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ASTM D7811-13(2022)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Bow and Skew Using a Measuring Tool

Standard Test Method for Bow and Skew Using a Measuring Tool

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a standard procedure for obtaining data for research and development, quality control, acceptance and rejection under specifications, and for special purposes.  
5.2 The data obtained by this test method is applicable to the material under the conditions of this particular test and is not necessarily the same as obtained under other environments in use.  
5.3 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.  
5.4 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other fabrics with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.5 Bow or skew can be induced during fabric manufacturing, dyeing, tentering, finishing, or other operations where a potential exists for uneven distribution of tensions across the fabric width. Bow and skew are more visually displeasing in colored, patterned fabrics such as plaids and horizontal stripes rather than in solid colors because the contrast makes the distortion more prominent. These defects may cause sewing problems in such fabrics and draping problems in finished products. Wavy or sharp breaks in the bow line are more detrimental to the appearance of small specimens of a sewn assembly.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the bow and skew of woven and knitted fabrics over a fixed distance, using a measuring tool.  
1.2 This test method is useful when a small specimen or cut parts need to be evaluated for bow and skew, provided a warp or fill, or both, reference line is available, to aid in aligning the tool.  
1.3 Test Method D3882 may be used when measuring bow and skew in fabric in rolls. However, results obtained with D3882 may not be comparable with results obtained by this test method.  
1.4 There is no known ISO equivalent standard.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-May-2022
ICS
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.60 - Fabric Physical Test Methods B
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D3882-08(2020) - Standard Test Method for Bow and Skew in Woven and Knitted Fabrics
Effective Date
01-Jul-2020

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ASTM D7811-13(2022) - Standard Test Method for Bow and Skew Using a Measuring Tool
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7811 − 13 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Test Method for
1
Bow and Skew Using a Measuring Tool
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7811; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D3882 Test Method for Bow and Skew in Woven and
Knitted Fabrics
1.1 This test method is used to determine the bow and skew
D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
of woven and knitted fabrics over a fixed distance, using a
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
measuring tool.
ASTM Test Methods
1.2 This test method is useful when a small specimen or cut
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
parts need to be evaluated for bow and skew, provided a warp
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
or fill, or both, reference line is available, to aid in aligning the
tool.
3. Terminology
1.3 Test Method D3882 may be used when measuring bow
3.1 For all terminology related to fabric defect terms, refer
and skew in fabric in rolls. However, results obtained with
to Terminology D3990.
D3882maynotbecomparablewithresultsobtainedbythistest
3.1.1 Thefollowingtermsarerelevanttothisstandard:bow,
method.
double bow, double hooked bow, double reverse bow, hooked
bow, knitted fabric, skew, standard atmosphere for testing
1.4 There is no known ISO equivalent standard.
textiles.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Terminology D123.
standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4. Summary of Test Method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 A straightedge is placed across the fabric between two
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health and environmental practices and deter- points at which a marked filling yarn, knitted course, desig-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. nated printed line, or designated design meets the two selvages
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor- or edges. The greatest distance between the straightedge and
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- the marked filling line, knitted course, designated printed line,
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the or designated design is measured parallel to the selvage.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
5. Significance and Use
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5.1 This test method provides a standard procedure for
obtaining data for research and development, quality control,
2. Referenced Documents
acceptance and rejection under specifications, and for special
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: purposes.
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
5.2 Thedataobtainedbythistestmethodisapplicabletothe
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
material under the conditions of this particular test and is not
necessarily the same as obtained under other environments in
use.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
5.3 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Physical Test
Methods B.
tance testing of commercial shipments.
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2022.PublishedJuly2022.Originallyapproved
5.4 If there are differences of practical significance between
in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D7811-13(2017). DOI:
10.1520/D7811-13R22.
reported test results for two laboratories (or more), compara-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
tive tests should be performed to determine if there is a
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assis-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. tance. As a minimum, the test samples to be used are as
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7811 − 13 (2022)
homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from 6.4 Flat Surface, of sufficient area to lay the test specimen.
which the disparate test resul
...

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5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must accordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used only once or changed after limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar abradants used in different laboratories will not likely change at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.  
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5.1 Acceptance Testing—this test method is not considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method is poor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself, technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on the same type of testing instrument, both within and between laboratories. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely, especially outside the United States.  
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5.2 The resistance to abrasion also is affected greatly by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension on the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion tester. The method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158, and AATCC TM93.  
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Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble Pilling Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics for resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because the between-laboratory precision is poor. In some cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available test method, even though the test method is not recommended for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors which may include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, fabric finishing treatments and refurbishing method. Testing before refurbishing may be adviseable. The pilling resistance of a specific fabric in actual wear varies more with general conditions of use and individual wearers than in replicate fabric specimens subjected to controlled laboratory tests. This experience should be borne in mind when adopting levels of acceptability for any series of standards.  
5.3 Pills vary appreciably in size and appearance and de...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the propensity of a fabric to form pills and other related surface changes on textiles using the random tumble pilling tester. The procedure is generally applicable to all types of woven and knitted apparel fabrics.  
Note 1: For other test methods for the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3514/D3514M, and D4970/D4970M.  
1.2 Some fabrics that have been treated with a silicone resin may not be satisfactorily tested by this procedure because the silicone resin may transfer onto the cork liners in the test chamber and cause erroneous results.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off