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ASTM E1748-95(2009)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Engagement Between Windows and Insect Screens as an Integral System

Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Engagement Between Windows and Insect Screens as an Integral System

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is a design tool to evaluate the engagement between the window and insect screen under static loading. The ability of insect screens to remain engaged depends on the magnitude, duration, repetition of loads, and the method of engagement. The platen size and shape were chosen to prevent screen cloth damage during static loading. The 60-s duration was arbitrarily chosen to standardize this test method.
This test method is not intended for evaluating retention of woven screen mesh to a screen frame.
Note 1—The procedure described in SMA/SMT 31 is one method that has been developed for such evaluation.
This test method is not intended for evaluating retention of security or protection screens used as a deterrent against vandalism or forced entry.
Note 2—The procedure described in ANSI/SMA 6001 is one method that has been developed for such evaluation.
This test method is not intended for evaluating the retention of insect screens being used as a restraint of occupants within the building as a means of preventing accidental falls.
This test method is not intended for evaluating retention of insect screens for their ability to withstand impacts from windborne debris as might develop during hurricanes or other windstorm events.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the static load resistance of an insect screen in its functional position in a window under load conditions prescribed by appropriate specifying authorities.
1.2 This test method is applicable to insect screens larger than 12 in. (300 mm) in least dimension that can be accessed from both the interior and exterior direction when the insect screen is in the functional position.
1.3 This test method evaluates both the interior and exterior static load resistance of the insect screen attachment to the window frame.
1.4 This test method describes the apparatus and the procedure to be used for applying static loads to specimens.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2009
ICS
91.060.50 - Doors and windows
Technical Committee
E06 - Performance of Buildings
Drafting Committee
E06.51 - Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1748-95(2001) - Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Engagement Between Windows and Insect Screens as an Integral System
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Replaced By
ASTM E1748-95(2017) - Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Engagement Between Windows and Insect Screens as an Integral System
Effective Date
01-Sep-2017

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ASTM E1748-95(2009) - Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Engagement Between Windows and Insect Screens as an Integral SystemASTM E1748-95(2009) - Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Engagement Between Windows and Insect Screens as an Integral System
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ASTM E1748-95(2009) - Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Engagement Between Windows and Insect Screens as an Integral System
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1748 − 95 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Method for
Evaluating the Engagement Between Windows and Insect
Screens as an Integral System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1748; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.3 SMA Standard:
SMA/SMT 31 Testing Procedures and Equipment Bulletin
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the static load
for Attachment of Screening to Frame
resistance of an insect screen in its functional position in a
window under load conditions prescribed by appropriate speci-
3. Terminology
fying authorities.
3.1 Definitions—Definitions are in accordance with Termi-
1.2 This test method is applicable to insect screens larger
nology E631, unless otherwise indicated.
than 12 in. (300 mm) in least dimension that can be accessed
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
from both the interior and exterior direction when the insect
3.2.1 engagement—the physical state of clearances or inter-
screen is in the functional position.
ferences of an insect screen attached to or contained within a
1.3 This test method evaluates both the interior and exterior
window unit.
static load resistance of the insect screen attachment to the
3.2.2 insect screen—a frame holding a woven netting of
window frame.
sufficient strand diameter and spacing to allow ventilation
1.4 This test method describes the apparatus and the proce- while providing some degree of protection against insects.
dure to be used for applying static loads to specimens.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
4.1 This test method consists of installing a window unit
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
with its insect screen(s) in the functional position into a test
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
frame and then applying a specified static load to the insect
and are not considered standard.
screen for a duration of 60 s in both the interior and exterior
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
directions.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5. Significance and Use
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.1 This test method is a design tool to evaluate the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
engagement between the window and insect screen under static
loading. The ability of insect screens to remain engaged
2. Referenced Documents
2 depends on the magnitude, duration, repetition of loads, and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the method of engagement. The platen size and shape were
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
3 chosen to prevent screen cloth damage during static loading.
2.2 ANSI Standard:
The 60-s duration was arbitrarily chosen to standardize this test
ANSI/SMA 6001 Specifications for Metal Protection
method.
Screens
5.2 This test method is not intended for evaluating retention
of woven screen mesh to a screen frame.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51
NOTE 1—The procedure described in SMA/SMT 31 is one method that
on Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls.
has been developed for such evaluation.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published January 2010. Originally
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E1748 – 95 (2001).
5.3 This test method is not intended for evaluating retention
DOI: 10.1520/E1748-95R09.
of security or protection screens used as a deterrent against
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
vandalism or forced entry.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., Available from Screen Manufacturers Association (SMA), 3950 N. Lakeshore
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. Dr., Chicago, IL 60613-3431, http://www.smainfo.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1748 − 95 (2009)
NOTE 2—The procedure described in ANSI/SMA 6001 is one method
9. Procedure
that has been developed for such evaluation.
9.1 Preparation—Remove any sealing or packing material
5.4 This test method is not intended for evaluating the
that is not normally part of the assembly as installed. Fit the
retention of insect screens being used as a restraint of occu-
test specimen into the test frame in accordance with the
pants within the building as a means of preventing accidental
manufacturer’s installation instructions. Position all operating
falls.
glazedsashorpanelsinanopenpositionsuchthattheywillnot
5.5 This test method is not intended for evaluating retention
interferewithdeflectionsofthescreenandframeunderloading
of insect screens for their ability to withstand impacts from
or remove them from the test specimen. Place all insect screens
windborne debris as might develop during hurricanes or other
in their functional position.
windstorm events.
9.2 Operate the insect screen (except as noted in 9.2.3) five
times prior to testing. After operation, position the test appa-
6. Apparatus
ratus so that one side of the test specimen faces the static
6.1 Test Frame—A reaction frame or box constructed to
loading device.
accept and rigidly position the test specimen to permit appli-
9.2.1 Fixed removable insect screens shall be removed and
cation of load from both the interior and exterior directions
installed five times.
with sufficient clearances so as not to interfere with the
9.2.2 Operating insect screens shall be moved to their fully
deflectionordisplacementofthetestspecimenunderload.Test
opened and then fully closed positions, (or moved from their
fra
...

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SCOPE
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5.1 This test method is a standard procedure for determining the resistance to water penetration under uniform static air pressure differences. The air-pressure differences acting across a building envelope vary greatly. These factors should be fully considered prior to specifying the test pressure difference to be used.
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of exterior windows, curtain walls, skylights, and doors to water penetration when water is applied to the outdoor face and exposed edges simultaneously with a uniform static air pressure at the outdoor face higher than the pressure at the indoor face.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to any curtain-wall area or to windows, skylights, or doors alone.  
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ASTM E2268-04(2023)(Test Method)
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5.1 This test method is a standard procedure for determining the resistance to water penetration during rapid cyclic pulses of dynamic air pressure differences. The air-pressure differences acting across a building envelope vary greatly. These factors should be fully considered prior to specifying the test pressure difference to be used.  
5.2 The median test pressure used in this test method is defined as the specified test pressure supplied by the user and related to the maximum positive building design pressure. This test method departs from the format of other ASTM water penetration resistance test methods based on a maximum test pressure related to a maximum positive building design pressure.  
5.3 As the specified or median test pressure is increased, the maximum test pressure in this procedure is also increased to 1.5 times the specification median test pressure. This higher maximum test pressure may not be representative of actual building service conditions. For this reason the maximum recommended median test pressure is 480 Pa (10 psf), which corresponds to a maximum test pressure of 720 Pa (15 psf).  
5.4 The pulsed pressure of this test method may act to pump water past dry seals and breather systems of units incorporating these features, thereby making the test method more severe than a static pressure test method. On the other hand, the low pressure portions of the pressure cycles of this test method may allow weep systems and drainage dams to dissipate water from units incorporating these features, thereby making the test method less severe than a static pressure test method.
Note 1: In applying the results of tests by this test method, note that the performance of a wall or its components, or both, may be a function of proper installation and adjustment. In service, the performance will also depend on the rigidity of supporting construction and on the resistance of components to deterioration by various causes, (vibration, thermal expansion and ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of exterior windows, skylights, and doors to water penetration when water is applied to the outdoor face and exposed edges simultaneously with a rapid pulsed air pressure at the outdoor face higher than the pressure at the indoor face.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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Note 1: The AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 document provides air leakage acceptance criteria for these products based on their performance class. Acoustical products could require a lower air leakage rate than what is required in this standard in order to achieve the desired acoustical performance.  
4.2 Operating Force Relative to Sound Transmission—The use of specific sealing components to achieve a given sound rating could affect operating force of the vertical or horizontal sliding sash or panels of the assembly; therefore, operating force is reported to allow the approving authority information relative to sash or panel operating forces.
Note 2: The opening force in 28 CFR Part 36 ADA for interior hinged doors and sliding doors is limited to 5 lbf (22.2 N). The AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 document provides operating force acceptance criteria for products based on their performance class.  
4.3 Latching Force Relative to Sound Transmission—Latching force can affect the compression of seals and the amount of damping applied to the system that in turn affects the air leakage and the acoustical performance. The use of specific sealing components and latching/locking hardware can affect the force required to close and latch the door under test. The latching force is reported to allow the approving authority information relative to sash or panel latching conditions.
Note 3: The AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 document states that the maximum force to latch shall be measured and reported.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes requirements for testing and rating acoustical performance of window, door, skylight, and glazed wall systems, regardless of their method or materials of manufacture.  
1.1.1 Operating force, latching force, and air leakage are integral elements of the acoustical performance of window, door, skylight, and glazed wall systems. This practice requires (when applicable) the concurrent testing of operating force, latching force, and air leakage, in addition to the sound transmission loss test.  
1.2 This practice establishes the test methodology, specimen criteria, and classification rating system for purposes of determining the acoustical performance levels of window, door, skylight, and glazed wall systems only, and not through openings between such assemblies and adjacent construction.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1105-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration of Installed Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls, by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air Pressure Difference

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is a standard procedure for determining the resistance to water penetration under uniform or cyclic static air pressure differences of installed exterior windows, skylights, curtain walls, and doors. The air-pressure differences acting across a building envelope vary greatly. These factors should be considered fully prior to specifying the test pressure difference to be used.
Note 1: In applying the results of tests by this test method, note that the performance of a wall or its components, or both, may be a function of proper installation and adjustment. In service, the performance will also depend on the rigidity of supporting construction and on the resistance of components to deterioration by various causes, vibration, thermal expansion and contraction, and so forth. It is difficult to simulate the identical complex wetting conditions that can be encountered in service, with large wind-blown water drops, increasing water drop impact pressures with increasing wind velocity, and lateral or upward moving air and water. Some designs are more sensitive than others to this upward moving water.
Note 2: This test method does not identify unobservable liquid water which may penetrate into the test specimen.  
5.2 Laboratory tests are designed to give an indication of the performance of an assembly. Field performance may vary from laboratory performance since the supporting structure for the test specimen, methods of mounting, and sealing in the laboratory can only simulate the actual conditions that will exist in the building. Shipping, handling, installation, acts of subsequent trades, aging, and other environmental conditions all may have an adverse effect upon the performance of the installed product. This field test procedure provides a means for determining the performance of a product once installed in the building.  
5.3 The field test may be made at the time the window, skylight, curtain-wall, or door assemblies are initially installed ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of installed exterior windows, curtain walls, skylights, and doors to water penetration when water is applied to the outdoor face and exposed edges simultaneously with a static air pressure at the outdoor face higher than the pressure at the indoor face.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to any curtain-wall area or to windows, skylights, or doors alone. It is intended primarily for determining the resistance to water penetration through such assemblies for compliance with specified performance criteria, but it may also be used to determine the resistance to penetration through the joints between the assemblies and the adjacent construction. Other procedures may be appropriate to identify sources of leakage.  
1.3 This test method addresses water penetration through a manufactured assembly. Water that penetrates the assembly, but does not result in a failure as defined herein, may have adverse effects on the performance of contained materials such as sealants and insulating or laminated glass. This test method does not address these issues.  
1.4 The proper use of this test method requires a knowledge of the principles of pressure measurement.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 7.1.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on...

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ASTM
ASTM E1424-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Skylights, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under Specified Pressure and Temperature Differences Across the Specimen

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The exterior building envelope and its components (for example, windows and doors) separate the interior conditioned spaces from exterior environmental factors such as heat, cold, rain, wind, noise dust, etc. Building materials and components can expand or contract to varying degrees, depending on seasonal and diurnal exterior ambient air temperatures. Fluctuations in the ambient air temperatures can alter the sealing characteristics of windows, curtain walls, and doors by changing weather seal compression ratios. Thermal expansion or contraction of framing materials coupled with thermal blowing due to temperature gradients through the product, and alterations in the effective leakage areas due to weather seal shrinkage and compression set, can also significantly alter the air leakage rates of these products in field service applications. Air leakage tests performed using Test Method E283 (a laboratory air leakage test performed at ambient temperature conditions) will not account accurately for changes in air leakage rates that may occur from dimensional changes in fenestration systems, materials, and components.  
5.2 It is recommended that test specifiers consult the manufacturer for recommended test temperature extremes.  
5.3 This procedure provides a means for evaluating air leakage rates of fenestration systems under various temperature and pressure conditions and air flow directions. It is also applicable for use in evaluating the efficiency of weather sealing products in fenestration systems. All air flow rates are converted to standard conditions to provide a means of comparison between measurements made at different ambient air temperature and pressure conditions.  
5.4 Air leakage rates are sometimes used for comparison purposes. Such comparisons may not be valid unless the components being tested and compared are of essentially the same size, configuration, and design.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a standard laboratory procedure for determining the air leakage rates of exterior windows, curtain walls, and doors under specified differential air temperature and pressure conditions across the specimen.  
1.2 Specified temperature and pressure conditions are representative of those that may be encountered at the exterior thermal envelope of buildings, excluding the effects of heat buildup due to solar radiation.  
1.3 This laboratory procedure is applicable to exterior windows, curtain walls, and doors and is intended to measure only such leakage associated with the assembly and not the installation; however, the test method can be adapted for the latter purpose.  
1.4 This is a laboratory procedure for testing at differential temperature conditions. Persons interested in a laboratory test at ambient conditions should reference Test Method E283. Persons interested in a field test on installed windows and doors should reference Test Method E783.  
1.5 Persons using this procedure should be knowledgeable in the areas of heat transfer, fluid mechanics, and instrumentation practices, and shall have a general understanding of fenestration products and components.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technic...

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