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ASTM D7664-10

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils

Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The hydraulic conductivity function (HCF) is fundamental to hydrological characterization of unsaturated soils and is required for most analyses of water movement in unsaturated soils. For instance, the HCF is a critical parameter to analyze the movement of water during infiltration or evaporation from soil specimens. This is relevant to the evaluation of water movement in landfill cover systems, stiffness changes in pavements due to water movement, recharge of water into aquifers, and extraction of pore water from soils for sampling.
Examples of HCFs reported in the technical literature are shown in Fig. 1(a), Fig. 1(b), and Fig. 1(c), for clays, silts, and sands, respectively. The decision to report a HCF in terms of suction or volumetric water content depends on the test method and instruments used to measure the HCF. The methods in Categories A and C will provide a HCF in terms of either suction or volumetric water content, while the methods in Category B will provide a HCF in terms of suction.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the quantitative measurement of data points suitable for defining the hydraulic conductivity functions (HCF) of unsaturated soils. The HCF is defined as either the relationship between hydraulic conductivity and matric suction or that between hydraulic conductivity and volumetric water content, gravimetric water content, or the degree of saturation. Darcy’s law provides the basis for measurement of points on the HCF, in which the hydraulic conductivity of a soil specimen is equal to the coefficient of proportionality between the flow rate of water through the specimen and the hydraulic gradient across the specimen. To define a point on the HCF, a hydraulic gradient is applied across a soil specimen, the corresponding transient or steady-state water flow rate is measured (or vice versa), and the hydraulic conductivity calculated using Darcy’s law is paired with independent measurements of matric suction or volumetric water content in the soil specimen.
1.2 These test methods describe a family of test methods that can be used to define points on the HCF for different types of soils. Unfortunately, there is no single test that can be applied to all soils to measure the HCF due to testing times and the need for stress control. It is the responsibility of the requestor of a test to select the method that is most suitable for a given soil type. Guidance is provided in the significance and use section of these test methods.
1.3 Similar to the Soil Water Retention Curve (SWRC), defined as the relationship between volumetric water content and matric suction, the HCF may not be a unique function. Both the SWRC and HCF may follow different paths whether the unsaturated soil is being wetted or dried. A test method should be selected which replicates the flow process occurring in the field.
1.4 These test methods describe three categories of methods (Categories A through C) for direct measurement of the HCF. Category A (column tests) involves methods used to define the HCF using measured one-dimensional profiles of volumetric water content or suction with height in a column of soil compacted into a rigid wall permeameter during imposed transient and steady-state water flow processes. Different means of imposing water flow processes are described in separate methods within Category A. Category B (axis translation tests) involves methods used to define the HCF using outflow measurements from a soil specimen underlain by a saturated high-air entry porous disc in a permeameter during imposed transient water flow processes. The uses of rigid-wall or flexible-wall permeameters are described in separate methods within Category B. Category C (centrifuge permeameter test) includes a method to define the HCF using measured volumetric water content or suction profiles in a column of soil confined in a centrifuge permeameter during imposed steady-state water flow processes. The m...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2010
ICS
13.080.40 - Hydrological properties of soils
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.04 - Hydrologic Properties and Hydraulic Barriers
Current Stage
Ref Project

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Replaced By
ASTM D7664-10(2018)e1 - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils
Effective Date
01-Oct-2010

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ASTM D7664-10 - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7664 − 10
Standard Test Methods for
Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated
1
Soils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7664; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope HCF using measured one-dimensional profiles of volumetric
water content or suction with height in a column of soil
1.1 These test methods cover the quantitative measurement
compacted into a rigid wall permeameter during imposed
of data points suitable for defining the hydraulic conductivity
transient and steady-state water flow processes. Different
functions (HCF) of unsaturated soils. The HCF is defined as
means of imposing water flow processes are described in
either the relationship between hydraulic conductivity and
separate methods within Category A. Category B (axis trans-
matric suction or that between hydraulic conductivity and
lation tests) involves methods used to define the HCF using
volumetric water content, gravimetric water content, or the
outflow measurements from a soil specimen underlain by a
degree of saturation. Darcy’s law provides the basis for
saturated high-air entry porous disc in a permeameter during
measurement of points on the HCF, in which the hydraulic
imposed transient water flow processes. The uses of rigid-wall
conductivity of a soil specimen is equal to the coefficient of
or flexible-wall permeameters are described in separate meth-
proportionality between the flow rate of water through the
ods within Category B. Category C (centrifuge permeameter
specimen and the hydraulic gradient across the specimen. To
test) includes a method to define the HCF using measured
define a point on the HCF, a hydraulic gradient is applied
volumetricwatercontentorsuctionprofilesinacolumnofsoil
across a soil specimen, the corresponding transient or steady-
confined in a centrifuge permeameter during imposed steady-
state water flow rate is measured (or vice versa), and the
statewaterflowprocesses.Themethodsinthisstandardcanbe
hydraulic conductivity calculated using Darcy’s law is paired
used to measure hydraulic conductivity values ranging from
with independent measurements of matric suction or volumet-
the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil to approxi-
ric water content in the soil specimen.
-11
mately 10 m/s.
1.2 These test methods describe a family of test methods
1.5 The methods of data analysis described in these test
thatcanbeusedtodefinepointsontheHCFfordifferenttypes
methods involve measurement of the water flow rate and
of soils. Unfortunately, there is no single test that can be
hydraulic gradient, and calculation of the hydraulic conductiv-
appliedtoallsoilstomeasuretheHCFduetotestingtimesand
2
ity using Darcy’s law (direct methods) (1). Alternatively,
the need for stress control. It is the responsibility of the
inversemethodsmayalsobeusedtodefinetheHCF (2).These
requestor of a test to select the method that is most suitable for
employ an iterative, regression-based approach to estimate the
a given soil type. Guidance is provided in the significance and
hydraulicconductivitythatasoilspecimenwouldneedtohave
use section of these test methods.
given a measured water flow response. However, as they
1.3 Similar to the Soil Water Retention Curve (SWRC),
require specialized engineering analyses, they are excluded
defined as the relationship between volumetric water content
from the scope of these test methods.
and matric suction, the HCF may not be a unique function.
1.6 These test methods apply to soils that do not change
Both the SWRC and HCF may follow different paths whether
significantly in volume during changes in volumetric water
the unsaturated soil is being wetted or dried. A test method
content or suction, or both (that is, expansive clays or collaps-
should be selected which replicates the flow process occurring
ing soils). This implies that these methods should be used for
in the field.
sands, silts, and clays of low plasticity.
1.4 Thesetestmethodsdescribethreecategoriesofmethods
1.7 The methods apply only to soils containing two pore
(Categories A through C) for direct measurement of the HCF.
fluids: a gas and a liquid. The liquid is usually water and the
CategoryA(column tests) involves methods used to define the
gas is usually air. Other fluids may also be used if requested.
Caution shall be exercised if the liquid being used causes
1
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoil
shrinkage or swelling of the soil.
and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on Hydrologic
Properties and Hydraulic Barriers.
2
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The water content of soil is used throughout geotechnical engineering practice, both in the laboratory and in the field. Results are sometimes needed within a short time period and in locations where it is not practical to install an oven or to transport samples to an oven. This test method is used for these occasions.  
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1.1 This test method outlines procedures for determining the water (moisture) content of soil by chemical reaction using calcium carbide as a reagent to react with the available water in the soil producing a gas. A measurement is made of the gas pressure produced when a specified mass of wet or moist soil is placed in a testing device with an appropriate volume of reagent and mixed.  
1.2 This test method is not intended as a replacement for Test Method D2216; but as a supplement when rapid results are required, when testing is done in field locations, or where an oven is not practical for use. Test Method D2216 is to be used as the test method to compare for accuracy checks and correction.  
1.3 This test method is applicable for most soils. Calcium carbide, used as a reagent, reacts with water as it is mixed with the soil by shaking and agitating with the aid of steel balls in the apparatus. To produce accurate results, the reagent must react with all the water which is not chemically hydrated with soil minerals or compounds in the soil. Some highly plastic clay soils or other soils not friable enough to break up may not produce representative results because some of the water may be trapped inside soil clods or clumps which cannot come in contact with the reagent. There may be some soils containing certain compounds or chemicals that will react unpredictably with the reagent and give erroneous results. Any such problem will become evident as calibration or check tests with Test Method D2216 are made. Some soils containing compounds or minerals that dehydrate with heat (such as gypsum) which are to have special temperature control with Test Method D2216 may not be affected (dehydrated) in this test method.  
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1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are mathematical conversions, which are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard.  
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5.1 The water content of a soil is used throughout geotechnical engineering practice both in the laboratory and in the field. The use of Test Method D2216 for water content determination can be time consuming and there are occasions when a more expedient method is desirable. The use of a microwave oven is one such method.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method outlines procedures for determining the water content of soils by incrementally drying soil in a microwave oven.  
1.2 This test method can be used as a substitute for Test Method D2216 when more rapid results are desired to expedite other phases of testing and slightly less accurate results are acceptable.  
1.3 When questions of accuracy between this test method and Test Method D2216 arise, Test Method D2216 shall be the referee method.  
1.4 This test method is applicable for most soil types. For some soils, such as those containing significant amounts of halloysite, mica, montmorillonite, gypsum or other hydrated materials, highly organic soils, or soils in which the pore water contains significant amounts of dissolved solids (such as salt in the case of marine deposits), this test method may not yield reliable water content values due to the potential for heating above 110°C or lack of means to account for the presence of precipitated solids that were previously dissolved.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Performance of the test method utilizing another system of units shall not be considered non-conformance. The sieve designations are identified using the “standard” system in accordance with Specification E11, such as 2.0-mm and 19-mm, followed by the “alternative” system of No. 10 and 3/4-in., respectively, in parentheses.  
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless otherwise superseded by this standard.  
1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies...

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ASTM
ASTM D8037/D8037M-16(Practice)
Standard Practice for Direct Push Hydraulic Logging for Profiling Variations of Permeability in Soils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The injection logging system provides a rapid and efficient way to ascertain the pressure required to inject water into unconsolidated formations at the given flow rate in real time (Fig. 1) (1-4, 7).5 The measured injection pressure and flow rate are then used to assess variations in formation permeability versus depth and infer changes in formation lithology and understand the local hydrostratigraphy (1-4, 8-16). Log interpretation should be confirmed with targeted soil coring adjacent to selected log locations or running logs adjacent to one or more previously logged borings. Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing and/or inspection of soils and rock. As such, it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this practice. However, users of this practice should recognize that the framework of Practice D3740 is appropriate for evaluating the quality of an agency performing this practice. Currently there is no known qualifying national authority that inspects agencies that perform this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a method for rapid delineation of variations in formation permeability in the subsurface using an injection logging tool. Clean water is injected from a port on the side of the probe as it is advanced at approximately 2cm/s into virgin soils. Logging with the injection tool is typically performed with direct push equipment, however other drilling machines may be modified to run the logs by direct push methods (for example, addition of a suitable hammer and/or hydraulic ram systems). Injection logs exceeding 100 ft [30m] depth have been obtained. Direct push methods are not intended to penetrate consolidated rock and may encounter refusal in very dense formations or when cobbles or boulders are encountered in the subsurface. However, injection logging has been performed in some semi-consolidated or soft formations.  
1.2 This standard practice describes how to obtain a real time vertical log of injection pressure and flow rate with depth. The data obtained is indicative of the variations of permeability in the subsurface and is typically used to infer formation lithology. The person(s) responsible for review, interpretation and application of the injection logging data should be familiar with the logging technique as well as the soils, geology and hydrogeology of the area under investigation.  
1.3 The injection logging system may be operated with a built in electrical conductivity sensor to provide additional real time information on stratigraphy and is essential for targeting test zones. Other sensors, such as fluorescence detectors (Practice D6187), a membrane interface probe (Practice D7352) or a cone penetration tool (Test Method D5778) may be used in conjunction with injection logging to provide additional information. The use of the injection logging tool in concert with an electrical conductivity array or cone penetration tool is highly recommended (although not mandatory) to further define hydrostratigraphic conditions, such as migration pathways, low permeability zones (for example, aquitards) and to guide confirmation sampling. The EC log and injection pressure log may be compared in some settings to identify the presence of ionic contaminants or ionic injectates used for remediation.  
1.4 The injection logging system does not provide quantitative permeability or hydraulic conductivity information. However, injection pressure and flow data may be used to provide a qualitative indication of formation permeability. Semi-quantitative values of permeability may be obtained by correlation of injection logging data with other methods (1-4).2 Also, a log of estimated hydraulic conductivity (5) may be calculated for the saturated zone using an empirical model included in some versions of the log viewing software. The data allows for estimates of hydraulic conductivity (K) at the inch-scale using the corrected injection pressure ...

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ASTM
ASTM D6836-16(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Determination of the Soil Water Characteristic Curve for Desorption Using Hanging Column, Pressure Extractor, Chilled Mirror Hygrometer, or Centrifuge

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) is fundamental to hydrological characterization of unsaturated soils and is required for most analyses of water movement in unsaturated soils. The SWCC is also used in characterizing the shear strength and compressibility of unsaturated soils. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of soil is often estimated using properties of the SWCC and the saturated hydraulic conductivity.  
5.2 This method applies only to soils containing two pore fluids: a gas and a liquid. The liquid is usually water and the gas is usually air. Other liquids may also be used, but caution must be exercised if the liquid being used causes excessive shrinkage or swelling of the soil matrix.  
5.3 A full investigation has not been conducted regarding the correlation between soil water characteristic curves obtained using this method and soil water characteristics curves of in-place materials. Thus, results obtained from this method should be applied to field situations with caution and by qualified personnel.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard depends on the competence of the personnel performing the test and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors. Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of these factors.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of soil water characteristic curves (SWCCs) for desorption (drying). SWCCs describe the relationship between suction and volumetric water content, gravimetric water content, or degree of water saturation. SWCCs are also referred to as soil water retention curves, soil water release curves, or capillary pressure curves.  
1.2 This standard describes five methods (A-E) for determining the soil water characteristic curve. Method A (hanging column) is suitable for making determinations for suctions in the range of 0 to 80 kPa. Method B (pressure chamber with volumetric measurement) and Method C (pressure chamber with gravimetric measurement) are suitable for suctions in the range of 0 to 1500 kPa. Method D (chilled mirror hygrometer) is suitable for making determinations for suctions in the range of 500 kPa to 100 MPa. Method E (centrifuge method) is suitable for making determinations in the range 0 to 120 kPa. Method A typically is used for coarse soils with little fines that drain readily. Methods B and C typically are used for finer soils, which retain water more tightly. Method D is used when suctions near saturation are not required and commonly is employed to define the dry end of the soil water characteristic curve (that is, water contents corresponding to suctions >1000 kPa). Method E is typically used for coarser soils where an appreciable amount of water can be extracted with suctions up to 120 kPa. The methods may be combined to provide a detailed description of the soil water characteristic curve. In this application, Method A or E is used to define the soil water characteristic curve at lower suctions (0 to 80 kPa for A, 0 to 120 kPa for E) near saturation and to accurately identify the air entry suction, Method B or C is used to define the soil water characteristic curve for intermediate water contents and suctions (100 to 1000 kPa), and Method D is used to define the soil water characteristic curves at low water contents and higher suctions (>1000 kPa).  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. The procedures in Practice D6026 that are used to specify how data are collected, recorded, and calculated are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are represe...

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ASTM
ASTM D4959-16(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Water Content of Soil By Direct Heating

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The water content of a soil is used throughout geotechnical engineering practice both in the laboratory and in the field. The use of Test Methods D2216 for water content determination can be time consuming and there are occasions when a more expedient method is desirable. Drying by direct heating is one such method. Results of this test method have been demonstrated to be of satisfactory accuracy for use in field control work, such as in the determination of water content, and in the determination of in-place dry unit weight of soils.  
5.2 The principal objection to the use of the direct heating for water content determination is the possibility of overheating the soil, thereby yielding a water content higher than would be determined by Test Methods D2216. While not eliminating this possibility, the incremental drying procedure in this test method will minimize its effects. Some heat sources have settings or controls that can also be used to reduce overheating. Loose fitting covers or enclosures can also be used to reduce overheating while assisting in uniform heat distribution.  
5.3 The behavior of a soil when subjected to direct heating is dependent on its mineralogical composition, and as a result, no one procedure is applicable for all types of soils or heat sources. The general procedure of this test method applies to all soils, but test details may need to be tailored to the soil being tested.  
5.4 When this test method is to be used repeatedly on the same or similar soil from a given site, a correction factor can usually be determined by making several comparisons between the results of this test method and Test Methods D2216. A correction factor is valid when the difference is consistent for several comparisons, and is reconfirmed on a regular specified basis.  
5.5 This test method may not be appropriate when precise results are required, or when minor variations in water content will affect the results of other test methods, such as borderline s...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the water content of soils by drying with direct heat, such as using a hotplate, stove, blowtorch, and the like.  
1.2 This test method can be used as a substitute for Test Methods D2216 when more rapid results are desired to expedite other phases of testing and slightly less accurate results are acceptable.  
1.3 When questions of accuracy between this test method and Test Methods D2216 arise, Test Methods D2216 shall be the referee method.  
1.4 This test method is applicable for most soil types. For some soils, such as those containing significant amounts of halloysite, mica, montmorillonite, gypsum, or other hydrated materials, highly organic soils or soils that contain dissolved solids, (such as salt in the case of marine deposits), this test method may not yield reliable water content values due to the potential for heating above 110°C or lack of means to account for the presence of precipitated solids that were previously dissolved.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Performance of the test method utilizing another system of units shall not be considered non-conformance. The sieve designations are identified using the “standard” system in accordance with Specification E11, such as 2.0-mm and 19-mm, followed by the “alternative” system of No. 10 and 3/4-in., respectively, in parentheses.  
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in D6026, unless otherwise superseded by this standard.  
1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider...

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