ASTM D1857/D1857M-04(2010)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Fusibility of Coal and Coke Ash
Standard Test Method for Fusibility of Coal and Coke Ash
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Design of most coal combustion and coal conversion equipment anticipates that the ash either remain solid or assume some degree of fluidity, depending on the particular design. Ash fusibility temperatures predict whether the ash will perform properly in the process for which the coal was chosen.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the temperatures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from coal and coke ash attain and pass through certain defined stages of fusing and flow when heated at a specified rate in controlled, mildly reducing, and where desired, oxidizing atmospheres.
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain reproducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain concordant results.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D1857/D1857M − 04(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Test Method for
1
Fusibility of Coal and Coke Ash
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1857/D1857M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3.1.2 fluid temperature, FT—the temperature at which the
fused mass has spread out in a nearly flat layer with a
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the tempera-
1
maximum height of 1.6 mm [ ⁄16 in.] as shown by the fifth
tures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from coal
cone, FT, in Fig. 1.
and coke ash attain and pass through certain defined stages of
3.1.3 hemispherical temperature, HT—the temperature at
fusing and flow when heated at a specified rate in controlled,
which the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump at
mildly reducing, and where desired, oxidizing atmospheres.
which point the height is one half the width of the base as
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of
shown by the fourth cone, HT, in Fig. 1.
the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain repro-
3.1.4 initial deformation temperature, IT—the temperature
ducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain
at which the first rounding of the apex of the cone occurs.
concordant results.
Shrinkage or warping of the cone ignored if the tip remains
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
sharp. In Fig. 1, the first cone shown is an unheated one; the
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
secondconeITisatypicalconeattheinitialdeformationstage.
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
3.1.5 softening temperature, ST—the temperature at which
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
the cone has fused down to a spherical lump in which the
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
height is equal to the width at the base as shown by the third
with the standard.
cone, ST, in Fig. 1.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4. Significance and Use
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.1 Design of most coal combustion and coal conversion
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
equipment anticipates that the ash either remain solid or
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
assume some degree of fluidity, depending on the particular
design.Ash fusibility temperatures predict whether the ash will
2. Referenced Documents
perform properly in the process for which the coal was chosen.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2013 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis
5. Apparatus and Materials
D3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal
5.1 Furnace—Any gas-fired or electric furnace conforming
and Coke from Coal
to the following requirements may be used:
5.1.1 Capable of maintaining a uniform temperature zone in
3. Terminology
which to heat the ash cones. This zone shall be such that the
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 1
difference in the melting point of 12.7-mm [ ⁄2-in.] pieces of
3.1.1 The critical temperature points to be observed are as
pure gold wire when mounted in place of the ash cones on the
follows, denoting the atmosphere used:
cone support shall be not greater than 11°C [20°F] in a
reducing atmosphere test run.
5.1.2 Capable of maintaining the desired atmosphere sur-
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal
rounding the cones during heating. The composition of the
and Coke and is the direct responsibility of D05.21 on Methods of Analysis.
atmosphere, reducing or oxidizing, shall be maintained within
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2010. Published November 2010. Originally
the limits specified in Section 6. The desired atmosphere in the
approved 1961. Last previous edition approved 2004 as D1857 – 04. DOI: 10.1520/
D1857-04R10.
gas-fired furnace surrounding the cones shall be obtained by
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
regulation of the ratio of gas to air in the combustion mixture.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
The desired atmosphere in the electric furnace shall be ob-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. tained by means of gases introduced into the heating chamber.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West C
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D1857–04 Designation: D1857/D1857M – 04 (Reapproved 2010)
Standard Test Method for
1
Fusibility of Coal and Coke Ash
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1857/D1857M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the temperatures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from coal and
coke ash attain and pass through certain defined stages of fusing and flow when heated at a specified rate in controlled, mildly
reducing, and where desired, oxidizing atmospheres.
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain reproducible
temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain concordant results.
1.3The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2013 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis
D3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke from Coal
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 The critical temperature points to be observed are as follows, denoting the atmosphere used:
3.1.2 fluid temperature, FT—the temperature at which the fused mass has spread out in a nearly flat layer with a maximum
1
height of 1.6 mm ([ ⁄16 in.)in.] as shown by the fifth cone, FT, in Fig. 1.
3.1.3 hemispherical temperature, HT—the temperature at which the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump at which
point the height is one half the width of the base as shown by the fourth cone, HT, in Fig. 1.
3.1.4 initial deformation temperature, IT—the temperature at which the first rounding of the apex of the cone occurs. Shrinkage
or warping of the cone ignored if the tip remains sharp. In Fig. 1, the first cone shown is an unheated one; the second cone IT is
a typical cone at the initial deformation stage.
3.1.5 softening temperature, ST—the temperature at which the cone has fused down to a spherical lump in which the height is
equal to the width at the base as shown by the third cone, ST, in Fig. 1.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Design of most coal combustion and coal conversion equipment anticipates that the ash either remain solid or assume some
degree of fluidity, depending on the particular design. Ash fusibility temperatures predict whether the ash will perform properly
in the process for which the coal was chosen.
5. Apparatus and Materials
5.1 Furnace—Any gas-fired or electric furnace conforming to the following requirements may be used:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal and Coke and is the direct responsibility of D05.21 on Methods of Analysis.
Current edition approved July 1, 2004. Published July 2004. Originally approved 1961. Last previous edition approved 2003 as D1857–03. DOI: 10.1520/D1857-04.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2010. Published November 2010. Originally approved 1961. Last previous edition approved 2004 as D1857 – 04. DOI:
10.1520/D1857-04R10.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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D1857/D1857M – 04 (2010)
FIG. 1 Critical Temperature Points
5.1.1 Capable of maintaining a uniform temperature zone in which to heat
...
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