ASTM D4611-16
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Specific Heat of Rock and Soil
Standard Test Method for Specific Heat of Rock and Soil
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Specific heat is a basic thermodynamic property of all substances. The value of specific heat depends upon chemical or mineralogical composition and temperature. The rate of temperature diffusion through a material, thermal diffusivity, is a function of specific heat; therefore, specific heat is an essential property of rock and soil when these materials are used under conditions of unsteady or transient heat flow.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etctesting. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of instantaneous and mean values of the specific heat of rock and soil.
1.2 This test method employs the classical method of mixtures, which involve procedures and an apparatus that are simpler than those generally used in scientific calorimetry, but with an accuracy that is adequate for most rocks and soils. While this test method was developed for testing rock and soil, it can be adapted to measure the specific heat of other materials.
1.3 The testing procedure provides an instantaneous specific heat over temperatures ranging from 25 to 300°C or a mean specific heat in that temperature range.
1.4 The test procedure is limited to dry specimens of soil and rock.
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurements are included in this standard.
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.6.1 The procedure used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:D4611 −16
Standard Test Method for
1
Specific Heat of Rock and Soil
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4611; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of instanta-
neous and mean values of the specific heat of rock and soil.
2. Referenced Documents
2
1.2 This test method employs the classical method of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
mixtures, which involve procedures and an apparatus that are
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
simpler than those generally used in scientific calorimetry, but
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
with an accuracy that is adequate for most rocks and soils.
Fluids
While this test method was developed for testing rock and soil,
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
it can be adapted to measure the specific heat of other
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
materials.
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
1.3 Thetestingprocedureprovidesaninstantaneousspecific
Data
heat over temperatures ranging from 25 to 300°C or a mean
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With
specific heat in that temperature range.
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
1.4 The test procedure is limited to dry specimens of soil
Lot or Process
and rock.
E230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
(EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
asthestandard.Nootherunitsofmeasurementsareincludedin
3. Terminology
this standard.
3.1 For definitions of common technical terms used in this
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
standard, refer to Terminology D653.
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
Practice D6026.
3.2 Definitions:
3.2.1 instantaneous specific heat—the rate of change of
1.6.1 The procedure used to specify how data are collected/
recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the sample enthalpy, h, per unit mass with respect to temperature,
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the T, at constant pressure, p, (J/kgK).
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
3.2.2 mean specific heat—the quantity of heat required to
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
change the temperature of a unit mass of a substance one
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
degree, measured as the average quantity over the temperature
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
range specified (J/kgK).
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
3.2.3 thermal capacity—the amount of heat necessary to
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
change the temperature of the body one degree, equal to the
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical
product of the mass of the body and its specific heat (J/K).
methods for engineering design
3.2.4 thermal diffusivity—the ratio of thermal conductivity
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of a substance to the product of its density and specific heat
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
2
(m /s).
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.3 Symbols:
3.3.1 ∆H—enthalpy change (J/kg).
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
2
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2016. Published May 2016. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4611 – 08. DOI: Standardsvolume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D4611-16. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4611−16
3.3.2 (∆H) —enthalpy change of the calorimeter (J/kg). average sample size u
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4611 − 08 D4611 − 16
Standard Test Method for
1
Specific Heat of Rock and Soil
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4611; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of instantaneous and mean values of the specific heat of rock and soil.
1.2 This test method employs the classical method of mixtures. This providesmixtures, which involve procedures and an
apparatus that are simpler than those generally used in scientific calorimetry, but with an accuracy that is adequate for most rocks
and soils, and a degree of precision that is reproducible by laboratory technicians of average skill. soils. While this test method
was developed for testing rock and soil, it is easily adaptable to measuringcan be adapted to measure the specific heat of other
materials.
1.3 The testing procedure provides an instantaneous specific heat over the temperature temperatures ranging from 25 to 300°C
or a mean specific heat in that temperature range.
1.4 The test procedure is limited to dry samples.specimens of soil and rock.
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered No other units of measurements are
included in this standard.
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.6.1 The procedure used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives;
and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.
It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C303 Test Method for Dimensions and Density of Preformed Block and Board–Type Thermal Insulation
3
C351 Test Method for Mean Specific Heat of Thermal Insulation (Withdrawn 2008)
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D2766D3740 Test Method for Specific Heat of Liquids and SolidsPractice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged
in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or
Process
E230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force (EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
E344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrometry
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.
Current edition approved July 1, 2008May 1, 2016. Published July 2008May 2016. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 20042008 as
D4611 – 86 (2004).D4611 – 08. DOI: 10.1520/D4611-08.10.1520/D4611-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standardsvolume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4611 − 16
3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions of common technical terms used in this
...
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