ASTM C1783-15(2024)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Development of Specifications for Fiber Reinforced Carbon-Carbon Composite Structures for Nuclear Applications
Standard Guide for Development of Specifications for Fiber Reinforced Carbon-Carbon Composite Structures for Nuclear Applications
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Composite materials consist by definition of a reinforcement phase in a matrix phase. In addition, carbon-carbon composites often contain measurable porosity which interacts with the reinforcement and matrix. The composition and structure of the C-C composite are commonly tailored for a specific application with detailed performance requirements. The tailoring involves the selection of the reinforcement fibers (composition, properties, morphology, etc), the matrix (composition, properties, and morphology), the composite structure (component fractions, reinforcement architecture, porosity structure, microstructure, etc.), and the fabrication conditions (forming, assembly, forming, densification, finishing, etc.). The final engineering properties (physical, mechanical, thermal, electrical, etc.) can be tailored across a broad range with major directional anisotropy in the properties.
4.2 Specifications for specific C-C composite components covering materials, material processing, and fabrication procedures are developed to provide a basis for fabricating reproducible and reliable structures. Designer/users/producers have to write C-C composite specifications for specific applications with well-defined composition, structure, properties and processing requirements. But with the extensive breadth of selection in composition, structure, and properties in C-C composites, it is virtually impossible to write a "generic" composite specification applicable to any and all C-C composite applications that has the same type of structure and details of the commonly-used specifications for metal alloys. This guide is written to assist the designer/user/producer in developing a comprehensive and detailed material specification for a specific CMC application/component with a particular focus on nuclear applications.
4.3 The purpose of this guide is to provide guidance on how to specify the constituents, the structure, the desired engineering properties (physical, chemical, ...
SCOPE
1.1 This document is a guide to preparing material specifications for fiber reinforced carbon-carbon (C-C) composite structures (flat plates, rectangular bars, round rods, and tubes) manufactured specifically for structural components in nuclear reactor core applications. The carbon-carbon composites consist of carbon/graphite fibers (from PAN, pitch, or rayon precursors) in a carbon/graphite matrix produced by liquid infiltration/pyrolysis and/or by chemical vapor infiltration.
1.2 This guide provides direction and guidance for the development of a material specification for a specific C-C composite component or product for nuclear reactor applications. The guide considers composite constituents and structure, physical and chemical properties, mechanical properties, thermal properties, performance durability, methods of testing, materials and fabrication processing, and quality assurance. The C-C composite materials considered here would be suitable for nuclear reactor core applications where neutron irradiation-induced damage and dimensional changes are a significant design consideration. (1-4)2
1.3 The component specification is to be developed by the designer/purchaser/user. The designer/purchaser/user shall define and specify in detail any and all application-specific requirements for necessary design, manufacturing, and performance factors of the ceramic composite component. This guide for material specifications does not directly address component/product-specific issues, such as geometric tolerances, permeability, bonding, sealing, attachment, and system integration.
1.4 This guide is specifically focused on C-C composite components and structures with flat panel, solid rectangular bar, solid round rod, or tubular geometries.
1.5 This specification may also be applicable to C-C composites used for other structural applications discounting the nuclear-specific chemical purity and irradiation behavior f...
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1783 − 15 (Reapproved 2024)
Standard Guide for
Development of Specifications for Fiber Reinforced Carbon-
Carbon Composite Structures for Nuclear Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1783; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5 This specification may also be applicable to C-C com-
posites used for other structural applications discounting the
1.1 This document is a guide to preparing material specifi-
nuclear-specific chemical purity and irradiation behavior fac-
cations for fiber reinforced carbon-carbon (C-C) composite
tors.
structures (flat plates, rectangular bars, round rods, and tubes)
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
manufactured specifically for structural components in nuclear
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
reactor core applications. The carbon-carbon composites con-
standard.
sist of carbon/graphite fibers (from PAN, pitch, or rayon
precursors) in a carbon/graphite matrix produced by liquid
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
infiltration/pyrolysis and/or by chemical vapor infiltration.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.2 This guide provides direction and guidance for the
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
development of a material specification for a specific C-C
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
composite component or product for nuclear reactor applica-
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
tions. The guide considers composite constituents and
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
structure, physical and chemical properties, mechanical
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
properties, thermal properties, performance durability, methods
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
of testing, materials and fabrication processing, and quality
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
assurance. The C-C composite materials considered here
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
would be suitable for nuclear reactor core applications where
neutron irradiation-induced damage and dimensional changes
2. Referenced Documents
are a significant design consideration. (1-4)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3 The component specification is to be developed by the
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
designer/purchaser/user. The designer/purchaser/user shall de-
Products
fine and specify in detail any and all application-specific
C559 Test Method for Bulk Density by Physical Measure-
requirements for necessary design, manufacturing, and perfor-
ments of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles
mance factors of the ceramic composite component. This guide
C561 Test Method for Ash in a Graphite Sample
for material specifications does not directly address
C577 Test Method for Permeability of Refractories
component/product-specific issues, such as geometric
C611 Test Method for Electrical Resistivity of Manufactured
tolerances, permeability, bonding, sealing, attachment, and
Carbon and Graphite Articles at Room Temperature
system integration.
C625 Practice for Reporting Irradiation Results on Graphite
C709 Terminology Relating to Manufactured Carbon and
1.4 This guide is specifically focused on C-C composite
Graphite (Withdrawn 2017)
components and structures with flat panel, solid rectangular
C714 Guide for Thermal Diffusivity of Carbon and Graphite
bar, solid round rod, or tubular geometries.
by Thermal Pulse Method
C769 Test Method for Sonic Velocity in Manufactured
Carbon and Graphite Materials for Use in Obtaining an
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on Advanced
Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.07 on Ceramic
Matrix Composites. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2024. Published February 2024. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2015. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as C1783 – 15. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/C1783-15R24. the ASTM website.
2 4
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
this standard. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1783 − 15 (2024)
Approximate Value of Young’s Modulus C1557 Test Method for Tensile Strength and Young’s Modu-
C816 Test Method for Sulfur Content in Graphite by lus of Fibers
Combustion-Iodometric Titration Method C1683 Practice for Size Scaling of Tensile Strengths Using
Weibull Statistics for Advanced Ceramics
C838 Test Method for Bulk Density of As-Manufactured
D2766 Test Method for Specific Heat of Liquids and Solids
Carbon and Graphite Shapes
(Withdrawn 2018)
C1039 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Apparent Spe-
D3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite
cific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Graphite Electrodes
Materials
C1179 Test Method for Oxidation Mass Loss of Manufac-
D3529/D3529M Test Methods for Constituent Content of
tured Carbon and Graphite Materials in Air
Composite Prepreg
C1198 Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear
D3800 Test Method for Density of High-Modulus Fibers
Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio for Advanced Ceramics by
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
Sonic Resonance
D4018 Test Methods for Properties of Continuous Filament
C1233 Practice for Determining Equivalent Boron Contents
Carbon and Graphite Fiber Tows
of Nuclear Materials
D4284 Test Method for Determining Pore Volume Distribu-
C1239 Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and
tion of Catalysts and Catalyst Carriers by Mercury Intru-
Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced
sion Porosimetry
Ceramics
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
C1259 Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear
Methods
Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio for Advanced Ceramics by
D5528 Test Method for Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Tough-
Impulse Excitation of Vibration
ness of Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix
C1274 Test Method for Advanced Ceramic Specific Surface
Composites
Area by Physical Adsorption
D5600 Test Method for Trace Metals in Petroleum Coke by
C1275 Test Method for Monotonic Tensile Behavior of
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrom-
Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics with
etry (ICP-AES)
Solid Rectangular Cross-Section Test Specimens at Am-
D5766 Test Method for Open-Hole Tensile Strength of
bient Temperature
Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates
C1291 Test Method for Elevated Temperature Tensile Creep
D5961 Test Method for Bearing Response of Polymer Ma-
Strain, Creep Strain Rate, and Creep Time to Failure for
trix Composite Laminates
Monolithic Advanced Ceramics
D6484 Test Method for Open-Hole Compressive Strength of
C1292 Test Method for Shear Strength of Continuous Fiber-
Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates
Reinforced Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures
D6507 Practice for Fiber Reinforcement Orientation Codes
C1337 Test Method for Creep and Creep Rupture of Con-
for Composite Materials
tinuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics Under Ten-
D6671 Test Method for Mixed Mode I-Mode II Interlaminar
sile Loading at Elevated Temperatures
Fracture Toughness of Unidirectional Fiber Reinforced
C1341 Test Method for Flexural Properties of Continuous
Polymer Matrix Composites
Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Composites
D7136 Test Method for Measuring the Damage Resistance
C1358 Test Method for Monotonic Compressive Strength
of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite to a
Testing of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ce-
Drop-Weight Impact Event
ramics with Solid Rectangular Cross Section Test Speci-
D7137 Test Method for Compressive Residual Strength
mens at Ambient Temperatures
Properties of Damaged Polymer Matrix Composite Plates
C1359 Test Method for Monotonic Tensile Strength Testing
D7219 Specification for Isotropic and Near-isotropic
of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics With
Nuclear Graphites
Solid Rectangular Cross Section Test Specimens at El-
D7542 Test Method for Air Oxidation of Carbon and Graph-
evated Temperatures
ite in the Kinetic Regime
C1360 Practice for Constant-Amplitude, Axial, Tension-
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
Tension Cyclic Fatigue of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced
E111 Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Tangent Modulus,
Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures
and Chord Modulus
C1425 Test Method for Interlaminar Shear Strength of 1D
E132 Test Method for Poisson’s Ratio at Room Temperature
and 2D Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics
E143 Test Method for Shear Modulus at Room Temperature
at Elevated Temperatures
E228 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid
C1468 Test Method for Transthickness Tensile Strength of
Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer
Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics at Am-
E261 Practice for Determining Neutron Fluence, Fluence
bient Temperature
Rate, and Spectra by Radioactivation Techniques
C1470 Guide for Testing the Thermal Properties of Ad- E289 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Rigid
vanced Ceramics Solids with Interferometry
C1525 Test Method for Determination of Thermal Shock
E408 Test Methods for Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces
Resistance for Advanced Ceramics by Water Quenching Using Inspection-Meter Techniques
C1783 − 15 (2024)
E423 Test Method for Normal Spectral Emittance at El- bers to the approximate contour and thickness of the finished
evated Temperatures of Nonconducting Specimens part. D3878
E1269 Test Method for Determining Specific Heat Capacity
3.1.10 fiber surface treatment, n—a coating applied to fibers
by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
to improve fiber/fabric handleability during weaving and
E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced
fabrication.
Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases (With-
3.1.11 fill, n—in a woven fabric, the yarn running from
drawn 2015)
selvage to selvage at right angles to the warp. D3878
E1461 Test Method for Thermal Diffusivity by the Flash
3.1.12 graphite, n—allotropic crystalline form of the ele-
Method
ment carbon, occurring as a mineral, commonly consisting of
E1922 Test Method for Translaminar Fracture Toughness of
a hexagonal array of carbon atoms (space group P 63/mmc) but
Laminated and Pultruded Polymer Matrix Composite
also known in a rhombohedral form (space group R 3m). C709
Materials
E2586 Practice for Calculating and Using Basic Statistics
3.1.13 graphitization, n—in carbon and graphite
2.2 Non-ASTM Standards: technology, the solid-state transformation of thermodynami-
CMH-17 Composite Materials Handbook cally unstable amorphous carbon into crystalline graphite by a
ASME B46.1-2009 Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, high temperature thermal treatment in an inert atmosphere.
Waviness, and Lay) C709
3.1.13.1 Discussion—The degree of graphitization is a mea-
3. Terminology
sure of the extent of long-range 3D crystallographic order as
3.1 Definitions:
determined by diffraction studies only. The degree of graphi-
3.1.1 General—Many of the terms in this guide are defined
tization affects many properties significantly, such as thermal
in the terminology standards for graphite articles (C709),
conductivity, electrical conductivity, strength, and stiffness.
composite materials (D3878), fabrics and test methods
3.1.13.2 Discussion—A common, but incorrect, use of the
(D4850), and mechanical testing (E6).
term graphitization is to indicate a process of thermal treatment
3.1.2 apparent porosity, n—the volume fraction of all pores,
of carbon materials at T > 2200 °C regardless of any resultant
voids, and channels within a solid mass that are interconnected
crystallinity. The use of the term graphitization without report-
with each other and communicate with the external surface,
ing confirmation of long range three dimensional crystallo-
and thus are measurable by gas or liquid penetration. (Syn-
graphic order determined by diffraction studies should be
onym – open porosity) C242
avoided, as it can be misleading.
3.1.3 braided fabric, n—a woven structure produced by
3.1.14 hybrid, n—(for composite materials) containing at
interlacing three or more ends of yarns in a manner such that
least two distinct types of matrix or reinforcement. Each matrix
the paths of the yarns are diagonal to the vertical axis of the
or reinforcement type can be distinct because of its (a) physical
fabric. D4850
or mechanical properties, or both, (b) material form, or (c)
chemical composition. D3878
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Braided structures can have 2D or 3D
3.1.15 injection molding, n—in composite fabrication, the
architectures.
process of forcing liquid polymer under pressure into a closed
3.1.4 bulk density, n—the mass of a unit volume of material
including both permeable and impermeable voids. D7219 mold that contains a fiber preform.
3.1.5 fabric, n—in textiles, a planar structure consisting of 3.1.16 knitted fabric, n—a fiber structure produced by inter-
yarns or fibers. D4850 looping one or more ends of yarn or comparable material.
D4850
3.1.6 fiber, n—a fibrous form of matter with an aspect ratio
>10 and an effective diameter <1 mm. (Synonym – filament) A 3.1.17 laminate, n—any fiber- or fabric-reinforced compos-
fiber/filament forms the basic element of fabrics and other ite consisting of laminae (plies) with one or more orientations
textile structures. D3878 with respect to some reference direction. D3878
3.1.7 fiber areal weight, n—the mass per unit area of the 3.1.18 lay-up, n—a process or fabrication involving the
fibrous reinforcement of a composite material.
placement of successive layers of materials in specified se-
D3529/D3529M quence and orientation. E1309, D6507
3.1.8 fiber content/fraction (volume or weight), n—the
3.1.19 matrix, n—the continuous constituent of a composite
amount of fiber present in a composite, expressed as either a material, which surrounds o
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