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ASTM A894/A894M-00(2005)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Saturation Magnetization or Induction of Nonmetallic Magnetic Materials

Standard Test Method for Saturation Magnetization or Induction of Nonmetallic Magnetic Materials

ABSTRACT
This test method deals with the standard practice of measuring saturation magnetization or induction of nonmetallic magnetic materials using a vibrating sample magnetometer, which could be commercially purchased from a manufacturer or constructed with normal machine shop facilities. The test specimen shall preferably be in the form of an isotropic sphere, the size of which shall depend on the measuring apparatus. Details concerning equipment setup and calibration, the measurement procedure, and the governing equations for numerical calculations are all discussed thouroughly.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of saturation magnetization of magnetic materials using a vibrating sample magnetometer.
1.2 Explanation of symbols and abbreviated definitions appear in the text of this test method. The official symbols and definitions are listed in Terminology A 340.
1.3 The values stated in either customary (absolute (or practical) cgs-emu) units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this method.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2005
ICS
29.030 - Magnetic materials
Technical Committee
A06 - Magnetic Properties
Drafting Committee
A06.01 - Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A894/A894M-00 - Standard Test Method for Saturation Magnetization or Induction of Nonmetallic Magnetic Materials
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005
Replaced By
ASTM A894/A894M-00(2011)e1 - Standard Test Method for Saturation Magnetization or Induction of Nonmetallic Magnetic Materials (Withdrawn 2017)
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011

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ASTM A894/A894M-00(2005) - Standard Test Method for Saturation Magnetization or Induction of Nonmetallic Magnetic MaterialsASTM A894/A894M-00(2005) - Standard Test Method for Saturation Magnetization or Induction of Nonmetallic Magnetic Materials
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ASTM A894/A894M-00(2005) - Standard Test Method for Saturation Magnetization or Induction of Nonmetallic Magnetic Materials
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: A894/A894M – 00 (Reapproved 2005)
Standard Test Method for
Saturation Magnetization or Induction of Nonmetallic
1
Magnetic Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA894/A894M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
B 5 H 14pM ~cgsunits!
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of saturation
B 5 µ ~H 1 M! [SIunits#
magnetization of magnetic materials using a vibrating sample o
magnetometer.
1.2 Explanation of symbols and abbreviated definitions 3.1.1 In this test method, cgs units are given in parentheses
appear in the text of this test method. The official symbols and ( ) and SI units in square brackets [ ].
definitions are listed in Terminology A340. 3.2 The magnetization M is the magnetic moment per unit
1.3 The values stated in either customary (absolute (or volume of material. In a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic mate-
rial, M increases with the applied magnetic field H, but at
practical) cgs-emu) units or SI units are to be regarded
separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown sufficiently high values of H, M approaches a constant maxi-
3
mum value called the saturation magnetization M (emu/cm )
in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact
s
equivalents;therefore,eachsystemshallbeusedindependently or [A/m].The corresponding value of B−H=4pM (gauss) or
s
B−µ H=µ M [tesla] is called the saturation induction.Itis
of the other. Combining values from the two systems may
o o s
result in nonconformance with this method. sometimes given the label B .
s
3.3 If a sphere of isotropic magnetic material is placed in a
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the uniform magnetic field, the sphere becomes uniformly magne-
tized in a direction parallel to the applied field. The magnetic
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- field in the space outside the sphere is exactly that of a
magneticdipolelocatedatthecenterofthesphereandoriented
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
parallel to the magnetization of the sphere.The strength of this
2. Referenced Documents
magnetic dipole is equal to the total magnetic moment of the
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
sphere, which is given by
A340 Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to
2
m 5 Mv ~emu!or[A·m #
Magnetic Testing
3. Summary of Test Method
where:
3 3
3.1 The magnetic induction B, magnetic field strength H, v = is the volume of the sphere, (cm)or[m ].
Section 4 describes an apparatus that provides an indication
and magnetization M in a material are related by the following
3
equation (1): or reading proportional to the strength of this dipole field and
therefore proportional to the magnetization M of the sample. If
the proportionality constant between this reading and the
magnetic moment can be established, and if the volume of the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 on
sample is known, the magnetization of the sample is deter-
MagneticPropertiesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeA06.01onTest
Methods.
mined. Then if the sample can be shown to be magnetically
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2005. Published November 2005. Originally
saturated, the saturation magnetization is determined.
approved in 1970 as F133. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as A894/
A894M–00. DOI: 10.1520/A0894_A0894M-00R05.
4. Apparatus
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4.1 The equipment used for the measurement is called a
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
vibrating sample magnetometer(2) and is illustrated schemati-
the ASTM website.
3
cally in Fig. 1. The sample is attached to the end of a
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the back of
this standard. nonmagnetic, nonconducting rod, and placed in a uniform
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A894/A894M – 00 (2005)
practical advantages. The output of the tuned amplifier will be
an ac voltage, while the output of the lock-in amplifier will be
a dc voltage.
4.1.3 If a superconducting solenoid is used to provide the
magnetic field, it is usually most convenient to have the
direction of sample vibration parallel rather than perpendicul
...

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FIG. 1 Basic Circuit Using Permeameter  
Note 1:  
A1—Multirange ammeter (main current)
A2—Multirange ammeter (hysteresis current)
B—Magnetic flux density test position for Switch S3
F—Electronic Fluxmeter
H—Magnetic field strength test position for Switch S3
N1—Magnetizing coil
N2—Magnetic flux sensing (B) coil
N3—Magnetic field strength (H) sensing coil
R1—Main current control rheostat
R2—Hysteresis current control rheostat
S1—Reversing switch for magnetizing current
S2—Shunting switch for hysteresis current control rheostat
S3—Fluxmeter selector switch
SP—Specimen  
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3.1 Test methods using suitable ring-type specimens4 are the preferred methods of determining the basic magnetic properties of a material caused by the absence of demagnetizing effects and are well suited for specification acceptance, service evaluation, and research and development.  
3.2 Provided the test specimen is representative of the bulk material as is usually the case for thin strip and wire, this test is also suitable for design purposes.  
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1.1 This test method covers dc testing for the determination of basic magnetic properties of materials in the form of ring, toroidal, link, double-lapped Epstein cores, or other standard shapes which may be cut, stamped, machined, or ground from cast, compacted, sintered, forged, or rolled materials. It includes tests for determination of the normal magnetization curve and hysteresis loop taken under conditions of steep wavefront reversals of the direct-current magnetic field strength.  
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FIG. 1 Basic Circuit Using Ring-Type Cores  
Note 1:  
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A2—Multirange ammeter, hysteresis-current circuit
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1.2.4 Test Method 4—Flux Distortion is suitable for materials with relative permeabilities between 1.0 and 2.0. In this method, a small volume of specimen is subjected to a local magnetic field that varies in magnitude and direction, so it is not possible to specify the magnetic field strength at which the measurement is made.4  
1.2.5 Test Method 5—Vibrating Sample Magnetometry is suitable for materials with relative permeabilities between 1.0 and 4.0. This test method permits the user to select the magnetic field strength at which the permeability is to be measured.  
1.3 Materials typically tested by these methods such as austenitic stainless steels may be weakly ferromagnetic. That is, the magnetic permeability is dependent on the magnetic field strength. As a consequence, the results obtained using the different methods may not closely agree with each other. When using Methods 1 and 5, it is imperative to specify the magnetic field strength or range of magnetic field strengths at which the permeabilities have been determined.  
1.4 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A34/A34M-06(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice defines test lots and describes the selection and preparation of test specimens used in the determination of magnetic properties of various materials.  
4.2 A method of calculating the density of iron-base electrical steels is given and a table of assumed densities for magnetic testing of commercial soft magnetic alloys is provided.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers sampling procedures and test practices for determination of various magnetic properties of both soft and hard magnetic materials.  
1.2 This practice may be used either in conjunction with, or independent of, the standard test methods and materials specifications under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06. In the former situation, the sampling and testing procedures listed herein shall not supersede those found in the individual test methods and materials specifications. In the latter situation, the sampling and testing procedures listed herein shall strictly apply.  
1.3 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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