ASTM C359-99
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Early Stiffening of Portland Cement (Mortar Method)
Standard Test Method for Early Stiffening of Portland Cement (Mortar Method)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of early stiffening in portland-cement mortar.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: C 359 – 99
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Early Stiffening of Portland Cement (Mortar Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 359; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
1.1 This test method covers the determination of early
stiffening in portland-cement mortar.
3. Terminology
1.2 The values stated in SI units are the standard. The values
3.1 Definitions:
in parentheses are for information only.
3.1.1 early stiffening—the early development of stiffness in
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the working characteristics of a portland-cement paste, mortar,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
or concrete. Varieties include false set and flash set.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.2 false set—the early development of stiffness in the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
working characteristics of a portland-cement paste, mortar, or
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Note 1 for a
concrete without the evolution of much heat, which stiffness
specific warning statement.
can be dispelled and plasticity regained by further mixing
NOTE 1—Warning: Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic
without addition of water; also known as “grab set,”“ prema-
and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged
ture stiffening,” “hesitation set,” and “rubber set.”
exposure. The use of gloves, protective clothing, and eye protection is
3.1.3 flash set—the early development of stiffness in the
recommended. Wash contact area with copious amounts of water after
working characteristics of a portland-cement paste, mortar, or
contact. Wash eyes for a minimum of 15 min. Avoid exposure of the body
concrete, usually with the evolution of considerable heat,
to clothing saturated with the liquid phase of the unhardened material.
Remove contaminated clothing immediately after exposure.
which stiffness cannot be dispelled nor can the plasticity be
regained by further mixing without addition of water; also
2. Referenced Documents
known as “quick set.”
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Summary of Test Method
C 150 Specification for Portland Cement
C 183 Practice for Sampling and the Amount of Testing of
4.1 A mortar is prepared with the cement to be tested, using
Hydraulic Cement
specified quantities of cement, standard sand, and water. Using
C 185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement
the modified Vicat apparatus, measurements of penetration are
Mortar
made at stipulated intervals after the beginning of the mixing
C 187 Test Method for Normal Consistency of Hydraulic
procedure. Upon completion of the first series of penetration
Cement
measurements, the mortar is returned to the mixer to be
C 305 Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement
remixed. Following the remix procedure, an additional pen-
Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency
etration, termed the remix penetration, is determined. The
C 490 Practice for Use of Apparatus for the Determination
report is a tabulation of the penetration measurements.
of Length Change of Hardened Cement Paste, Mortar, and
5. Significance and Use
Concrete
C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements 5.1 The purpose of this test method is to determine the
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
degree to which a cement mortar develops early stiffening. It is
C 778 Specification for Standard Sand intended primarily for use by those interested in research on
C 1005 Specification for Reference Masses and Devices for
methods for determining the potential false set of portland
Determining Mass for Use in the Physical Testing of cement.
Hydraulic Cements
5.2 When used for estimating the relative tendency of a
cement to manifest early stiffening, a judgment may be made
by comparing the behavior in the penetration series (see 10.4.1
and 10.4.2) and the remix procedure (see 10.4.3) to differen-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-1 on Cement
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.30 on Time of Set.
tiate a relatively less serious and less persistent tendency to
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 1999. Published May 1999. Originally
e1
published as C 359 – 55 T. Last previous edition C 359 – 89 (1995) .
2 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
3 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
C 359
early stiffening from one that is more persistent and, conse- 7. Reagents and Materials
quently, more serious.
7.1 Standard Sand, 20-30 and Graded, conforming to the
5.3 Severe false setting in a cement may cause difficulty
requirements of Specification C 778.
from a placing and handling standpoint, but it is not likely to
7.2 Mixing Water—Potable water is satisfactory for routine
cause difficulties where concrete is mixed for a longer time
tests. For all referee and cooperative tests, reagent water
than usual, as usually occurs in transit mixing, or where it is
conforming to the requirements of Specification D 1193 for
remixed prior to placing or transporting, in concrete pumping
Type III or Type IV grades of reagent water shall be used.
operations. It is most likely noticed where concrete is mixed
8. Sampling
for a short period of time in stationary mixers and transported
to the forms in nonagitating equipment, as on some paving
8.1 Sample the cement in accordance with Methods C 183.
jobs.
9. Conditioning
5.4 Cements with severe false setting usually require
slightly more mixing water to produce the same consistency, 9.1 The temperature of the room, dry materials, paddle,
which may result in slightly lower strengths and increased bowl, and containers shall be maintained between 20 and
drying shrinkage. 27.5°C (68 and 81.5°F). The temperature of the mixing water
5.5 Flash set of a severity sufficient to cause difficulties from shall not vary from 23°C (73.4°F) by more than 61.7°C
a placing and handling standpoint usually will cause the (63°F).
9.2 The relative humidity of the laboratory shall not be less
cement to fail the requirements for time of setting in Specifi-
cation C 150. than 50 %.
10. Procedure
6. Apparatus
10.1 Batch—Mix at one time 600 g of cement, 300 g of
...
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