in the base of the carrier and the
appreciably reduce the natural individual particle sizes.
length of the stroke shall be 1.75 6 0.025 in. (44.5 6 0.6 mm).
9.4 Determine the sample grading by sieving in accordance
The clearance between the cam and follower of the eccentric
3 1 3
with Test Method C 136 on the ⁄4, ⁄2, ⁄8-in. and Nos. 4, 8, and
shall be 0.001 to 0.004 in. (0.25 to 1.02 mm). Fig. 2 shows a
16 (19.0, 12.5, 9.5, 4.75, 2.36, and 1.18-mm) sieves. Discard
Tyler portable sieve shaker modified to meet these require-
any material that is retained on the ⁄4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve.
ments.
9.5 Determine the test procedures to be used for establishing
5.4 All equipment required to perform the Test for Sand
the durability index of the aggregate based upon the grading of
Equivalent Value of Soils and Fine Aggregate (Test Method
the aggregate as determined in 9.4.
D 2419).
9.5.1 If less than 10 % of the aggregate passes the No. 4
(4.75-mm) sieve, test coarse aggregate (Procedure A) only.
9.5.2 If less than 10 % of the aggregate is coarser than the
Hamilton, R. D., Smith, R. E., and Sherman, G. B., “Factors Influencing the
Durability of Aggregates,” Research Report 633476, State of California, Division of
No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve, test fine aggregate (Procedure B) only.
Highways, Materials and Research Department, June 1971.
9.5.3 When both coarse and fine aggregate fractions are
Hveem, F. N., and Smith, T. N., “Durability of Aggregates,” Research Report,
each present in quantities equal to or greater than 10 % and if
State of California, Division of Highways, Materials and Research Department,
January 1964. the percent passing the No. 16 (1.18-mm) sieve is greater than
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 3744
SI Equivalent
in. mm in. mm in. mm
17 5 1
9 ⁄32 242.1 7 ⁄8 193.7 ⁄4 6.4
5 1 1
8 ⁄8 219.1 3 ⁄2 88.9 ⁄16 1.6
33 1 1
8 ⁄64 216.3 2 ⁄2 64.8 ⁄32 0.79
29 3 1
7 ⁄32 200.8 ⁄4 19.0 ⁄64 0.40
7 ⁄32 199.2
1 27 1 33 1
NOTE 1—The gasket shall be ⁄8 in. neoprene rubber, having an inside diameter of 7 ⁄32 6 ⁄64in. and an outside diameter of 8 ⁄646 ⁄64 in.
NOTE 2—The pot shall be a flat bottom, straight-sided, cylindrical vessel with a capacity of approximately 2 gal. The top edge shall be flared outward
to form a seat for the gasket and lid.
NOTE 3—Three trunk clamps are required and shall be placed at one-third intervals. The clamps shall be attached to the pot by rivets or welds so that
the pot remains watertight. When fitted with the ⁄8-in. gasket and clamped in place, the lid shall form a watertight seal with the flared edge of the pot.
NOTE 4—The vessel shall be 20-gage stainless steel, unless otherwise noted. All dimensions shall be within 6 ⁄32 in., unless otherwise noted.
FIG. 1 Mechanical Washing Vessel
Aggregate Size Air Dry Mass, g
10 %, use both Procedures A and B on the appropriate
3 1
⁄4 to ⁄2 in. (19.0 to 12.5 mm) 1070 6 10
aggregate sizes. If the percent passing the No. 16 (1.18-mm) 1 3
⁄2 to ⁄8 in. (12.5 to 9.5 mm) 570 6 10
⁄8 in. to No. 4 (9.5 to 4.75 mm) 910 6 5
sieve is less than or equal to 10 %, use Procedure A or
2550 6 25
Procedure C.
9.5.4 If most of the aggregate (75 to 80 %) is between the
For materials with less than 10 % in any of the size fractions
⁄8-in. and No. 16 (9.5 and 1.18-mm) sieves, use Procedure C
given in 10.1, prepare the test sample using the actual
only.
percentage for the deficient fraction and proportionally in-
crease the mass of the remaining fractions to obtain the 2550
PROCEDURE A—COARSE AGGREGATE
test sample. Two examples follow.
10. Test Sample Preparation
10.1 Prepare a 2550 6 25-g (air-dry) preliminary test
sample using the grading given below:
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 3744
FIG. 2 Modification of Tyler Portable Sieve Shaker
3 1 percentage of absorption of the aggregate in accordance with
Example 1—Less than 10 % in ⁄4 to ⁄2 in. (19.0 to 12.5 mm) fraction
Test Method C 127.
Aggregate Size Percent Calculation Air Dry Mass, g
10.3.3 Adjust the total mass of the test sample using the
3 1
⁄4 to ⁄2 in. (19.0 to 12.5 mm) 6 0.06 3 2550 153 6 10
1 3
following equation:
⁄2 to ⁄8 in. (12.5 to 9.5 mm) 26 570 ~2550 2 153! 923 6 10
570 1 910
specific gravity of aggregate
⁄8to No. 4 (9.5 to 4.75 mm) 68 1474 6 5
910 ~2550 2 153!
A djusted sample mass, g 5 3 W (1)
2.65
570 1 910
Totals 100 25506 25 Adjust the mass of material in each size fraction proportion-
Example 2—Less than 10 % in two fractions
ally to the masses specified in 10.1.
10.3.4 Adjust the volume of test water using the following
Aggregate Size Percent Calculation Air Dry
equation:
Mass, g
3 1
⁄4 to ⁄2 in. (19.0 to 12.5 mm) 4 0.04 3 2550 102 6 10
Adjusted water 5 1000 1 ~A 3 W! 2 50 (2)
1 3
⁄2 to ⁄8 in. (12.5 to 9.5 mm) 7 0.07 3 2550 179 6 10
⁄8 to No. 4 (9.5 to 4.75 mm) 89 2550 − (102 + 179) 2269 6 5
where:
Totals 100 25506 2
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.