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ASTM D4157-13(2022)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)

Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must accordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used only once or changed after limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar abradants used in different laboratories will not likely change at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.  
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified technique to produce a spe...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some fabric constructions.
Note 1: Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods D3885, D3886, and AATCC 93.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Oct-2022
ICS
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.60 - Fabric Physical Test Methods B
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D4158-08(2020) - Standard Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2020

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ASTM D4157-13(2022) - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)ASTM D4157-13(2022) - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
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ASTM D4157-13(2022) - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4157 − 13 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Test Method for
Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder
1
Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4157; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)
D4158Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abra-
(Uniform Abrasion)
sion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory
D4850Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some
Methods
fabric constructions.
D5034TestMethodforBreakingStrengthandElongationof
NOTE 1—Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of
Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)
textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods
D3885, D3886, and AATCC 93.
D5035Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of
Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are 2.2 Other Document:
AATCC 93Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics: Accelerotor
providedforinformationonlyandarenotconsideredstandard.
3
Method
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
abrasion, abrasion cycle, in abrasion testing, breaking force,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
double-rub, in oscillatory cylinder abrasion testing.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Terminology D123.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4. Summary of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 Abrasionresistanceismeasuredbysubjectingthespeci-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
men to unidirectional rubbing action under known conditions
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
of pressure, tension, and abrasive action. Resistance to abra-
D3884Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics
sion is evaluated by various means which are described in
(Rotary Platform Abrader Method)
Section 12.
D3885Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)
5. Significance and Use
D3886Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile
andothermaterialsisverycomplex.Theresistancetoabrasion
is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Physical Test
structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the
Methods B.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2022. Published November 2022. Originally
type,kind,andamountoffinishingmaterialaddedtothefibers,
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D4157–13(2017).
yarns, or fabric.
DOI: 10.1520/D4157-13R22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O.
the ASTM website. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4157 − 13 (2022)
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical
conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable bias between them, using competent statistical assistan
...

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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics for resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because the between-laboratory precision is poor. In some cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available test method, even though the test method is not recommended for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the propensity of a fabric to form pills and other related surface changes on textiles using the random tumble pilling tester. The procedure is generally applicable to all types of woven and knitted apparel fabrics.  
Note 1: For other test methods for the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3514/D3514M, and D4970/D4970M.  
1.2 Some fabrics that have been treated with a silicone resin may not be satisfactorily tested by this procedure because the silicone resin may transfer onto the cork liners in the test chamber and cause erroneous results.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—this test method is not considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method is poor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself, technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on the same type of testing instrument, both within and between laboratories. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely, especially outside the United States.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion also is affected greatly by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension on the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must be changed accordingly at freque...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion tester. The method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158, and AATCC TM93.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6413/D6413M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flame Resistance of Textiles (Vertical Test)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method determines the response of textiles to a standard ignition source, deriving measurement values for afterflame time, afterglow time, and char length.  
5.2 The vertical flame resistance, as determined by this test method, only relates to a specified flame exposure and application time.  
5.3 This test method maintains the specimen in a static, draft-free, vertical position and does not involve movement except that resulting from the exposure.  
5.4 Test Method D6413 has been adopted from Federal Test Standard No. 191A method 5903.1, which has been used for many years in acceptance testing. The between-laboratory precision of this test method has not been established. Refer to Section 14 for single-laboratory precision.  
5.4.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples used should be as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results are obtained, and that are assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration on the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to measure the vertical flame resistance of textiles.  
1.1.1 As a part of the measure of flame resistance, afterflame and afterglow characteristics are evaluated.  
1.2 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.3 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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