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ASTM D6230-98(2005)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Monitoring Ground Movement Using Probe-Type Inclinometers

Standard Test Method for Monitoring Ground Movement Using Probe-Type Inclinometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
An inclinometer is a device for measuring deformation normal to the axis of a pipe by passing a probe along the pipe and measuring the inclination of the probe with respect to the line of gravity. Measurements are converted to distances using trigonometric functions. Distances are summed to find the position of the pipe. Successive measurements give differences in position of the pipe and indicate deformation normal to the axis of the pipe. In most cases the pipe is installed in a near-vertical hole. Measurements indicate subsurface horizontal deformation. In some cases the pipe is installed horizontally and the measurements indicate vertical deformation.
Inclinometers are also called slope inclinometers or slope indicators. Typical applications include measuring the rate of landslide movement and locating the zone of shearing, monitoring the magnitude and rate of horizontal movements for embankments and excavations, monitoring the settlement and lateral spread beneath tanks and embankments, and monitoring the deflection of bulkheads, piles or structural walls.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of inclinometers to monitor the internal movement of ground. The test method covers types of instruments, installation procedures, operating procedures and maintenance requirements. It also provides formulae for data reduction.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate health and safety practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2005
ICS
13.080.99 - Other standards related to soil quality
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.23 - Field Instrumentation
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6230-98 - Standard Test Method for Monitoring Ground Movement Using Probe-Type Inclinometers
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005
Referred By
ASTM D3966/D3966M-22 - Standard Test Methods for Deep Foundation Elements Under Static Lateral Load
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005

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ASTM D6230-98(2005) - Standard Test Method for Monitoring Ground Movement Using Probe-Type InclinometersASTM D6230-98(2005) - Standard Test Method for Monitoring Ground Movement Using Probe-Type Inclinometers
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ASTM D6230-98(2005) - Standard Test Method for Monitoring Ground Movement Using Probe-Type Inclinometers
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D6230 − 98(Reapproved 2005)
Standard Test Method for
Monitoring Ground Movement Using Probe-Type
1
Inclinometers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6230; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope axis of the pipe. In most cases the pipe is installed in a
near-vertical hole. Measurements indicate subsurface horizon-
1.1 This test method covers the use of inclinometers to
tal deformation. In some cases the pipe is installed horizontally
monitor the internal movement of ground. The test method
and the measurements indicate vertical deformation.
covers types of instruments, installation procedures, operating
procedures and maintenance requirements. It also provides 3.2 Inclinometers are also called slope inclinometers or
formulae for data reduction. slope indicators. Typical applications include measuring the
rate of landslide movement and locating the zone of shearing,
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
monitoring the magnitude and rate of horizontal movements
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for
for embankments and excavations, monitoring the settlement
information only.
and lateral spread beneath tanks and embankments, and moni-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
toring the deflection of bulkheads, piles or structural walls.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Apparatus
priate health and safety practices and determine the applica-
4.1 The probe type inclinometer uses sensors inside a probe
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
to indicate the orientation of the probe relative to the pull of
gravity. The complete system consists of:
2. Referenced Documents
4.1.1 A permanently installed pipe, called casing, with test
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
method grooves. The casing is made of plastic, aluminum
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
alloy, or fiberglass.
Fluids
4.1.2 The Probe—Most probes use force balance acceler-
D4622 Test Method for Rock Mass Monitoring Using Incli-
ometers which give a voltage output that is proportional to
3
nometers (Discontinued 2000) (Withdrawn 2000)
inclination of the probe. Biaxial probes contain two sensors
oriented 90° apart to permit readings in orthogonal directions
3. Significance and Use
at the same time.
3.1 An inclinometer is a device for measuring deformation
4.1.3 A portable readout unit with power supply for the
normal to the axis of a pipe by passing a probe along the pipe
sensors and display to indicate probe inclination. The readout
and measuring the inclination of the probe with respect to the
unit may have internal memory to record data.
line of gravity. Measurements are converted to distances using
4.1.4 An electrical cable connecting the probe and readout
trigonometric functions. Distances are summed to find the
unit with distance markings. Fig. 1 shows a typical set of
position of the pipe. Successive measurements give differences
components.
in position of the pipe and indicate deformation normal to the
5. Procedure
5.1 Installation of Casing in a Borehole:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
5.1.1 Select casing materials that are compatible with the
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.23 on Field Instrumen-
tation.
environmental conditions at the installation. Select casing size
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2005. Published December 2005. Originally
consistent with the specific measurement requirements and
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D6230 – 98. DOI:
conditions for the job. Store casing materials in a safe, secure
10.1520/D6230-98R05.
2
place to prevent damage. Sunlight may damage plastic casing.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
HighandlowpHmaydamagemetalcasing.Notethataspecial
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
probe may be required for non-vertical boreholes.
the ASTM website.
3
5.1.2 Assemble all components required for the casing,
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. including casing, joints, connectors, and end cap. Examine
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D6230 − 98 (2005)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Understanding the mechanical properties of frozen soils is of primary importance to frozen ground engineering. Data from strain rate controlled compression tests are necessary for the design of most foundation elements embedded in, or bearing on frozen ground. They make it possible to predict the time-dependent settlements of piles and shallow foundations under service loads, and to estimate their short and long-term bearing capacity. Such tests also provide quantitative parameters for the stability analysis of underground structures that are created for permanent or semi-permanent use.  
5.2 It must be recognized that the structure of frozen soil in situ and its behavior under load may differ significantly from that of an artificially prepared specimen in the laboratory. This is mainly due to the fact that natural permafrost ground may contain ice in many different forms and sizes, in addition to the pore ice contained in a small laboratory specimen. These large ground-ice inclusions (such as ice lenses, a dominant horizontal, lens-shaped body of ice of any dimensions) will considerably affect the time-dependent behavior of full-scale engineering structures.  
5.3 In order to obtain reliable results, high-quality intact representative permafrost samples are required for compression strength tests. The quality of the sample depends on the type of frozen soil sampled, the in situ thermal condition at the time of sampling, the sampling method, and the transportation and storage procedures prior to testing. The best testing program can be ruined by poor-quality samples. In addition, one must always keep in mind that the application of laboratory results to practical problems requires much caution and engineering judgment.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generall...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the strength behavior of cylindrical specimens of frozen soil, subjected to uniaxial compression under controlled rates of strain. It specifies the apparatus, instrumentation, and procedures for determining the stress-strain-time, or strength versus strain rate relationships for frozen soils under deviatoric creep conditions.  
1.2 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.3.1 For the purposes of comparing measured or calculated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in the specified limits.  
1.3.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of ...

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ASTM
ASTM D2168-10(2018)(Practice)
Standard Practices for Calibration of Laboratory Mechanical-Rammer Soil Compactors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Mechanical compactors are commonly used to replace the hand compactors required for Test Methods D698 and D1557 in cases where it is necessary to increase production.  
3.2 The design of mechanical compactors is such that it is necessary to have a calibration process that goes beyond determining the mass and drop of the hammer.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria in Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/and the like. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
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1.1 These practices for the calibration of mechanical soil compactors are for use in checking and adjusting mechanical devices used in laboratory compacting of soil and soil-aggregate in accordance with Test Methods D698, D1557, Practice D6026, and other methods of a similar nature that might specify these practices. Calibration for use with one practice does not qualify the equipment for use with another practice.  
1.2 The weight of the mechanical rammer is adjusted as described in 5.4 and 6.5 in order to provide for the mechanical compactor to produce the same result as the manual compactor.  
1.3 Two alternative procedures are provided as follows:    
Section  
Practice A  
Calibration based on the compaction of a
selected soil sample  
5  
Practice B  
Calibration based on the deformation of a
standard lead cylinder  
6  
1.4 If a mechanical compactor is calibrated in accordance with the requirements of either Practice A or Practice B, it is not necessary for the mechanical compactor to meet the requirements of the other practice.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5.1 It is common practice in the engineering profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and a force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. This standard has been written using the gravitational system of units when dealing with the inch-pound system. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight). However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or the recording of density in lbm/ft3 shall not be regarded as a nonconformance with this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8152-18(Practice)
Standard Practice for Measuring Field Infiltration Rate and Calculating Field Hydraulic Conductivity Using the Modified Philip Dunne Infiltrometer Test

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice shall only be used on soils having infiltration rates ranging from 2.5 mm/h (field hydraulic conductivity of 6.9 × 10-7 m/s) to 15000 mm/h (field hydraulic conductivity of 4.0 × 10-3 m/s).  
5.2 This practice is useful for field measurement of the infiltration rate and calculation of field hydraulic conductivity of soils. It was initially developed for stormwater treatment applications, and has been used to design, verify the construction of, and perform annual testing on surface drainage applications such as rain gardens or storm water collection systems (1). Other suitable applications include evaluation of potential septic-tank disposal fields (ASTM D5879 and D5921), leaching and drainage efficiencies, irrigation requirements, erosion potential, forestry, agriculture, and water spreading and recharge, among other applications. This test is not intended for use in hydraulic barriers/seals such as landfill liners, nuclear waste repositories, or the core of a dam. This test is also not intended for use in soils that experience changes in volume during infiltration, such as collapsible or expansive soils.  
5.3 Field hydraulic conductivity can only be calculated when the hydraulic boundary conditions are known, such as hydraulic gradient and the extent of lateral flow of water, or these can be reliably estimated.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.  
5.4 A mathematical analysis has been developed for this test that follows the Green-Ampt a...
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1.1 This practice describes a procedure for field measurement of the infiltration rate of liquid (typically water) into soils using the modified Philip Dunne (MPD) infiltrometer. The data from the field measurement is then used to calculate the field hydraulic conductivity. Soils should be regarded as natural occurring fine or coarse-grained soils or processed materials or mixtures of natural soils and processed materials, or other porous materials, and which are basically insoluble and are in accordance with requirements of 5.1.  
1.2 This practice may be conducted at the ground surface or at given depths in pits, on bare soil or with vegetation in place, depending on the conditions for which infiltration rates are desired. However, this practice cannot be conducted where the test surface is at or below the groundwater table, a perched water table, or the capillary fringe.  
1.3 This practice is for soils within a range of infiltration rate range defined in 5.1, as long as an adequate seal can be made between the MPD Infiltrometer base and the soil being tested. In highly permeable soils, readings can be taken at shorter intervals, to ensure that enough data are collected to determine the infiltration rate.  
1.4 The field measurement is a falling head test that can be performed relatively quickly (30 to 60 minutes) in silty sand or clayey sand soils suitable for stormwater infiltration practices. It is suitable for testing several locations across a site, to characterize the spatial variability of the infiltration rate throughout the site.  
1.5 The field measurement can be used to measure the infiltration rate, which can be used to calculate the field hydraulic conductivity. The field hydraulic conductivity can be used as an index to compare the suitability of soils for use in the development of surface drainage applications (for example, rain gardens or stormwater fills).  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI unit...

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