ASTM D1105-21

Standard Test Method for Preparation of Extractive-Free Wood

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 Extractives are materials soluble in neutral solvents. They are not generally considered part of the wood polymer structure. These materials should be removed before any chemical analysis of the wood. Ethanol-benzene extracts waxes, fats, some resins, and portions of wood gums. Hot water extracts tannins, gums, sugars, starches, and coloring matter.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the preparation of extractive-free wood and is applicable to all North American woods. Extractives in wood consist of materials that are soluble in neutral solvents and that are not a part of the wood.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 4.2.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Jan-2021
• ICS: 79.040 - Wood, sawlogs and sawn timber
• Technical Committee: D07 - Wood
• Drafting Committee: D07.01 - Fundamental Test Methods and Properties

Overview

ASTM D1105-21 is the internationally recognized standard test method for the preparation of extractive-free wood. Published by ASTM International, this standard outlines procedures to remove extractives-materials soluble in neutral solvents but not part of the wood's polymer structure-from all North American wood species. The removal of these extractives is a critical preparatory step for accurate chemical analysis of wood, ensuring subsequent results reflect the true composition of the wood rather than temporary or extraneous substances.

Key Topics

• Extractives Definition: Extractives include substances such as waxes, fats, resins, tannins, gums, sugars, starches, and coloring matter, which can be dissolved and removed by neutral solvents (e.g., ethanol, toluene, hot water).
• Significance: Removing extractives is essential before any chemical analysis (such as determining cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose content) to avoid interference from non-structural materials.
• Sample Requirements: The test is designed for air-dried sawdust or coarsely milled wood, which is further processed to specific particle sizes using standardized mesh sieves.
• Extraction Apparatus: Key equipment includes a Soxhlet extraction apparatus, suitable thimbles, and Buchner funnels for filtration.
• Safety and Compliance: Users are responsible for ensuring proper laboratory safety, health, and environmental practices in accordance with applicable regulations.

Applications

ASTM D1105-21 is highly relevant in various sectors of wood science, forestry, and industrial applications, such as:

• Wood Chemistry: Preparing samples for quantitative and qualitative analysis of wood components by removing interfering extractives.
• Pulp and Paper Industry: Standardizing the extraction process for consistent raw material testing before pulp processing or paper production.
• Forest Products Research: Supporting studies aimed at wood modification, durability, and the impact of natural extractives on product performance.
• Biomass and Bioenergy: Enabling accurate measurement of wood's chemical constituents for processes like bioconversion and energy output calculation.
• Quality Control: Used by manufacturers and laboratories as part of their quality assurance protocols for wood-based products.

Related Standards

Several other ASTM standards and industry protocols complement the scope and process of ASTM D1105-21, including:

• ASTM D1106: Standard Test Method for Acid-Insoluble Lignin in Wood
• ASTM D1107: Standard Test Method for Ethanol-Toluene Solubility of Wood
• TAPPI T 264: Preparation of Wood for Chemical Analysis
• ISO 4471: Pulps - Determination of Acid-Insoluble Lignin

These related standards provide in-depth procedures for further analysis of wood chemistry and support comprehensive laboratory workflows.

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By following ASTM D1105-21, laboratories and industry professionals can achieve reproducible, extractive-free wood samples, ensuring reliable results in chemical analysis and promoting consistency across wood science and industrial applications. Incorporating this standard helps meet international best practices for sample preparation and supports regulatory compliance in wood and biomass research.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1105 − 21
Standard Test Method for
1,2
Preparation of Extractive-Free Wood
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1105; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Alternatively, a small wad of cotton or a wire screen may be
placedinthedischargetubeoftheextractorandtheentirebody
1.1 This test method covers the preparation of extractive-
of the extractor filled with the wood sample.Athin wire screen
free wood and is applicable to all North American woods.
disk placed over the top of the material will prevent channeling
Extractives in wood consist of materials that are soluble in
by the dripping condensate.
neutral solvents and that are not a part of the wood.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4. Reagents
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 Ethanol (95 %).
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.2 Ethanol-Toluene Mixture—Mix 1.0 L of absolute etha-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. nol and 427 mL of toluene. (Warning—Avoid inhalation of
vapors and contact with skin.)
Specific precautionary statements are given in 4.2.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
5. Sample
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
5.1 The sample shall consist of air-dry sawdust or coarsely
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
milled wood that has been reduced by means of aWiley mill so
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
as to pass through a 250-µm (60 mesh) sieve and be retained on
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
a 180-µm (80 mesh) sieve. The milled sample should then be
air-dried.
2. Significance and Use
6. Procedure
2.1 Extractives are materials soluble in neutral solvents.
They are not generally considered part of the wood polymer
6.1 Place a suitable quantity of the sample in the extraction
structure. These materials should be removed before any
thimble, being certain that the wood does not extend above the
chemical analysis of the wood. Ethanol-benzene extracts
level of the top of the siphon tube. Extract for 4 h with
waxes, fats, some resins, and portions of wood gums. Hot
ethanol-toluene mixture in the Soxhlet extraction apparatus.
water extracts tannins, gums, sugars, starches, and coloring
Extraction with each solvent should be carried out at a rate of
matter.
not less than four siphonings per hour. Transfer the wood to a
Büchner funnel, remove the excess solvent with suction, and
3. Apparatus
washthethimbleandwoodwithethanoltoremovethetoluene.
If the thimble is nearly full, a Gooch crucible of suitable size
3.1 Soxhlet Extraction Apparatus—A glass Soxhlet extrac-
tion apparatus of suitable size for containing the sample, and may be placed in the rim of the thimble to keep the sample
together. Extraction w
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1105 − 96 (Reapproved 2013) D1105 − 21 Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry
Standard Method T 12 os-75
Standard Test Method for
1,2
Preparation of Extractive-Free Wood
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1105; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the preparation of extractive-free wood and is applicable to all North American woods. Extractives
in wood consist of materials that are soluble in neutral solvents and that are not a part of the wood.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 4.2.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Significance and Use
2.1 Extractives are materials soluble in neutral solvents. They are not generally considered part of the wood polymer structure.
These materials should be removed before any chemical analysis of the wood. Ethanol-benzene extracts waxes, fats, some resins,
and portions of wood gums. Hot water extracts tannins, gums, sugars, starches, and coloring matter.
3. Apparatus
3.1 Soxhlet Extraction Apparatus—A glass Soxhlet extraction apparatus of suitable size for containing the sample, and
fritted-glass filters, or cellulose, or Alundum extraction thimbles of medium to coarse porosity, will be required. porosity are
recommended. Bags of cotton cloth of fine weave and thoroughly washed, washed with extraction solvents, of a suitable size to
fit within the body of the extractor, are also satisfactory in place of the thimbles. Alternatively, a small wad of cotton or a wire
screen may be placed in the discharge tube of the extractor and the entire body of the extractor filled with the wood sample. A
thin wire screen disk placed over the top of the material will prevent channeling by the dripping condensate.
4. Reagents
4.1 Ethyl Alcohol Ethanol (95 %).
4.2 Ethanol-Toluene Mixture—Mix 1.0 L of absolute ethanol and 427 mL of toluene. (Warning—Avoid inhalation of vapors and
contact with skin.)
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Wood and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on Fundamental Test Methods
and Properties.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2013Feb. 1, 2021. Published September 2013March 2021. Originally approved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 20072013
as D1105 – 96 (2007).D1105 – 96 (2013). DOI: 10.1520/D1105-96R13.10.1520/D1105-21.
This standard was originally based upon TAPPI Standard Method T12 os-75, which has been replaced by T 264 cm-07.
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