ASTM F504-05
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring the Quasi-Static Release Moments of Alpine Ski Bindings
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Quasi-Static Release Moments of Alpine Ski Bindings
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method involves simulation in the laboratory of potential injury-producing loads that can occur in skiing, without implying the frequency or the magnitude of the danger. This test method does not include the simulation of all or part of a skier, and care must be taken not to confuse the values of moments measured by the test shaft with the loads subjected to the tibia of a skier under the same conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the measurement of release moments of ski bindings under conditions where inertia loadings of the ski binding system are not significant.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: F504 – 05
Standard Test Method for
Measuring the Quasi-Static Release Moments of Alpine Ski
Bindings
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationF504;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the measure-
ment of release moments of ski bindings under conditions
where inertia loadings of the ski binding system are not
significant.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
F498 Test Method for Center Spring Constant and Spring
Constant Balance of Alpine Skis
F779 Test Method forTorsion Characteristic ofAlpine Skis
FIG. 1 Load Application
F944 Specification for Properties of Adult Alpine Ski
Boots
2.2 ISO Standard:
mostforwardpoint,locatedataposition90 60.5cmfromthe
ISO 9838 Alpine Ski Bindings–Test Soles for Ski Binding
centerline of the test shaft, shall be called the “forward point”
Tests
andshallbedesignatedas F.Thesecondpoint,45 60.5cmin
ISO 9462 Alpine Ski Bindings–Safety Requirements and
front of the centerline of the test shaft, shall be designated the
Test Methods
“near point,” N. The third point, located 45 6 0.5 cm behind
ISO 9465 Alpine Ski Bindings–Lateral Release under Im-
thecenterlineofthetestshaft,shallbedesignated“rearpoint,”
pact Loading-Test Method
R. The fourth point, located 35 6 0.5 cm in front of the center
line of the test shaft, shall be designated the “near preload
3. Terminology
point,” NP. The fifth point, located 75 6 0.5 cm behind the
3.1 The following terminology is introduced with reference
centerline of the test shaft shall be designated the “far rear
to the sketch of the boot-ski system shown in Fig. 1.
point,” FRP.Thesixthpoint,the“alternatenearpreloadpoint,”
3.1.1 Six points of load application to the standard test ski
ANP, is located 7.5 6 0.25 cm, in the minus y-direction from
are required. With the adult boot sole (300 mm in length) the
the point NP. For sole lengths longer than 300 mm the F and
FR points are not changed from the location used for the 300
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F27 on Snow
mm boot sole. For sole lengths shorter than 300 mm the N, R,
Skiing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F27.10 on Binding Test
ANPand NPpoints are not changed from the location used for
Procedures.
the300mmsole.Forbindingswhicharetobeusedexclusively
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2005. Published February 2005. Originally
approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F504–04. DOI:
with skis shorter than the test ski, F and FR tests shall be
10.1520/F0504-05.
performed at the N and R points. If the ski is too short for the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
specifiedNandRpoints,NandRshallbemovedclosertothe
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
z-axis by 10 cm each, and all tests performed using the new N
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
and R points. The forces that are applied to the standard ski at
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
these six designated points may now be described by simple
on www.astm.org.
vector notation. A laboratory-fixed axis designation shall be
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036. usedwiththenumeral zdenotingtheverticalaxisnormaltothe
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F504 – 05
top face of the ski (in the region of the test shaft) and positive shownonSpecificationF944orISO9838shallbealignedwith
in the direction outward from the ski; the numeral x denoting thebootcenterlinemarkerontheski.Iftherearenomarkerson
the longitudinal axis, positive in the forward direction of the thebootorskithecenterofthebootsoleshallbelocated15 6
ski; and the numeral y denoting the lateral axis, the positive 0.5cmbehindthecenteroftheski’sprojectedlengthunlessthe
direction of which is determined by the right-hand rule. The relevant ASTM standard applies.
z-axis is coincident with the centerline of the test shaft. The 6.2 Boot—Four test soles are defined in Table 2 of
origin of the XYZ coordinate system is a point 230 mm along ISO9462. The standard adult sole shall be 30 6 0.5 cm in
theaxisofthetestshaftfromthebearingsurfaceofthetestsole length and shall be adjustable, over a range of 64 cm. It shall
for 300 mm test soles. The location is changed proportionally be constructed to meet the requirements of ISO9838. Details
forsolesotherthan300mm.Thedirectionofanyforceapplied concerning boot characteristics shall conform to the relevant
to the ski is defined by its unit vector. The magnitude of a ASTMstandard.However,itshallbepermissibletomodifythe
preload force applied to the ski is defined by the M or M boot if the binding manufacturer specifies that modification is
z y
moment created by the force. necessary for proper function of the binding.
6.3 Stiffener—When a ski stiffener is called for (seeAnnex
4. Summary of Test Method
A1andAnnexA2),achannelofdimensions75to80mmwide
4.1 The ski binding is mounted on a standard ski and a by35to40mmhighby4to5mmthickshallbeusedtostiffen
standardbootsoleisinsertedintothebinding.Arelativelystiff the ski between the near and rear points. The channel shall be
test shaft instrumented for moments is affixed to the sole and made of 6061 T6 aluminum, or equivalent. The bar shall be
attached rigidly to the test frame. The apparatus is shown in attachedtotheskibybolts,screws,orclampsat Nand Rpoints
Fig. 2. and at a point half way between N and R points. The stiffener
4.2 Loads sufficient to produce binding release are applied described in Fig. A1.1 meets this requirement.
to the binding by forcing the ski to displace relative to the 6.4 Test Frame:
frame until release occurs. The components of the moments
6.4.1 The test frame consists of all mechanical components
transmitted through the binding to the test shaft are recorded.
that connect the boot to a stationary reference, including the
These records are interpreted to provide the static release
boot sole attachment, the test shaft, and the supporting struc-
moments of the binding.
ture for the test shaft. The test frame shall include a boot sole
attachment constructed in accordance with ISO9838 for the
5. Significance and Use
standard sole.
5.1 Thistestmethodinvolvessimulationinthelaboratoryof
6.4.2 Theanglebetweenthebottomofthebootsoleandthe
potential injury-producing loads that can occur in skiing, test shaft shall be 90 6 1° in the z−x and z−y planes; the
withoutimplyingthefrequencyorthemagnitudeofthedanger.
positionsofcenterlineofthetestshaftrelativetothebootshall
This test method does not include the simulation of all or part be at a longitudinal location 20 6 1 cm from the front of the
of a skier, and care must be taken not to confuse the values of
boot sole when the 300-mm boot sole is used. For other boot
momentsmeasuredbythetestshaftwiththeloadssubjectedto
sole lengths the distance shall be two thirds the distance from
the tibia of a skier under the same conditions. the front of the sole.
6.4.3 The test shaft and associated instrumentation shall be
6. Apparatus
capable of measuring moments about the x-, y-, and z-axes as
6.1 Ski: required. Further specifications for the test shaft as part of the
6.1.1 Ski—Three test skis are defined in Table 1 of
instrumentation system are discussed in 6.6.
ISO9462. The mounting platform shall be as specified in the 6.4.4 The linear compliance of all combined mechanical
−6
relevant ASTM standard. The boot’s ski location marker as
components of the test frame shall be no more than 4 310
m/N in either of the x or y directions, and no more than
−7
4 310 m/N in the z direction for loads applied at the
intersection of the test shaft and the attachment plate. The
−5
angular compliance shall be no more than 5 310 rad/N · m
for rotations around the x, y,or z-axes.
NOTE 1—When an associated high-speed test series is established, the
−5
angular compliance shall be no more than 2.5 310 rad/N·mfor
rotations around the x-, y-, or z-axes.
6.5 Cable:
6.5.1 The minimum length of cable between the point of
attachment to the ski and the nearest support shall be 1 m.
6.5.2 The cable shall be attached to the ski such that the
resultant force transmitted through the cable passes within 1
cm of the centeroid of the cross section of the ski.
6.5.3 Preloads are applied through a pulley near the base of
the load cell pedestal with an attachment swivel not more than
FIG. 2 Test Equipment 12 cm offset from the load cell axis. A spring with a spring
F504 – 05
constant of 65 N/cm (610%) and an unloaded length of at
least 20 cm is attached between the preload cable and the
attachment fixture. When a preload (PL) is used in a test the
preloadcableforcewillinduceamoment M thatisaspecified
y
percentage of the nominal release moment in test 2.1 (see Fig.
11).
6.5.4 Release in tests 1.1, 2.2, and 2.2 (Fig. 3, Fig. 11, and
Fig. 12) is accomplished by a single cable connecting points N
and Rthatisloadedbyatravellerpulleyofadesigncapableof
applying loads at N and R that are opposite in direction and
equal in magnitude to within 5% of each other.
NOTE 2—Preloads(PL)giveninFigs.7-10areexamplesofM preload
y
moments that may be specified.
FIG. 4 Test 1.3
6.6 Instrumentation:
6.6.1 Measurements—The instrumentation shall provide
measurement of the peak M and M moments. The values of
z y
measured moments are referred to a point 23 6 0.1 cm above
the bearing surface of the boot sole on the z-axis for 300-mm
sole lengths. Other length soles shall require this reference
point to be shifted proportionally.
6.6.2 Range—Maximum moment along a single axis:
300 N·m ~full2scalefor M M ! (1)
z x
1000 N·m ~full2scalefor M !
y
6.6.3 Accuracy—Absolute accuracy for moment measure-
ments to errors less than 62% of reading for readings above
50 N·m and less than 61 N·m for readings 50 N·m or less.
6.6.4 Repeatability—Repeated readings under standard test
conditions shall be repeatable to 61.5% for moment readings FIG. 5 Test 1.4
above50N·m.Repeatabilityshallbeto 60.75N·mforlower
readings.
6.6.5 Hysteresis—The hysteresis measured at no load shall
belessthan1.5-N·mmomentfollowingacyclicalloadtofull
scale.
6.6.6 Null Drift shall be correctable to less than 0.75-N · m
moment at 20°C.
6.6.7 Temperature Sensitivity:
Gainvariations:correctableto0.2%°Cat (2)
FIG. 6 Test 1.5
T 60.5°C
o
Nullvariations:correctableto0.5 N·m/°Cat (3)
T 60.5°C
o
where: T =equilibriumenvironmentaltemperatureandisin
o
the range from−20 to+20°C.
6.6.8 Frequency Response—Gain measured at full scale
shallvarylessthan1dBoverthebandwidth0to100Hz.Phase
lag shall be less than 10° over the same bandwidth.
6.7 Load Application:
6.7.1 Locations and Directions of Application—The appa-
ratus shall have the capability of applying the load configura-
FIG. 3 Test 1.1 tions in accordance with Figs. 3-15. Tests in Category 1 have
F504 – 05
PL = .75 3 [2.1]
PL = .75 3 [2.1]
FIG. 7 Test 1.6
FIG. 10 Test 1.11
PL = .50 3 [2.1]
FIG. 8 Test 1.8
FIG. 11 Test 2.1
PL = .50 3 [2.1]
FIG. 12 Test 2.2
FIG. 9 Test 1.10
6.7.1.1 Release load and preload cables shall be adjustable
a significant M component; tests in Category 2 have a to within 2° of the orientation of the unit vector specified in
z
significant M component.Notethattheunitvectorisgivenfor Figs. 3-15 as measured under a cable tension equivalent to
y
all loads applied through the cable system. The unit vector for approximately 10% of the nominal release load in tests 1.1 or
a release load is shown as a solid line while the unit vector for 2.1 as appropriate.
a preload is shown as a dashed line. Preloads (PL) are given in 6.7.2 Rates of Application—The apparatus shall have the
terms of the nominal value of test 2.1 (see Fig. 11). ability of applying loads such that the linear speed of the cable
F504 – 05
FIG. 13 Test 2.3
FIG. 14 Test 2.5
FIG. 15 Test 2.8
at the point of attachment to the ski shall be adjustable to two 7. Test Specimen Preparation
different rates as follows: 2 6 0.5 cm/s and 60 6 10 cm/s.
7.1 Bindings should be mounted in accordance with the
6.7.3 Calibration—The load cell is calibrated using the
manufacturer’s specifications, and boot surfaces and interfaces
fixture and procedures defined in Annex A.
shall be cleaned with an appropriate cleaner, unless otherwise
6.7.4 Zeroing—The instrumentation is zeroed without the
specified by environmental test procedures. All tests shall be
ski attached to the test sole.
F504 – 05
performed with boot-binding contact points wet by a mist of sufficient to cause the binding mechanism to release while
distilled water unless otherwise specified by environmental simultaneously recording information sufficient to determine
procedures. the two peak M and M moments. Refer to Annex A2 for
z y
step-by-step procedures.
8. Procedure
9. Keywords
8.1 An individual release measurement shall consist of
attaching a ski-binding system to the test apparatus and 9.1 alpine ski binding; release binding; release envelope;
applying a load configuration, as specified in 6.7.1 and 6.7.2, release moment
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. FIXTURES
A1.1 Scope A1.2.2 To perform the release with ski deflection test, use
the fixture described in Fig. A1.2.
A1.1.1 This Annex describes fixtures that may be used to
A1.2.3 To perform the release with combined loading test
adapt the device described in Test Method F504 to meet the
for influence of forward lean of the body, use the load
requirements of ISO9462 Method B.
configurationdefinedinFig.A1.3toapplythepreloadmoment
A1.2 Fixtures and Test Configurations
M .
y
A1.2.1 Use the ski stiffening fixture described in Fig.A1.1 A1.2.4 To perform the release with combined loading test
and release loads as defined in Fig. 3 and Fig. 11 unless for influence of roll loading, use the fixture described in Fig.
otherwise specified. A1.4 to apply the preload moment M .
x
FIG. A1.1
...
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