ASTM D2884-93(2007)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Yield Stress of Heterogeneous Propellants by Cone Penetration Method
Standard Test Method for Yield Stress of Heterogeneous Propellants by Cone Penetration Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The yield stress is a measure of the forces required to initiate and maintain flow from a storage vessel. If all the factors are constant, the propellant with the lower yield stress can be removed more completely from the vessel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the yield stress of heterogeneous propellants, both of the gel and emulsion types, containing from 0 to 70 % solid additives.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. In cases where materials, products, or equipment are available in inch-pound units only, SI units are omitted.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:D2884–93 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Test Method for
Yield Stress of Heterogeneous Propellants by Cone
Penetration Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2884; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.2 unworked penetration, n—the penetration at 298 K
2 (77°F) of a sample of the propellant which has received only
1.1 This test method covers determination of the yield
the minimum disturbance in transfer from the sample can to a
stress of heterogeneous propellants, both of the gel and
grease worker cup or dimensionally equivalent container. This
emulsion types, containing from 0 to 70 % solid additives.
shall be 76.2 6 0.3 mm (3 6 0.01 in.) in inside diameter and
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
63.56 1.6 mm (2.5 6 0.06 in.) deep, as shown in Fig. 1.
standard. In cases where materials, products, or equipment are
3.1.3 The conversion of penetration to yield stress has not
available in inch-pound units only, SI units are omitted.
been corrected for the displacement of the sample by the
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
submerged portion of the cone. For this reason cup diameter is
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
critical, and any deviation from 76.2 6 0.3 mm (3 6 0.01 in.)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
must be reported as a nonstandard condition.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.4 yield stress—the maximum shear stress that can be
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
applied without causing permanent deformation (seeTerminol-
2. Referenced Documents ogy D2507). Specifically in this test method, it is the weight of
the 30-g mass cone-test rod assembly in dynes, corrected for
2.1 ASTM Standards:
buoyancy, divided by the calculated wetted area of the cone
D2507 Terminology of Rheological Properties of Gelled
(that is, the area of the cone in contact with the propellant after
Rocket Propellants
the 5-s drop period).
3. Terminology
4. Summary of Test Method
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
4.1 The penetration is determined at 298 K (77°F) by
3.1.1 penetration of a propellant, n—The depth, in tenths of
releasingthecone-testrodassemblyfromthepenetrometerand
a millimetre that a standard cone penetrates the sample under
allowing the assembly to drop for 5 s. The cone will be
prescribed conditions of weight, time, and temperature.
essentially at rest in less than this time, so that exact timing is
not critical.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
5. Significance and Use
D02.L0.07 on Engineering Sciences of High Performance Fluids and Solids.ASTM
5.1 The yield stress is a measure of the forces required to
Committee F07 onAerospace andAircraft maintains a continued interest in this test
method and will make use of it in the future. initiate and maintain flow from a storage vessel. If all the
Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originally
factors are constant, the propellant with the lower yield stress
approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D2884 – 93 (2002).
can be removed more completely from the vessel.
DOI: 10.1520/D2884-93R07.
This test method is identical in substance with the JANNAF method, “Hetero-
6. Apparatus
geneous Propellant Characterization, Part III, Procedure for Measuring Yield Stress
of Heterogeneous Propellants,” published by the Chemical Propulsion Information
6.1 Penetrometer,tomeasurethepenetrationofthestandard
Agency, July 1969, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns
cone in the propellant. The cone assembly or the table of the
Hopkins Rd., Laurel, MD 20810.
penetrometer shall be adjustable to enable accurate placement
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
of the cone on the level surface of the propellant while
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
maintaining a zero reading on the indicator. The cone should
the ASTM website.
fall, when released, without appreciable friction for at least
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
on www.astm.org. 42.0mmbutnotmorethan60.0mmsotheconewillnothitthe
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D2884–93 (2007)
off the excess sample extending above the rim by moving the
blade of the spatula, held inclined toward the direction of
motion at an angle of 45° across the rim of the cup. Do not
perform any further leveling or smoothing of the surface
throughout the determination of unworked penetration, and
determine the measurement immediately.
7.3 Cleaning Cone and Shaft—Clean the penetrometer cone
carefully before each test. Bending of the test rod can be
avoided by holding it securely in its raised position while
cleaning. Do not permit grease, oil, or propellant on the test
rod, as they can cause drag on the assembly. Do not rotate the
cone, as this may cause wear on the aluminum test rod.
NOTE 1—This cup is dimensionally equivalent to the grease worker
7.4 Penetration Measurement:
cup.
7.4.1 Place the cup on the penetrometer table, making
FIG. 1 Penetrometer Cup
certain that it cannot teeter. Set the mechanisms to hold the
cone in the zero position, and adjust the apparatus carefully so
bottom of the container. The instrument shall be provided with
that the tip of the cone just touches the surface at the center of
leveling screws to maintain the cone shaft in a vertical position
the test sample. Watching the shadow of the cone tip is an aid
and a spirit level to determine the attitude of the instrument.
to accurate setting. Release the test rod rapidly, and allow it to
6.1.1 A 15-g test rod shall be substituted for the regular
drop for 5.0 6 0.5 s. The clutch jaws must not drag on the
47.5-g rod in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
shaft. Gently depress the depth gage rod until stopped by the
6.2 Cone, of the dimensions shown in Fig. 2.
lower stop, and read the penetration from the indicator.
NOTE 1—Some cones hav
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