ASTM E712-80(2003)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Laboratory Screening of Metallic Containment Materials for Use With Liquids in Solar Heating and Cooling Systems
Standard Practice for Laboratory Screening of Metallic Containment Materials for Use With Liquids in Solar Heating and Cooling Systems
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers several laboratory test procedures for evaluating corrosion performance of metallic containment materials under conditions similar to those that may occur in solar heating and cooling systems. All test results relate to the performance of the metallic containment material only as a part of a metal/fluid pair. Performance in these laboratory test procedures, taken by itself, does not necessarily constitute an adequate basis for acceptance or rejection of a particular metal/fluid pair in solar heating and cooling systems, either in general or in a particular design. This practice is not intended to preclude the use of other screening tests, particularly when those tests are designed to more closely simulate field service conditions.
1.2 This practice describes apparatus and procedures for several tests, any one or more of which may be used to evaluate the deterioration of the metallic containment material in a metal/fluid pair. The procedures are designed to permit simulation, heating, and cooling systems including (1) operating full flow, (2) stagnant full, (3) stagnant partial fill, and (4) stagnant empty. Particular attention should be directed to properly reflecting whether the system is open or closed to atmosphere.
1.3 This practice covers the following six tests:Practice ABasic Immersion Test at Atmospheric PressurePractice BHeat-Rejecting Surface Test at Atmospheric PressurePractice CHigh-Pressure TestPractice DRepeated Dip Dry Test at Atmospheric PressurePractice ECrevice Test at Atmospheric PressurePractice FTube Loop Test at Atmospheric Pressure
1.4 Practice A is concerned with the interaction of metal and fluid when both are at the same temperature with no heat transfer from one to the other. It is regarded as useful for plumbing, pumps, tanking, etc., but of less significance, taken by itself, for collector panels. Practices B and F are concerned with the deterioration of the metal when there is transfer of heat from the metal into the heat transfer fluid. These practices are especially applicable to the collector panel. Practice C permits a variety of tests but is especially useful in relation to systems that experience high temperatures, or are closed to the atmosphere. Practices D and E evaluate specific corrosion problems that may be associated with particular metal/fluid pairs and particular designs of systems and components.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E 712 – 80 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Practice for
Laboratory Screening of Metallic Containment Materials for
Use With Liquids in Solar Heating and Cooling Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 712; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope especially applicable to the collector panel. Practice C permits
a variety of tests but is especially useful in relation to systems
1.1 This practice covers several laboratory test procedures
that experience high temperatures, or are closed to the atmo-
for evaluating corrosion performance of metallic containment
sphere. Practices D and E evaluate specific corrosion problems
materials under conditions similar to those that may occur in
that may be associated with particular metal/fluid pairs and
solar heating and cooling systems. All test results relate to the
particular designs of systems and components.
performanceofthemetalliccontainmentmaterialonlyasapart
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of a metal/fluid pair. Performance in these laboratory test
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
procedures, taken by itself, does not necessarily constitute an
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
adequate basis for acceptance or rejection of a particular
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
metal/fluid pair in solar heating and cooling systems, either in
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
general or in a particular design. This practice is not intended
to preclude the use of other screening tests, particularly when
2. Referenced Documents
those tests are designed to more closely simulate field service
2.1 ASTM Standards:
conditions.
D 1384 TestMethodforCorrosionTestforEngineCoolants
1.2 This practice describes apparatus and procedures for
in Glassware
severaltests,anyoneormoreofwhichmaybeusedtoevaluate
G 1 Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Cor-
the deterioration of the metallic containment material in a
rosion Test Specimens
metal/fluid pair. The procedures are designed to permit simu-
G 48 Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Re-
lation,heating,andcoolingsystemsincluding(1)operatingfull
sistance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by the Use
flow, (2) stagnant full, (3) stagnant partial fill, and (4) stagnant
of Ferric Chloride Solution
empty. Particular attention should be directed to properly
reflecting whether the system is open or closed to atmosphere.
3. Significance and Use
1.3 This practice covers the following six tests:
3.1 At this time, none of these tests has been demonstrated
Practice A Basic Immersion Test at Atmospheric Pressure
to correlate with field service.
Practice B Heat-Rejecting Surface Test at Atmospheric Pressure
Practice C High-Pressure Test
3.2 It is essential that consideration be given to the appro-
Practice D Repeated Dip Dry Test at Atmospheric Pressure
priate pairing of metal and fluid since these procedures do not
Practice E Crevice Test at Atmospheric Pressure
restrict the selection of either the containment material or the
Practice F Tube Loop Test at Atmospheric Pressure
fluid for testing. Likewise, knowledge of the corrosion protec-
1.4 PracticeAis concerned with the interaction of metal and
tion mechanism and the probable mode of failure of a
fluid when both are at the same temperature with no heat
particularmetalishelpfulintheselectionoftestconditionsand
transfer from one to the other. It is regarded as useful for
the observation, interpretation, and reporting of test results.
plumbing, pumps, tanking, etc., but of less significance, taken
3.3 The design of solar heating and cooling systems
by itself, for collector panels. Practices B and F are concerned
strongly affects the applicability of the results of the laboratory
withthedeteriorationofthemetalwhenthereistransferofheat
screening tests. Therefore, the results of these laboratory
from the metal into the heat transfer fluid. These practices are
procedures should be confirmed by component and systems
testing under actual or simulated service conditions.
3.4 Table 1 is provided to assist in an orderly consideration
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on
Solar, Geothermal, and Other Alternative Energy Sources and is the direct of the important factors in testing. It is expected that the user
responsibility of Subcommittee E44.05 on Solar Heating and Cooling Subsystems
and Systems.
Current edition approved Feb. 5, 1980. Published April 1980. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.05.
approved in 1980. Last edition approved in 1986 as E 712–80(1986). Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 712 – 80 (2003)
A
TABLE 1 Significant Variables in Evaluation of Containment Material/Heat Transfer Fluid Pairs
Variable
Test Aspect
Temperature Flow Rate
I. Operating Conditions of System:
A. Operating, full flow normal operating normal operating
B. Stagnant, full fluid boiling point without pressurization or no-flow temperature with pressurization convection
C. Stagnant, partial fill same as stagnant, full convection
D. Stagnant, empty no-flow temperature not applicable
II. Test Specimen Design A. flat metal couple
B. metal couple with crevice
C. dissimilar metal couple
D. dissimilar metal couple with crevice
III. Fluid Type A. fluid intended for use in system
B. fluid pretreated by thermal exposure or chemical contamination
IV. Test Cycle A. long time, constant temperature
B. cycles of heating, holding, and cooling
C. cycles of operating full flow, and stagnation
D. cycles of wetting and drying
A
In this table, the subdivisions are not necessarily related in correspondence to their lettering.
of the test procedure will investigate a range of test times and capable of being described chemically, as to its basic compo-
temperatures for the containment material in a metal/fluid pair, nents and the presence or absence of minor components that
and adjust the time and temperature of testing as necessary. affect the interaction with the metal. It is permitted to precon-
dition the fluid before testing. Any such preconditioning
NOTE 1—Corrosion, whether general or localized, is a time-dependent
treatment shall be described in the report.
phenomenon.Thistimedependencecanshowsubstantialnonlinearity.For
4.3 Particular attention shall be directed to avoidance of
example, formation of a protective oxide will diminish corrosion with
time, while certain forms of localized attack accelerate with time. The materials, fluids, or metal/fluid pairs that can be hazardous to
minimum time required for a test to provide a corrosion rate that can be
the operator. The flammability, vapor pressure, and toxicity of
extrapolated for the prediction of long-term performance varies widely,
the heat-transfer fluid shall be known prior to initiation of
dependingontheselectionofmetalandfluid,andontheformofcorrosion
testing and appropriate precautionary measures shall be taken
attack. Therefore, it is not possible to establish a single minimum length
to ensure the safety of all test personnel.
of test applicable to all materials and conditions. However, it is recom-
mended that for the tests described in this practice, a test period of no less
than 30 days be used. Furthermore, it is recommended that the effect of 5. Sampling and Test Specimens
time of testing be evaluated to detect any significant time dependence of
5.1 The test specimens shall be selected from material that
corrosion attack.
may reasonably represent that material as it would be applied
3.5 It is essential for the meaningful application of these
in a solar heating and cooling system.
procedures that the length of the test be adequate to detect
5.2 For laboratory corrosion tests that simulate exposure to
changes in the nature of the fluid that might significantly alter
service environments, a commercial surface, such as a mill
the corrosivity of the fluid. For example, exhaustion of
finish, closely resembling the one that would be used in
chemical inhibitor or chemical breakdown of the fluid may
service, will yield the most significant results. For more
occur after periods of months in selected cycles of operation.
searching tests of either the metal or the environment, standard
surface finishes may be preferred. Ideally, the surface finish
NOTE 2—Many fluids that may be considered for solar applications
contain additives to minimize the corrosivity of the fluid. Many such should be recorded in surface roughness terms, such as rms
additives are useful only within a specific concentration range, and some
inches.
additives may actually accelerate corrosion if the concentration falls
5.3 General Cleaning:
below a critical level. Depletion kinetics can be a strong function of the
5.3.1 General cleaning may be accomplished with a wide
exposed metal surface area. Therefore, for tests involving fluids with such
variety of cleaning media. Water-based cleaners should be
additives, consideration must be given to the ratio of metal surface area to
followed by an alcohol dip after thorough rinsing. Solvent
fluid volume as it may relate to an operating system.
cleaners such as petroleum fractions, aromatic hydrocarbons,
4. Selection of Materials and Reagents
and chlorinated hydrocarbons are generally acceptable. Chlo-
4.1 Any metallic material may be selected for evaluation. rinated solvents, however, should not be used on titanium,
stainless steel, or aluminum. Mechanical cleaning of very
The material shall be capable of being described with sufficient
accuracy to permit reproduction of the test. smooth surfaces may be accomplished by the use of a paste of
magnesium oxide or alumina.
4.2 Any heat-transfer fluid may be selected for evaluation.
However, it is expected that the fluid will be selected with 5.3.2 Any of the methods suitable for cleaning a given
consideration given to possible interactions of material and corroded specimen may be used to complete the cleaning of
fluid under the conditions of testing. The fluid should be specimens prior to test, provided that they do not cause
E 712 – 80 (2003)
localized attack. The cleaned specimens should be measured concentrated nitric acid and repeat previous steps. Nitric acid
and weighed. Dimensions determined to the third significant alone may be used if there are no deposits.
figure and mass determined in the fifth significant figure are 5.7.3 Tin Alloys—Dip for 10 min in boiling trisodium
usually satisfactory. phosphate solution (15 %). Scrub lightly with bristle brush
under running water and dry.
5.4 Metallurgical Condition—Specimen preparation may
change the metallurgical condition of the metal. For example, 5.7.4 Iron and Steel— Suitable methods are as follows:
5.7.4.1 Preferably, use electrolytic cleaning (see 5.6).
shearing a specimen to size will cold-work and possibly
fracture the edges. The specimen may be tested in this 5.7.4.2 Immerse in Clark’s solution (hydrochloric acid—
100 parts, antimonious oxide—2 parts, stannous chloride—5
condition if it is believed that such a condition may be
encountered in service. In this case, the condition shall be parts) for up to 25 min. Solution may be cold, but it should be
described in the report of results. However, it is recommended stirred vigorously.
that changes in metallurgical condition be corrected for cus- 5.7.4.3 Remove scales formed on steel under oxidizing
tomary testing. For example, sheared edges should be ma- conditions in 15 vol % concentrated phosphoric acid contain-
chined or the specimen annealed. ing 0.15 vol % of organic inhibitor at room temperature.
5.7.4.4 Clean stainless steel in 20 % nitric acid at 60°C
5.5 Alternative specimen designs, particularly those incor-
(140°F) for 20 min.
porating crevices or metal couplings as may be encountered in
5.7.4.5 In place of chemical cleaning use a brass scraper or
application, are recommended.
brass bristle brush, or both, followed by scrubbing with a wet
5.6 For many metals, electrolytic cleaning is a satisfactory
bristle brush and fine scouring powder.
method for cleaning after testing. The following method is
typical:
NOTE 5—Such vigorous mechanical cleaning is applicable when mass
5.6.1 After scrubbing to remove loosely attached corrosion
loss is large and hence errors in mass loss will produce only small errors
products, treat the specimen as a cathode in hot, dilute sulfuric in corrosion rates. Blank corrections will be difficult to apply.
acid under the following conditions.
5.7.4.6 Other methods of cleaning iron and steel include
5.6.1.1 Electrolyte— Sulfuric acid (H SO ) (5 mass %).
2 4
immersion in hot sodium hydride, and cathodic pickling in
5.6.1.2 Inhibitor—0.2 vol % of organic inhibitor (see Note
molten caustic soda.
3).
NOTE 6—These methods may be hazardous to personnel. They should
5.6.1.3 Anode—Carbon or lead (see Note 4).
not be carried out by untrained personnel or without supervision.
5.6.1.4 Cathode—Test specimen.
5.7.5 After cleaning and thorough rinsing, dry and weigh
5.6.1.5 Cathode Current Density—2000 A/m .
the samples.
5.6.1.6 Temperature— 75°C (165°F).
5.6.1.7 Exposure Period— 3 min.
6. Calculations and Interpretation of Results
NOTE 3—Insteadofusing0.2vol %ofanyproprietaryinhibitorand0.5
6.1 The deterioration of the containment material shall be
kg/m of inhibitors such as diorthotolyl thiourea, quinoline ethiodide or
determined by measurement of mass loss and by examination
betanaphtol quinoline may be used.
at 103 magnification for incidence of localized attack.
NOTE 4—Ifleadanodesareused,leadmaydepositonthespecimenand
6.1.1 Whichever cleaning method is used, the possibility of
cause an error in the mass loss. If the specimen is resistant to nitric acid,
removal of solid metal is present. Such removal would result in
the lead may be removed by a flash dip in 1 + 1 nitric acid. Except for the
error in the determination of the corrosion rate. One or more
possible source of error, lead is preferred as an anode as it gives more
cleaned and weighed specimens should be recleaned by the
efficient corrosion product removal.
same method and reweighed. Loss due to this second weighing
5.6.2 After the electrolytic treatment, scrub the specimens
may be used as a correction of the first one.
with a brush, rinse thoroughly, and dry.
NOTE 7—Theuseofsuitableinhibitorswilldiminishthea
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