ASTM D7549-09
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Heavy-Duty Engine Oils under High Output Conditions—Caterpillar C13 Test Procedure
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Heavy-Duty Engine Oils under High Output Conditions<span class='unicode'>—</span>Caterpillar C13 Test Procedure
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method assesses the performance of an engine oil with respect to control of piston deposits and maintenance of oil consumption under heavy-duty operating conditions selected to accelerate deposit formation in a turbocharged, intercooled four-stroke-cycle diesel engine equipped with a combustion system that minimizes federally controlled exhaust gas emissions.
The results from this test method may be compared against specification requirements to ascertain acceptance.
The design of the test engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, needs to be considered when comparing test results against specification requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 The test method covers a heavy-duty engine test procedure under high output conditions to evaluate engine oil performance with regard to piston deposit formation, piston ring sticking and oil consumption control in a combustion environment designed to minimize exhaust emissions. This test method is commonly referred to as the Caterpillar C13 Heavy-Duty Engine Oil Test.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.2.1 Exceptions—Where there are no SI equivalent such as screw threads, National Pipe Treads (NPT), and tubing sizes.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7549 − 09
StandardTest Method for
Evaluation of Heavy-Duty Engine Oils under High Output
Conditions—Caterpillar C13 Test Procedure
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7549; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Any properly equipped laboratory, without outside assistance, can use the test procedure described
in this test method. The ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC) provides calibration and an
assessment of the test results obtained on those oils by the laboratory. By this means the laboratory
will know whether its use of the test method gives results statistically similar to those obtained by
other laboratories. Furthermore, various agencies require that a laboratory utilizes the TMC services
in seeking qualification of oils against specifications. For example, the U.S. Army has such a
requirement in some of its engine oil specifications.Accordingly, this test method is written for those
laboratories that use the TMC services. Laboratories that choose not to use these services should
ignore those portions of the test method that refer to theTMC. Information letters issued periodically
by the TMC may modify this test method. In addition the TMC may issue supplementary memoranda
related to the test method.
1. Scope bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for
general safety precautions.
1.1 The test method covers a heavy-duty engine test proce-
dure under high output conditions to evaluate engine oil
2. Referenced Documents
performance with regard to piston deposit formation, piston
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ring sticking and oil consumption control in a combustion
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
environmentdesignedtominimizeexhaustemissions.Thistest
Atmospheric Pressure
method is commonly referred to as the Caterpillar C13
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
Heavy-Duty Engine Oil Test.
Closed Cup Tester
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-
standard.
leum Products by Copper Strip Test
1.2.1 Exceptions—Where there are no SI equivalent such as
D235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)
screw threads, National Pipe Treads (NPT), and tubing sizes.
(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ity)
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
D524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of
Petroleum Products
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on D613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products
D02.B0 on Automotive Lubricants.
by Potentiometric Titration
Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published August 2009. DOI: 10.1520/
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
D7549-09.
TheASTM Test Monitoring Center will update changes in this test method by
means of Information Letters. Information Letters may be obtained by from the
ASTM Test Monitoring Center, 6555 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15206-4489, For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Attention: Administrator. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Caterpillar Inc., Engine System Technology Development, PO Box 610, Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Mossville, IL 61552-0610. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7549 − 09
D976 Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index of Distillate 3.1.1.1 Discussion—This is a coded reference oil that is
Fuels submitted by a source independent of the test facility. D4175
D1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petro-
3.1.2 blowby, n—in internal combustion engines, the com-
leum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
bustion products and unburned air-and-fuel mixture that enter
D2274 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel
the crankcase. D4175
Oil (Accelerated Method)
3.1.3 calibrate, v—todeterminetheindicationoroutputofa
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
measuring device with respect to that of a standard. D4175
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
3.1.4 heavy duty, adj—in internal combustion engine
D2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle
operation, characterized by average speeds, power output, and
Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
internal temperatures that are close to the potential maximums.
D3524 Test Method for Diesel Fuel Diluent in Used Diesel
D4175
Engine Oils by Gas Chromatography
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
3.1.5 heavy-duty engine, n—in internal combustion engine
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
types, one that is designed to allow operation continuous at or
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum
close to its peak output.
Products, and Lubricants
3.1.5.1 Discussion—This type of engine is typically in-
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum
stalled in large trucks and buses as well as farm, industrial, and
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-
construction equipment. D4175
trometry
3.1.6 non-reference oil, n—anyoilotherthanareferenceoil,
D4739 Test Method for Base Number Determination by
such as a research formulation, commercial oil, or candidate
Potentiometric Hydrochloric Acid Titration
oil. D4175
D5185 TestMethodforDeterminationofAdditiveElements,
3.1.7 non-standard test, n—a test that is not conducted in
Wear Metals, and Contaminants in Used Lubricating Oils
conformance with the requirements in the standard test
and Determination of Selected Elements in Base Oils by
method, such running on an uncalibrated test stand, using
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrom-
different test equipment, applying different equipment assem-
etry (ICP-AES)
bly procedures, or using modified operating conditions. D4175
D5186 Test Method for Determination of the Aromatic
Content and Polynuclear Aromatic Content of Diesel 3.1.8 reference oil, n—an oil of known performance
characteristics, used as a basis for comparison.
Fuels and Aviation Turbine Fuels By Supercritical Fluid
Chromatography 3.1.8.1 Discussion—Reference oils are used to calibrate
testing facilities, to compare the performance of other oils, or
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel to evaluate other materials (such as seals) that interact with
oils. D4175
Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
D5967 Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in
3.1.9 test oil, n—any oil subjected to evaluation in an
T-8 Diesel Engine
established procedure.
D6078 Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels
3.1.9.1 Discussion—– It can be any oil selected by the
by the Scuffing Load Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evalua-
laboratory conducting the test. It could be an experimental
tor (SLBOCLE)
product or a commercially available oil. Often, it is an oil that
D6681 Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High
is a candidate for approval against engine oil specifications
Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine—Caterpillar 1P
(such as manufacturers’ or military specifications, and so
Test Procedure
forth). D4175
D6987/D6987M Test Method for Evaluation of Diesel En-
3.1.10 wear, n—the loss of material from a surface, gener-
gine Oils in T-10 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Diesel
ally occurring between two surfaces in relative motion, and
Engine
resulting from mechanical or chemical action or a combination
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
of both.
Determine Conformance with Specifications
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
E178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations
5 3.2.1 overhead, n—in internal combustion engines, the
2.2 Coordinating Research Council (CRC):
components of the valve train located in or above the cylinder
CRC Manual No. 20
head.
3.2.2 tote, n—a container, smaller in capacity than a gallon.
3. Terminology
3.2.3 valve train, n—in internal combustion engines, the
3.1 Definitions:
series of components, such as valves, crossheads, rocker arms,
3.1.1 blind reference oil, n—a reference oil, the identity of
push rods and camshaft that open and close the intake and
which is unknown by the test facility.
exhaust valves.
3.3 Abbreviations and Acronyms:
3.3.1 ACERT—Advanced Combustion Emission Reduction
Available fromASTM Test Monitoring Center, 6555 PennAvenue, Pittsburgh,
PA 15206-4489, Attention: Administrator. Technology
D7549 − 09
3.3.2 ATGC—average top groove carbon of oil consumption under heavy-duty operating conditions
selected to accelerate deposit formation in a turbocharged,
3.3.3 ATGCO—average top groove carbon offset
intercooled four-stroke-cycle diesel engine equipped with a
3.3.4 CARB—California Air Resources Board
combustionsystemthatminimizesfederallycontrolledexhaust
3.3.5 CAT—acronym for Caterpillar
gas emissions.
3.3.6 CRC—Coordinating Research Council
5.2 The results from this test method may be compared
3.3.7 DACA—Data Acquisition and Control Automation against specification requirements to ascertain acceptance.
3.3.8 ECM—engine control module
5.3 The design of the test engine used in this test method is
representative of many, but not all, diesel engines. This factor,
3.3.9 EOT—end of test
along with the accelerated operating conditions, needs to be
3.3.10 HC—heavy carbon
considered when comparing test results against specification
3.3.11 IMP—intake manifold pressure
requirements.
3.3.12 LC—light carbon
6. Apparatus
3.3.13 LTMS—Lubricant Test Monitoring System
6.1 Test Engine Configuration:
3.3.14 MC—medium carbon
6.1.1 Test Engine—The test engine is a production 2004
3.3.15 NPT—National Pipe Thread
Caterpillar 320 kW C13 engine, designed for heavy duty
3.3.16 OC—oil consumption
on-highway truck use. It is an electronically controlled,
3.3.17 P/N—part number
turbocharged, after-cooled, direct injected, six cylinder diesel
engine with an in-block camshaft and a four-valve per cylinder
3.3.18 QI—quality index
arrangement.The engine uses Caterpillar’sACERTtechnology
3.3.19 RPTGC—reference relative top groove carbon pro-
featuring multiple injections per cycle and inlet valve actuation
file
control. It features a 2004 US EPA emissions configuration
3.3.20 SDTGCO—standard deviation top groove carbon
with electronic control of fuel metering, fuel injection timing
outlier
and inlet valve actuation timing. Critical parts that can affect
3.3.21 TGC—top groove carbon piston deposit formation are specified for oil test engine use.
See Annex A3 for source of the test engine and critical and
3.3.22 ULSD—ultra low sulfur diesel
non-critical parts.
4. Summary of Test Method
6.1.2 Oil Heat Exchanger and Oil Heat System—Replace
thestandardCaterpillaroilheatexchangercorewithastainless
4.1 This test method uses a Caterpillar production C13
steal core, Caterpillar P/N 1Y-4026. Additionally install a
diesel engine (see Annex A3 for ordering information and list
remotely mounted heat exchanger. Control the oil temperature
of engine build parts). Test operation includes a 60-min engine
with a dedicated cooling loop and control system which is
warm-up and break-in, followed by a 4-h cool down and valve
separate from the engine coolant (see AnnexA12). Ensure that
lash adjustment.After the valve lash adjustment and any other
the oil cooler bypass valve is blocked closed.
needed adjustments, a 500-h test is begun. The engine is
6.1.3 Oil Pan Modification—Modifytheoilpanasshownin
operated under steady-state, rated-power conditions known to
A4.1.
generate excessive piston deposits or oil consumption or both
6.1.4 Engine Control Module (ECM)—TheECMdefinesthe
in field service. Report the total engine oil consumption as the
desiredenginefueltimingandquantity.Italsolimitsmaximum
sum of the measured volumes in 50-h increments.
engine speed and power. Caterpillar electronic governors are
4.2 Equiptheteststandwiththeappropriateinstrumentation
designed to maintain a speed indicated by the throttle position
to control engine speed, fuel flow, and other operating param-
signal. Speed variation drives fuel demand (rack). Rack and
eters.
engine speed are input to the injection duration and timing
4.3 Determine the engine oil performance by assessing maps to determine duration and timing commands for the fuel
piston deposits and ring sticking, and oil consumption.
injectors. Obtain special oil test engine control software
4.3.1 Prior to each test, clean and assemble the engine with (module P/N 250-6675-03) for correct maps. Contact the
new cylinder liners, pistons, piston rings, bearings and certain
Caterpillar oil test representative through TMC for installation
valve train components. All aspects of the assembly are of this software. Use the Caterpillar engine technician (ET)
specified.After the test, dismantle the engine and examine and
service software package, version 2004B or later, to monitor
rate the parts. engine parameters, flash software, and to change power and
4.3.2 Asample of engine oil is removed and an oil addition
injectortrimvalues.Usethefulldealerversionpurchasedfrom
is made at the end of each 50-h period. The volume of the oil a Caterpillar dealer with a yearly subscription.
addition is the sum of the volume of sample plus the volume of
6.1.5 Crankshaft Position Sensor—Sense the crankshaft
oil consumed by the engine. position using a primary sensor at the crankshaft gear and as
secondary sensor at the camshaft gear. The secondary sensor
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method assesses the performance of an engine
oil with respect to control of piston deposits and maintenance Trademark of Caterpillar Inc., 100 North East Adams St., Peoria, IL 61629.
D7549 − 09
TA
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