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ASTM A290-95(1999)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears

Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers normalized and tempered, and quenched and tempered carbon and alloy steel forged or rolled rings for reduction gears.  
1.2 Several classes of steel are covered as follows:  
1.2.1 Classes A, B, C, and D are carbon steel.  
1.2.2 Classes E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, P, and T are alloy steel.  
1.2.3 All classes are considered weldable under proper conditions. Welding techniques are of fundamental importance and it is presupposed that welding procedure and inspection will be in accordance with proper methods for the class of material used.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Sep-1999
ICS
77.140.85 - Iron and steel forgings
Technical Committee
A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
Drafting Committee
A01.06 - Steel Forgings and Billets
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM A290-02 - Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002

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ASTM A290-95(1999) - Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction GearsASTM A290-95(1999) - Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears
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ASTM A290-95(1999) - Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: A 290 – 95 (Reapproved 1999)
Standard Specification for
Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction
Gears
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 290; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Ordering Information
1.1 This specification covers normalized and tempered, and 4.1 The purchaser shall specify in the inquiry, contract, and
quenched and tempered carbon and alloy steel forged or rolled order the class desired and the supplementary requirements, if
rings for reduction gears. any, which should apply.
1.2 Several classes of steel are covered as follows:
5. Materials and Manufacture
1.2.1 Classes A, B, C, and D are carbon steel.
1.2.2 Classes E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, P, and T are alloy 5.1 Melting Process:
5.1.1 The steel shall be produced by any of the following
steel.
1.2.3 All classes are considered weldable under proper primary processes: open hearth; basic oxygen; electric furnace;
or vacuum induction (V.I.M.). The primary melting may
conditions. Welding techniques are of fundamental importance
and it is presupposed that welding procedure and inspection incorporate separate degassing or refining and may be followed
by secondary melting using electroslag remelting (E.S.R.) or
will be in accordance with proper methods for the class of
material used. vacuum arc remelting (V.A.R.).
5.1.2 The molten steel may be vacuum degassed prior to or
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for during pouring of the ingot.
5.2 Discard—Sufficient discard shall be taken from each
information only.
ingot to secure freedom from piping and undue segregation.
2. Referenced Documents
5.3 Forging Process—The forgings shall receive their hot
2.1 ASTM Standards: mechanical work under a press or a hammer, or in a mill, each
A 275/A275M Test Method for Magnetic Particle Exami- of ample power to work the metal uniformly through its
nation of Steel Forgings section. These forgings shall be upset or punched, trepanned,
A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing and expanded.
of Steel Products 5.4 Heat Treatment:
A 388/A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of 5.4.1 Cooling Prior to Heat Treatment— After forging and
Heavy Steel Forgings before reheating for heat treatment, the forgings shall be
E 44 Definitions of Terms Relating to Heat Treatment of allowed to cool in a manner to prevent injury, to accomplish
Metals transformation, and prevent flakes.
5.4.2 Heat treatment shall consist of normalizing and tem-
3. Terminology
pering for classes A and B and quenching and tempering for all
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of the terms used in 5.4.2 may
other classes.
be found in Definitions E 44. 5.4.2.1 Normalizing—A furnace charge thus treated is
termed a normalizing charge.
5.4.2.2 Quenching—The forgings shall be completely aus-
tenitized and then quenched in a suitable medium. A group thus
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A-1 on Steel,
treated is termed a quenching charge.
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
5.4.2.3 Tempering—A furnace charge thus treated is termed
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets.
a tempering charge. Minimum tempering temperatures shall be
Current edition approved July 15, 1995. Published September 1995. Originally
e1
published as A 290 – 46 T. Last previous edition A 290 – 85 (1990) .
as follows:
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.05.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.03.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
A 290 – 95 (1999)
7.1.2 Test Method—Full-size tension and Charpy V-notch
Minimum Tempering Temperature
Class °F (°C)
impact tests shall be conducted in accordance with Test
A and B 1200 (650)
Methods and Definitions A 370.
C, D, E, F, G, H, M, P 1100 (595)
7.2 Brinell Hardness—Forgings shall be within the hard-
I, J, K, L 1050 (565)
T 1000 (540)
ness ranges specified in Table 3. The permissible variation of
hardness in any forging shall not exceed 30 numbers for all
5.5 Machining:
classes except Classes K and L which shall be 40 numbers.
5.5.1 Rough machining before heat treatment for mechani-
7.2.1 Number and Location of Tests—Brinell hardness tests
cal properties may be performed at the option of the producer.
shall be taken on each forging, regardless of weight or class,
5.5.2 The forgings shall conform to the sizes and shapes
after final heat treatment and final machining to dimensions
specified by the purchaser.
shown on the drawing submitted with the purchase order. Each
6. Chemical Composition
test shall be approximately ⁄4 of the radial thickness from the
6.1 Composition—The steel shall conform to the require- outside diameter. The number and location of the hardness tests
ments for chemical composition prescribed in Table 1. Alter- follows:
native compositions may be agreed upon in accordance with
Outside Diameter, in. (cm) Number of Tests
To 40 (102) 1 on each end 180° apart
Supplementary Requirement S1.1.
40 to 80 (102 to 203) 2 on each end 180° apart
6.1.1 Heat Analysis—An analysis of each heat of steel shall
80 to 120 (203 to 305) 3 on each end 120° apart
be made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of
Over 120 (305) 4 on each end 90° apart
the elements prescribed in Table 1. This analysis shall be made
7.2.2 Test Method—Tests shall be made in accordance with
from a test sample taken during the pouring of the heat. The
Test Methods and Definitions A 370.
chemical composition thus determined shall be reported to the
purchaser or his representative and shall conform to the 8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
requirements prescribed in Table 1.
8.1 The forgings shall conform to the sizes and shapes
6.1.2 Product Analysis—An analysis may be made by the
specified by the purchaser, shall be free from injurious defects,
purchaser from a forging representing each heat. Samples for
and shall have a workmanlike finish.
analysis may be taken from the forging or from a full-size
9. Retests
prolongation at any point midway between the inner and outer
surfaces of the ring or samples may be taken from the test 9.1 If the results of the tension tests do not conform to the
specimen. The chemical composition thus determined shall not requirements specified because a flaw develops in the test
vary from the requirements prescribed in Table 1 by more than specimen during testing, a retest shall be allowed if the defect
the amounts prescribed in Table 2. is not caused by flakes in the steel.
7. Mechanical Properties 10. Inspection
7.1 Tension and Impact Test Requirements—The require- 10.1 The inspector representing the purchaser shall have
ments for tensile and impact properties shall be as prescribed in free entry, at all times while work on the contract of the
Table 3. purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturer’s
7.1.1 Number, Location, and Orientation of Test works that concern the manufacture of the material ordered.
Specimens—On classes requiring tension tests, two tension test The manufacturer shall afford the inspector, without charge, all
specimens and two sets of impact tests shall be taken 180° reasonable facilities to satisfy him
...

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4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
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FIG. 1 Bored Forgings
Note 1: Sensitivity multiplication factor such that a 10 % indication at the forging bore surface will be equivalent to a 1/8 in. [3 mm] diameter flat bottom hole. Inspection frequency: 2.0 MHz or 2.25 MHz. Material velocity: 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s].
FIG. 2 Solid Forgings
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FIG. 3 Conversion Factors to Be Used in Conjunction with Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 if a Change in the Reference Reflector Diameter is Required
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This specification covers vacuum-treated alloy steel forgings intended for use as turbine rotor disks and wheels. The steel shall be made by the basic electric-furnace process. The molten steel shall be vacuum treated using either the vacuum stream degassing process, vacuum-lift process or ladle degassing process prior to or during the pouring of the ingot in order to remove objectionable gases, particularly hydrogen. The forgings shall receive their hot mechanical work under a press, hammer, or mill of sufficient power to work the metal throughout its section. Before reheating for heat treatment, the forging shall be allowed to cool in a manner to prevent damage and to accomplish transformation. The forgings shall be heated to a suitable temperature for a sufficient length of time for complete austenitization and shall be tempered to develop the specified properties. The forgings shall be preliminarily machined on all surfaces prior to heat treatment and shall be stress relieved after machining. To measure some mechanical properties, the specimens shall be subjected to tension test, impact test, and hardness test. A non-destructive test like an ultrasonic inspection shall be made on all available surfaces to demonstrate freedom from detrimental internal indications.
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1.1 This specification covers the determination of heat stability of steam turbine shafts and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. This specification is not ordinarily applicable to generator rotor forgings.  
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This test method covers the procedures for the standard practice of performing magnetic particle examination on steel forgings. The inspection medium shall consist of finely divided ferromagnetic particles, whose size, shape and magnetic properties, both individually and collectively, shall be taken into account. Forgings may be magnetized in the longitudinal or circular direction by employing the surge or continuous current flow methods. Magnetization may be applied by passing current through the piece or by inducing a magnetic field by means of a central conductor, such as a prod or yoke, or by coils. While the material is properly magnetized, the magnetic particles may be applied by either the dry method, wet method, or fluorescent method. The parts shall also be sufficiently demagnetized after inspection so that residual or leakage fields will not interfere with future operations to which the steel forgings shall be used for. Indications to be evaluated are grouped into three broad classes, namely: surface defects, which include laminar defects, forging laps and folds, flakes (thermal ruptures caused by entrapped hydrogen), heat-treating cracks, shrinkage cracks, grinding cracks, and etching or plating cracks; subsurface defects, which include stringers of nonmetallic inclusions, large nonmetallics, cracks in underbeads of welds, and forging bursts; and nonrelevant or false indications, which include magnetic writing, changes in section, edge of weld, and flow lines.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 For ferromagnetic materials, magnetic particle examination is widely specified for the detection of surface and near surface discontinuities such as cracks, laps, seams, and linearly oriented nonmetallic inclusions. Such examinations are included as mandatory requirements in some forging standards such as Specification A508/A508M.  
4.2 Use of direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current as the power source for magnetic particle examination allows detection of subsurface discontinuities.
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1.1 This practice2 covers a procedure for magnetic particle examination of steel forgings. The procedure will produce consistent results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This practice does not contain acceptance standards or recommended quality levels.  
1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current shall be used as the electric power source for any of the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permitted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is very limited and therefore unsuitable.  
1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.
Note 1: Guide E709 may be utilized for magnetic particle examination in the field for machinery components originally manufactured from steel forgings.  
1.3 The minimum requirements for magnetic particle examination shall conform to practice standards of Practice E1444/E1444M. If the requirements of this practice are in conflict with the requirements of Practice E1444/E1444M, the requirements of this practice shall prevail.  
1.4 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
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ASTM A388/A388M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heavy steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. An ultrasonic, pulsed, reflection type of instrument shall be used and shall provide linear presentation for at least 75% of the screen height. The 5% linearity referred to is descriptive of the screen presentation of amplitude. The electronic apparatus shall contain an attenuator, search units, transducers, couplants, reference blocks, and DGS scales. The forging shall be machined to provide cylindrical surfaces for radial examination in the case of round forgings. The ends of the forgings shall be machined perpendicular to the axis of the forging for the axial examination. Faces of disk and rectangular forgings shall be machined flat and parallel to one another. The procedures to be performed are as follows: ultrasonic examination of the forgings; straight-beam examination with establishment of the instrument sensitivity and calibration either by the reflection, reference-block technique, or DGS method; and angle-beam examination used for rings and hollow forgings.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
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1.2 This practice is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that forgings are to be subject to ultrasonic examination in accordance with Practice A388/A388M.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A336/A336M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with ferritic alloy steel forgings for high-pressure and high-temperature parts, such as boilers, pressure vessels, and associated equipment. The steel grades covered here include the following: Grade F1; Grade F11, Classes 1, 2, and 3; Grade F12; Grade F5; Grade F5A; Grade F9; Grade F6; Grades F21 and F22, Classes 1 and 3; Grade F91, Grade F3V; and Grade F22V. Other steel grades may also be treated under this specification. Alloy steels shall be melted, forged, and rough machined at stipulated conditions. Except as permitted for Grade F22V, steel forgings shall be annealed or normalized and tempered, but may alternatively be liquid quenched and tempered as well. Impact and Charpy V-notch tests shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to specified mechanical requirements such as notch toughness, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Materials shall also undergo heat and product analyses and conform to specified chemical requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers ferritic steel forgings for boilers, pressure vessels, high-temperature parts, and associated equipment.  
1.2 Forgings made of steel grades listed in Specification A335/A335M may also be ordered under this specification. The chemical, tensile, heat treatment, and marking requirements of Specification A335/A335M shall apply, except the forging shall conform to the chemical requirements of Tables 1 and 2 of Specification A335/A335M only with respect to heat analysis. On product analysis they may deviate from these limits to the extent permitted in Table 1 of this specification.  
1.3 Supplementary Requirements S1 to S10 are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.  
1.4 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.  
1.5 Specification A336/A336M formerly included austenitic steel forgings, which are now found in Specification A965/A965M.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A788/A788M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a group of common requirements that, unless covered by the individual product specification in another ASTM document, applies to steel forgings for general use. Materials shall be produced primarily by either electric-furnace, basic oxygen, vacuum-induction (VIM), or open-hearth melting process. The primary melting may incorporate separate degassing or refining and may be followed by secondary melting, using electro slag (ESR) or vacuum arc remelting (VAR). Steel shall be forged by any of these three classes based on forging temperature: cold-worked forging, hot-cold-worked forging, or hot-worked forging. After forging, specimens shall be allowed to cool prior to reheating for heat treatment. Details of heat and product analyses for the evaluation of chemical composition are thoroughly discussed. Tension and hardness tests shall be conducted to evaluate mechanical properties such as percentage of elongation and reduction of area. Repair welding shall not be allowed unless permitted by the product specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers a group of common requirements that, unless otherwise specified in the individual product specification, shall apply to steel forgings under any of the following specifications issued by ASTM:    
ASTM Designation  
Title  
A266/A266M  
Carbon Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components  
A288  
Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Magnetic Retaining Rings for Turbine Generators    
A289/A289M  
Alloy Steel Forgings for Nonmagnetic Retaining Rings for Generators  
A290/A290M  
Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears  
A291/A291M  
Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears, and Shafts for Reduction Gears    
A336/A336M  
Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts    
A372/A372M  
Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels    
A469/A469M  
Vacuum-Treated Steel Forgings for Generator Rotors  
A470/A470M  
Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and Shafts    
A471/A471M  
Vacuum-Treated Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and Wheels    
A473  
Stainless Steel Forgings  
A504/A504M  
Wrought Carbon Steel Wheels  
A508/A508M  
Quenched and Tempered Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessels  
A541/A541M  
Quenched and Tempered Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components  
A579/A579M  
Superstrength Alloy Steel Forgings  
A592/A592M  
High-Strength Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steel Forged Parts for Pressure Vessels  
A646/A646M  
Premium Quality Alloy Steel Blooms and Billets for Aircraft and Aerospace Forgings  
A649/A649M  
Forged Steel Rolls Used for Corrugating Paper Machinery    
A668/A668M  
Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial Use  
A705/A705M  
Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Forgings  
A711/A711M  
Steel Forging Stock  
A723/A723M  
Alloy Steel Forgings for High-Strength Pressure Component Application  
A729/A729M  
Carbon and Alloy Steel Axles, Heat Treated, for Mass Transit and Electric Railway Service  
A765/A765M  
Carbon Steel and Low-Alloy Steel Pressure-Vessel-Component Forgings with Mandatory Toughness Requirements  
A837/A837M  
Steel Forgings, Alloy, for Carburizing Applications  
A859/A859M  
Age-Hardening Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components  
A891/A891M  
Precipitation Hardening Iron Base Superalloy Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and Wheels    
A909/A909M  
Steel Forgings, Microalloy, for General Industrial Use  
A965/A965M  
Steel Forgings, Austenitic, for Pressure and High Temperature Parts  
A982/A982M  
Steel Forgings, Stainless, for Compressor and Turbine Airfoils  
A983/A983M  
Continuous Grain Flow Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Crankshafts for Medium Speed Diesel Engines  
A986/A986M  
Magnetic Particle Examination of Cont...

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