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ASTM D3078-02(2008)e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Leaks in Flexible Packaging by Bubble Emission

Standard Test Method for Determination of Leaks in Flexible Packaging by Bubble Emission

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of gross leaks in flexible packaging containing a headspace gas by bubble emission. A vacuum chamber shall be any transparent container capable of withstanding approximately one atmosphere pressure differential, fitted with a vacuum-tight cover. A vacuum gage, an inlet tube from a source of vacuum, and an outlet tube to the atmosphere shall be connected to the chamber cover. Use an immersion fluid which does not degrade the package being tested. The test sample and test fluid shall be at equilibrium with normal room temperature. The procedures for testing are presented in details.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of gross leaks in flexible packaging containing a headspace gas. Test sensitivity is limited to 1 × 10−5 atm cm3/s (1 × 10−6 Pa m3/s) or even less sensitive as indicated in a recent interlaboratory test (reported in Section 12).
1.2 Small leaks may not be detected by this procedure. Viscoelastic effects on the products, or entrapped air, become significant and prevent passage through small openings. Positive pressure inside the pouch after the vacuum is drawn may force the product to plug small leaks. The size of the leak that can be detected is dependent upon the products contained, the nature of the packaging material, and the test parameters selected.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2008
ICS
55.040 - Packaging materials and accessories
Technical Committee
F02 - Primary Barrier Packaging
Drafting Committee
F02.40 - Package Integrity
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D3078-02(2008) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Leaks in Flexible Packaging by Bubble Emission
Effective Date
01-Apr-2008
Referred By
ASTM F2391-22 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Package and Seal Integrity Using Helium as the Tracer Gas
Effective Date
01-Apr-2008
Referred By
ASTM D6653/D6653M-13(2021) - Standard Test Methods for Determining the Effects of High Altitude on Packaging Systems by Vacuum Method
Effective Date
01-Apr-2008
Referred By
ASTM D4991-07(2023) - Standard Test Method for Leakage Testing of Empty Rigid Containers by Vacuum Method
Effective Date
01-Apr-2008
Referred By
ASTM F2097-20 - Standard Guide for Design and Evaluation of Primary Flexible Packaging for Medical Products
Effective Date
01-Apr-2008

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ASTM D3078-02(2008)e1 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Leaks in Flexible Packaging by Bubble EmissionASTM D3078-02(2008)e1 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Leaks in Flexible Packaging by Bubble Emission
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ASTM D3078-02(2008)e1 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Leaks in Flexible Packaging by Bubble Emission
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: D3078 − 02(Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Leaks in Flexible Packaging by Bubble
Emission
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3078; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
´ NOTE—The research report footnote was added to the Precision and Bias section in July 2010.
1. Scope E425Definitions of Terms Relating to Leak Testing (With-
drawn 1991)
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationofgrossleaks
E515Practice for Leaks Using Bubble EmissionTechniques
in flexible packaging containing a headspace gas. Test sensi-
F98Recommended Practice for Determining Hermeticity of
−5 3 −6 3
tivity is limited to 1×10 atm cm /s (1×10 Pa m /s) or 3
Electron Devices by aBubble Test (Withdrawn 1990)
even less sensitive as indicated in a recent interlaboratory test
(reported in Section 12). 3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
1.2 Small leaks may not be detected by this procedure.
3.1.1 leak—any opening in a flexible package that, contrary
Viscoelastic effects on the products, or entrapped air, become
to intention, either allows the contents to escape or substances
significant and prevent passage through small openings. Posi-
to enter.
tive pressure inside the pouch after the vacuum is drawn may
force the product to plug small leaks. The size of the leak that
4. Apparatus
can be detected is dependent upon the products contained, the
4.1 Vacuum Chamber—Any transparent container capable
nature of the packaging material, and the test parameters
of withstanding approximately one atmosphere pressure
selected.
differential, fitted with a vacuum-tight cover. A vacuum gage,
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
aninlettubefromasourceofvacuum,andanoutlettubetothe
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
atmosphere shall be connected to the chamber cover. The inlet
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and outlet tubes shall be equipped with hand valves.Attached
and are not considered standard.
to the underside of the cover shall be a transparent plate that
willcloselyapproximatetheinsidedimensionsofthecontainer
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and be such a distance from the top of the container that when
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
it is two-thirds filled with fluid, the attached plate will be
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
positioned 1 in. (25 mm) under the fluid.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Materials
5.1 Immersion Fluids—Use an immersion fluid which does
2. Referenced Documents
notdegradethepackagebeingtested.Fluidswithalowsurface
tension are generally more sensitive. Examples include water,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
water treated with a wetting agent, denatured alcohol, and
mineral oil. Other possible fluids are listed in Test Method
E515 and Practices F98.
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeF02onFlexible
Barrier Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F02.40 on
6. Sampling
Package Integrity.
Current edition approved April 1, 2008. Published May 2008. Originally
6.1 The number of specimens used in the test sample may
approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D3078–02. DOI:
be varied according to the nature of the product, its cost, its
10.1520/D3078-02R08E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D3078 − 02 (2008)
size, and whether the specimens are taken from a production 11.1.2 Identification of the specimen and the specific mate-
line in a normal packaging operation, or are few in number, or rial tested.
are to be used only for purposes of comparative evaluation of 11.1.2.1 Identification of the test fluid and the maximum
procedures or materials. vacuum level employed;
11.1.2.2 Astatementregardingtheapproximateaverageand
7. Test Specimen
range of sample expansions when at maximum vacuum; and
7.1 Flexible Package, with or without its intended contents. 11.1.2.3 The time period held at maximum vacuum.
11.1.3 A statement whether or not leakage occurred, and if
8. Conditioning
possible, a report of the location of each leak.
8.1 The test sample and test fluid shall be at equilibrium
11.1.4 Astatement of the number of specimens included in
with normal room temperature.
the test and the number of failures, if any.
11.1.5 Whenthetestisperformedtocheckcompliancewith
9. Procedure
requirements, a statement that the sample did or did not meet
9.1 Submerge the specimen in fluid contained in the vessel
the requirement, and identification of the source for the
within the vacuum chamber. The uppermost surface of the
requirement.
specimen shall be covered by not less than 1 in. (25 mm) of
11.1.6 When the test is conducted to evaluate or compare
fluid.
products, materials, or methods, a statement of any observa-
tions that may lead to improvements.
NOTE 1—Two or more small packages may be tested at the same time,
provided that they are placed in such a manner that all parts of every
12. Precision and Bias
package under test can be observed for leakage during the test.
12.1 An interlaboratory test was conducted to determine
9.2 Set the cover on the vacuum chamber, close the outlet
eachparticipatinglaboratory’sabilitytodetectleaksofvarious
valve, and turn on the vacuum so that t
...

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5.2 United States Federal Regulations 21CFR 176.170 (d)(3), 21CFR 177.1330 (e)(4), 21CFR 177.1360 (b), 21CFR 177.1670 (b), and 21CFR Appendix VI (b) cite this standard practice as the basis for determining the amount of extractables from the surface of a package or multilayer film or modified paper in contact with food. In some cases, it is the only practice defined for this purpose. No alternative detail is given in the regulations for conducting extractions.  
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1.4 For purposes of verifying the identity of or identifying unknown volatile compounds the analyst is encouraged to incorporate techniques such as gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy, gas chromatography/infrared spectroscopy or other suitable techniques in conjunction with this test method.  
1.5 Sensitivity of this test method in the determination of the concentration of a given retained solvent must be determined on a case by case basis due to the variation in the substrate/solvent interaction between different types of samples.  
1.6 This test method does not address the determination of total retained solvents in a packaging material. Techniques such as multiple headspace extraction can be employed to this end. The analyst is referred to the manual supplied with the GC-Autosampling system for guidance.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F119-82(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Rate of Grease Penetration of Flexible Barrier Materials (Rapid Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is valuable in the development and selection of flexible barrier materials suited for use as grease barriers.  
4.2 The test is rapid in comparison with other methods because of the extremely small quantity of oil required for detection (about 6 μg). The actual time to failure is a multiple of the values obtained by this test method. When permeation is through an absorbent structure such as kraft paper coated with polyethylene, the failure times will be longer and variable, depending on the variation in porosity and thickness of the structure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides standard conditions for determining the rate of grease penetration of flexible barrier materials. Pinholes, which can be measured by a separate test, will increase the rate of grease penetration as determined by this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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