ASTM A472/A472M-07(2022)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Heat Stability of Steam Turbine Shafts and Rotor Forgings
Standard Specification for Heat Stability of Steam Turbine Shafts and Rotor Forgings
ABSTRACT
This measurement method covers the procedures for the standard practice of determining the heat stability of steam turbine and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. Surface and test band preparation, and heating and cooling procedures prior to stability measurements are detailed. Interpretation of the results of cold and hot measurements is also described.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the determination of heat stability of steam turbine shafts and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. This specification is not ordinarily applicable to generator rotor forgings.
1.2 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the specification, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: A472/A472M −07 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Specification for
Heat Stability of Steam Turbine Shafts and Rotor Forgings
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA472/A472M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.1.1 ASTM designation and year date,
2.1.2 The minimum test temperature,
1.1 This specification covers the determination of heat
2.1.3 The portion of the forging to be subjected to the heat
stability of steam turbine shafts and rotor forgings to ensure
stability test temperature, and
stability at operating temperature. This specification is not
2.1.4 Supplementary or other special requirements.
ordinarily applicable to generator rotor forgings.
1.2 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units
3. Procedure
and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract
3.1 The heat stability test shall be conducted by the forging
specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units),
supplier after final heat treatment and after the forging has been
the inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either
centered and machined with allowance to finish to the purchas-
inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as
er’s drawing. Material for mechanical tests may be removed
standard. Within the specification, the SI units are shown in
before or after the stability test at the manufacturer’s option,
brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily
unless check tests after the stability test are required by the
exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the
purchaser.
standard, each system shall be used independently of the other,
and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
3.2 With prior approval from the purchaser, the forgings
may be stress-relieved as part of the heat stability test. When
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are
this is done, the stress-relieving temperature shall be within
provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supple-
50 °F to 100 °F [30 °C to 55 °C] below final tempering
mentary requirements shall apply only when specified indi-
temperature. Rotate the forgings at 2 r⁄min to 4 r/min and hold
vidually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.
at stress-relieving temperature for at least 2 h/in. [2 h/25 mm]
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of maximum radial thickness, after which the temperature may
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
be decreased to the specified heat stability test temperature and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the test performed.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Heat Stability Test Bands
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
4.1 The supplier shall mark positionsA, B, C, and D, spaced
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the 90°apartcircumferentially,preferablyonanendoftheforging.
Markings shall be retained throughout all subsequent opera-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
tions.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.2 Preferably, there shall be a minimum of 5 test bands,
denoted as 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, machined on the circumference of
2. Ordering Information
the forging. Numbering shall start at the left side of the forging
2.1 It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to specify
drawing. Bands 1 and 5 shall be located as close to the end of
all requirements necessary for testing under this specification.
the forging as practical. Band 3 shall be located as near to
Requirements to be considered include, but are not limited to, midlength as practical. Bands 2 and 4 shall be located
the following:
approximately equidistant between 1 and 3, and 3 and 5,
respectively.
4.3 When the shipped length of the barrel portion of the
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
forging is less than 8 ft [2.4 m], bands 2 and 4 may be omitted.
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets.
4.4 The purchaser’s drawing may show the desired number
Current edition approved March 1, 2022. Published March 2022. Originally
and location of bands and shall indicate that portion of the
approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as A472/
A472M – 07(2017). DOI: 10.1520/A0472_A0472M-07R22. forging that shall be located within the heating chamber. Bands
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A472/A472M − 07 (2022)
1 and 5 are to be located outside of the heating chamber. 7.2 First Cold Measurements—Take measurements on each
Preferably, the gland areas/packing seal areas are inside the band after rotation is started but prior to heating. If the runout
heating chamber. exceeds 0.002 in. [0.05 mm] at any band, continue rotation for
1 h. If runout continues to exceed 0.002 in. [0.05 mm], recenter
4.5 The test bands shall be machined with the forging
the forging or remachine the bands until the runout does not
running on centers except in the cases of forgings weighing
exceed 0.002 in. [0.05 mm] in any band. Refer to the last
over 125 000 lb [56.7 metric tons] the machining shall be
measurements as the official first cold measurements.
performed with the forgings running on steady rests. Readings
shall be taken with the forging running on centers except in the 7.3 Hot Measurements—Take measurements on all bands
cases of forgings weighing over 125 000 lb [56.7 metric tons] hourly during the heating cycle until the forging has been
where readings may be taken with the forgings running on heated to the specified temperature. When three consecutive
steady rests. Between readings, the forgings may be rotated on hourly deflection measurements at the specified temperature
steady rests. check within 0.0005
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: A472/A472M − 07 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Specification for
Heat Stability of Steam Turbine Shafts and Rotor Forgings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A472/A472M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.1.1 ASTM designation and year date,
2.1.2 The minimum test temperature,
1.1 This specification covers the determination of heat
2.1.3 The portion of the forging to be subjected to the heat
stability of steam turbine shafts and rotor forgings to ensure
stability test temperature, and
stability at operating temperature. This specification is not
2.1.4 Supplementary or other special requirements.
ordinarily applicable to generator rotor forgings.
1.2 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units
3. Procedure
and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract
3.1 The heat stability test shall be conducted by the forging
specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units),
supplier after final heat treatment and after the forging has been
the inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either
centered and machined with allowance to finish to the purchas-
inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as
er’s drawing. Material for mechanical tests may be removed
standard. Within the specification, the SI units are shown in
before or after the stability test at the manufacturer’s option,
brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily
unless check tests after the stability test are required by the
exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the
purchaser.
standard, each system shall be used independently of the other,
and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
3.2 With prior approval from the purchaser, the forgings
may be stress-relieved as part of the heat stability test. When
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are
this is done, the stress-relieving temperature shall be within
provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supple-
50 °F to 100 °F [30 °C to 55 °C] below final tempering
mentary requirements shall apply only when specified indi-
temperature. Rotate the forgings at 2 r ⁄min to 4 r/min and hold
vidually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.
at stress-relieving temperature for at least 2 h/in. [2 h/25 mm]
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of maximum radial thickness, after which the temperature may
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
be decreased to the specified heat stability test temperature and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the test performed.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Heat Stability Test Bands
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- 4.1 The supplier shall mark positions A, B, C, and D, spaced
90° apart circumferentially, preferably on an end of the forging.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Markings shall be retained throughout all subsequent opera-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
tions.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.2 Preferably, there shall be a minimum of 5 test bands,
denoted as 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, machined on the circumference of
2. Ordering Information
the forging. Numbering shall start at the left side of the forging
2.1 It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to specify
drawing. Bands 1 and 5 shall be located as close to the end of
all requirements necessary for testing under this specification.
the forging as practical. Band 3 shall be located as near to
Requirements to be considered include, but are not limited to,
midlength as practical. Bands 2 and 4 shall be located
the following: approximately equidistant between 1 and 3, and 3 and 5,
respectively.
4.3 When the shipped length of the barrel portion of the
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
forging is less than 8 ft [2.4 m], bands 2 and 4 may be omitted.
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets.
4.4 The purchaser’s drawing may show the desired number
Current edition approved March 1, 2022. Published March 2022. Originally
and location of bands and shall indicate that portion of the
approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as A472/
A472M – 07(2017). DOI: 10.1520/A0472_A0472M-07R22. forging that shall be located within the heating chamber. Bands
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A472/A472M − 07 (2022)
1 and 5 are to be located outside of the heating chamber. 7.2 First Cold Measurements—Take measurements on each
Preferably, the gland areas/packing seal areas are inside the band after rotation is started but prior to heating. If the runout
heating chamber. exceeds 0.002 in. [0.05 mm] at any band, continue rotation for
1 h. If runout continues to exceed 0.002 in. [0.05 mm], recenter
4.5 The test bands shall be machined with the forging
the forging or remachine the bands until the runout does not
running on centers except in the cases of forgings weighing
exceed 0.002 in. [0.05 mm] in any band. Refer to the last
over 125 000 lb [56.7 metric tons] the machining shall be
measurements as the official first cold measurements.
performed with the forgings running on steady rests. Readings
shall be taken with the forging running on centers except in the 7.3 Hot Measurements—Take measurements on all bands
cases of forgings weighing over 125 000 lb [56.7 metric tons] hourly during the heating cycle until the forging has been
where readings may be taken with the forgings running on heated to the specified temperature. When three consecutive
steady rests. Between readings, the forgings may be rotated on hourly deflection measurements at the specified temperature
steady rests. check within 0.0005 in. [0.013 mm], cooling may commence.
Refer to the last of these measurements as
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: A472/A472M − 07 (Reapproved 2017) A472/A472M − 07 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Specification for
Heat Stability of Steam Turbine Shafts and Rotor Forgings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A472/A472M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers the determination of heat stability of steam turbine shafts and rotor forgings to ensure stability at
operating temperature. This specification is not ordinarily applicable to generator rotor forgings.
1.2 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract
specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either
inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the specification, the SI units are shown in brackets.
The values stated in each system mayare not benecessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard,
each system shall be used independently of the other. Combiningother, and values from the two systems may result in
nonconformance with the standard.shall not be combined.
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary
requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Ordering Information
2.1 It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to specify all requirements necessary for testing under this specification.
Requirements to be considered include, but are not limited to, the following:
2.1.1 ASTM designation and year date,
2.1.2 The minimum test temperature,
2.1.3 The portion of the forging to be subjected to the heat stability test temperature, and
2.1.4 Supplementary or other special requirements.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.06
on Steel Forgings and Billets.
Current edition approved March 15, 2017March 1, 2022. Published March 2017March 2022. Originally approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 20122017
as A472/A472M – 07(2012).(2017). DOI: 10.1520/A0472_A0472M-07R17.10.1520/A0472_A0472M-07R22.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A472/A472M − 07 (2022)
3. Procedure
3.1 The heat stability test shall be conducted by the forging supplier after final heat treatment and after the forging has been
centered and machined with allowance to finish to the purchaser’s drawing. Material for mechanical tests may be removed before
or after the stability test at the manufacturer’s option, unless check tests after the stability test are required by the purchaser.
3.2 With prior approval from the purchaser, the forgings may be stress-relieved as part of the heat stability test. When this is done,
the stress-relieving temperature shall be within 5050 °F to 100 °F [30[30 °C to 55 °C] below final tempering temperature. Rotate
the forgings at 22 r ⁄min to 4 r/min and hold at stress-relieving temperature for at least 2 h/in. [2 h/25 mm] of maximum radial
thickness, after which the temperature may be decreased to the specified heat stability test temperature and the test performed.
4. Heat Stability Test Bands
4.1 The supplier shall mark positions A, B, C, and D, spaced 90° apart circumferentially, preferably on an end of the forging.
Markings shall be retained throughout all subsequent operations.
4.2 Preferably, there shall be a minimum of 5 test bands, denoted as 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, machined on the circumference of the forging.
Numbering shall start at the left side of the forging drawing. Bands 1 and 5 shall be located as close to the end of the forging as
practical. Band 3 shall be located as near to midlength as practical. Bands 2 and 4 shall be located approximately equidistant
between 1 and 3, and 3 and 5, respectively.
4.3 When the shipped length of the barrel portion of the forging is less than 8 ft [2.4 m], bands 2 and 4 may be omitted.
4.4 The purchaser’s drawing may show the desired number and location of bands and shall indicate that portion of the forging that
shall be located within the heating chamber. Bands 1 and 5 are to be located outside of the heating chamber. Preferably, the gland
areas/packing seal areas are inside the heating chamber.
4.5 The test bands shall be machined with the forging running on centers except in the cases of forgings weighing over 125 000
lb [56.7 metric tons] the machining shall be performed with the forgings running on steady rests. Readings shall be taken with the
forging running on centers except in the cases of forgings weighing over 125 000 lb [56.7 metric tons] where readings may be taken
with the forgings running on steady rests. Between readings, the forgings may be rotated on steady rests.
5. Surface Preparation
5.1 Remove oil, grease, dirt, and other foreign material from the surface of the forging prior to the heat stability test. A suitable
coating may be applied to provide uniform emissivity.
6. Heating and Cooling
6.1 Place the forging in the heating chamber and rotate the forging at a speed of 22 r ⁄min to 4 r/min.
6.2 Place thermocouples in contact with the forging at each test band within the heating chamber. Shield the thermocouples from
the heat source.
6.3 Apply heat uniformly to avoid localized overheating. Heat the forging at a rate
...
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