ASTM F2245-16c

Standard Specification for Design and Performance of a Light Sport Airplane

ABSTRACT
This specification covers airworthiness requirements for the design of powered fixed wing light sport aircraft, an “airplane.” In order to comply with flight requirements, the following shall be evaluated: load distribution limit, propeller speed and pitch limit, stalling speed, takeoff, climb, landing, balked landing, controllability and maneuverability, vibrations, and ground control and stability. For compliance of structure requirements, the following shall be considered: flight loads; control surface and system loads; horizontal stabilizing and balancing surfaces (balancing loads, maneuvering loads, and gust loads); vertical stabilizing surfaces (maneuvering loads, gust loads, and outboard fins or winglets); supplementary conditions for stabilizing surfaces; ailerons, wing flaps, and special devices; ground load conditions; water load conditions; emergency landing conditions; and other loads. The aircraft shall be designed with the following minimum instrumentation and equipment: flight and navigation instruments such as airspeed indicator, and altimeter; powerplant instruments such as fuel quantity indicator, tachometer (RPM), engine “kill” switch, and engine instruments; miscellaneous equipment such as master switch, and overload protection device; and safety belts and harnesses. Each airplane shall include a Pilot Operating Handbook (POH).
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers airworthiness requirements for the design of powered fixed wing light sport aircraft, an “airplane.”  
1.2 This specification is applicable to the design of a light sport aircraft/airplane as defined by regulations and limited to VFR flight.  
1.3 Units—The values given in this standard are in SI units and are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound (or other) units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents. Where it may not be clear, some equations provide the units of the result directly following the equation.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2016
• ICS: 49.020 - Aircraft and space vehicles in general
• Technical Committee: F37 - Light Sport Aircraft
• Drafting Committee: F37.20 - Airplane

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM F2245-16b - Standard Specification for Design and Performance of a Light Sport Airplane
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016
• Referred By: ASTM F2483-18e1 - Standard Practice for Maintenance and the Development of Maintenance Manuals for Light Sport Aircraft
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016
• Referred By: ASTM F2930-16e1 - Standard Guide for Compliance with Light Sport Aircraft Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016
• Referred By: ASTM F2840-14(2023) - Standard Practice for Design and Manufacture of Electric Propulsion Units for Light Sport Aircraft
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016
• Referred By: ASTM F2507-15 - Standard Specification for Recreational Airpark Design
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016
• Referred By: ASTM F3409-19e1 - Standard Practice for Simplified Aircraft Loads Determination
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016
• Referred By: ASTM F2746-14(2023) - Standard Specification for Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH) for Light Sport Airplane
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016
• Referred By: ASTM F3298-19 - Standard Specification for Design, Construction, and Verification of Lightweight Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016
• Referred By: ASTM F3035-22 - Standard Practice for Production Acceptance in the Manufacture of a Fixed Wing Light Sport Aircraft
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016
• Referred By: ASTM F2745-15(2023) - Standard Specification for Required Product Information to be Provided with an Airplane
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016
• Referred By: ASTM F3060-20 - Standard Terminology for Aircraft
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:F2245 −16c
Standard Specification for
1
Design and Performance of a Light Sport Airplane
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2245; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope F2746Specification for Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH)
for Light Sport Airplane
1.1 Thisspecificationcoversairworthinessrequirementsfor
F2840Practice for Design and Manufacture of Electric
the design of powered fixed wing light sport aircraft, an
Propulsion Units for Light Sport Aircraft
“airplane.”
3
2.2 Federal Aviation Regulations:
1.2 This specification is applicable to the design of a light
14 CFR Part 33Airworthiness Standards: Aircraft Engines
sport aircraft/airplane as defined by regulations and limited to
14 CFR Part 35Airworthiness Standards: Propellers
VFR flight.
4
2.3 EASA Requirements:
1.3 Units—The values given in this standard are in SI units
CS-22Sailplanes and Powered Sailplanes
and are to be regarded as standard. The values given in
CS-EEngines
parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound (or
CS-PPropellers
other) units that are provided for information only and are not
2.4 Other Standards:
considered standard.The values stated in each system may not
GAMASpecification No. 1Specification for Pilot’s Operat-
be exact equivalents. Where it may not be clear, some
5
ing Handbook
equations provide the units of the result directly following the
equation.
3. Terminology
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.1 electric propulsion unit, EPU—any electric motor and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
all associated devices used to provide thrust for an electric
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
aircraft.
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
3.1.2 energy storage device, ESD—used to store energy as
part of a Electric Propulsion Unit (EPU). Typical energy
2. Referenced Documents
storage devices include but are not limited to batteries, fuel
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
cells, or capacitors.
F2316Specification for Airframe Emergency Parachutes
3.1.3 flaps—any movable high lift device.
F2339Practice for Design and Manufacture of Reciprocat-
ing Spark Ignition Engines for Light Sport Aircraft
3.1.4 maximum empty weight, W (N)—largest empty
E
F2483Practice for Maintenance and the Development of
weightoftheairplane,includingalloperationalequipmentthat
Maintenance Manuals for Light Sport Aircraft
is installed in the airplane: weight of the airframe, powerplant,
F2506Specification for Design and Testing of Light Sport
EnergyStorageDevice(ESD)aspartofanElectricPropulsion
Aircraft Propellers
Unit (EPU), required equipment, optional and specific
F2538Practice for Design and Manufacture of Reciprocat-
equipment, fixed ballast, full engine coolant and oil, hydraulic
ingCompressionIgnitionEnginesforLightSportAircraft
fluid, and the unusable fuel. Hence, the maximum empty
F2564Specification for Design and Performance of a Light weightequalsmaximumtakeoffweightminusminimumuseful
Sport Glider
load: W = W − W .
E U
3.1.5 minimum useful load, W (N)—where W = W − W .
U U E
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F37 on Light
SportAircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F37.20 on Airplane.
3
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016. Published January 2017. Originally Available from Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 800 Independence
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as F2245–16b. DOI: Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20591, http://www.faa.gov or http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov.
10.1520/F2245-16C.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from EASA European Aviation Safety Agency, Postfach 10 12 53,
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM D-50452 Koeln, Germany, http://easa.europa.eu.
5
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from the General Aviation Manufacturers Association, http://
the ASTM website. www.gama.aero/.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F2245−16c
3.1.6 night—hoursbetweentheendofeveningciviltwilight 3.2.26.7 V —maximumspeedinlevelflightwithmaximum
H
and the beginning of morning civil twilight. continuous power (corrected for sea level standard conditions)
3.1.6.1 Discussion—Civiltwilightendsintheeveningwhen
3.2.26.8 V —never
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F2245 − 16b F2245 − 16c
Standard Specification for
1
Design and Performance of a Light Sport Airplane
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2245; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers airworthiness requirements for the design of powered fixed wing light sport aircraft, an “airplane.”
1.2 This specification is applicable to the design of a light sport aircraft/airplane as defined by regulations and limited to VFR
flight.
1.3 Units—The values given in this standard are in SI units and are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses
are mathematical conversions to inch-pound (or other) units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents. Where it may not be clear, some equations provide the units of
the result directly following the equation.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
requirements prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
F2316 Specification for Airframe Emergency Parachutes
F2339 Practice for Design and Manufacture of Reciprocating Spark Ignition Engines for Light Sport Aircraft
F2483 Practice for Maintenance and the Development of Maintenance Manuals for Light Sport Aircraft
F2506 Specification for Design and Testing of Light Sport Aircraft Propellers
F2538 Practice for Design and Manufacture of Reciprocating Compression Ignition Engines for Light Sport Aircraft
F2564 Specification for Design and Performance of a Light Sport Glider
F2746 Specification for Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH) for Light Sport Airplane
F2840 Practice for Design and Manufacture of Electric Propulsion Units for Light Sport Aircraft
3
2.2 Federal Aviation Regulations:
14 CFR Part 33 Airworthiness Standards: Aircraft Engines
14 CFR Part 35 Airworthiness Standards: Propellers
4
2.3 EASA Requirements:
CS-22 Sailplanes and Powered Sailplanes
CS-E Engines
CS-P Propellers
2.4 Other Standards:
5
GAMA Specification No. 1 Specification for Pilot’s Operating Handbook
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 electric propulsion unit, EPU—any electric motor and all associated devices used to provide thrust for an electric aircraft.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F37 on Light Sport Aircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F37.20 on Airplane.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016Dec. 1, 2016. Published December 2016January 2017. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as
F2245 – 16a.F2245 – 16b. DOI: 10.1520/F2245-16B.10.1520/F2245-16C.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 800 Independence Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20591, http://www.faa.gov or http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov.
4
Available from EASA European Aviation Safety Agency, Postfach 10 12 53, D-50452 Koeln, Germany, http://easa.europa.eu.
5
Available from the General Aviation Manufacturers Association, http://www.gama.aero/.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F2245 − 16c
3.1.2 energy storage device, ESD—used to store energy as part of a Electric Propulsion Unit (EPU). Typical energy storage
devices include but are not limited to batteries, fuel cells, or capacitors.
3.1.3 flaps—any movable high lift device.
3.1.4 maximum empty weight, W (N)—largest empty weight of the airplane, including all operational equipment that is installed
E
in the airplane: weight of the airframe, powerplant, Energy Storage Device (ESD) as part of an Electric Propulsion Unit (EPU),
required equipment, optional and specific equipment, fixed ballast, full engine coolant and oil, hydraulic fluid, and the unusable
fuel. Hence, the maximum empty weight equals maximum
...