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ASTM D720-91(2004)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Free-Swelling Index of Coal

Standard Test Method for Free-Swelling Index of Coal

SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a small-scale test for obtaining information regarding the free-swelling properties of a coal. The results may be used as an indication of the caking characteristic of the coal when burned as a fuel. This test is not recommended as a method for the determination of expansion of coals in coke ovens.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2004
ICS
73.040 - Coals
Technical Committee
D05 - Coal and Coke
Drafting Committee
D05.15 - Metallurgical Properties of Coal and Coke
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D720-91(1999) - Standard Test Method for Free-Swelling Index of Coal
Effective Date
01-Apr-2004
Replaced By
ASTM D720-91(2004)e1 - Standard Test Method for Free-Swelling Index of Coal
Effective Date
01-Apr-2004
Referred By
ASTM D5515-22 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Swelling Properties of Bituminous Coal Using a Dilatometer
Effective Date
01-Apr-2004

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ASTM D720-91(2004) - Standard Test Method for Free-Swelling Index of Coal
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 720 – 91 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Test Method for
1
Free-Swelling Index of Coal
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 720; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope be the same as those obtained when using the gas heating
2 method. The apparatus common to both electric and gas
1.1 This test method is a small-scale test for obtaining
methods shall consist of the following:
information regarding the free-swelling properties of a coal.
4.1.1 Crucible, translucent silica, low-form, with a flat,
The results may be used as an indication of the caking
close-fitting silica ring-handle lid and an extra pierced lid for
characteristic of the coal when burned as a fuel.This test is not
use in determining the crucible temperature, conforming to the
recommended as a method for the determination of expansion
following requirements:
of coals in coke ovens.
Weight, g 11.0 to 12.75
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
External height, mm 26 6 0.5
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
External diameter at top, mm 41 6 0.75
only.
Internal diameter at base, min, mm 11
3
Capacity (approximate), cm 17
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1.2 Sight Tube, as shown in Fig. 1, for viewing the coke
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
buttons so that the effect of parallax will be eliminated. Make
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
the tube of any rigid and preferably opaque material and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
support vertically on a ring stand.
4.1.3 Thermocouple and Potentiometer.
2. Referenced Documents
4.1.4 Weight, 500 g.
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.2 The electric apparatus shall consist of the following:
D 2013 Practice of Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis
4.2.1 Furnace, consisting of a base, a heating element, and
a chimney. The unit is shown in Fig. 2.
3. Significance and Use
4.2.1.1 Chimney—Fig. 2 shows the chimney design. Make
3.1 This test method, in addition to indicating the caking
the unit from firebrick and coat with firebrick bonding mortar.
properties of a coal when burned as a fuel, can be used to give
Maintain the chimney under compression by a sheet-metal
a broad indication of the degree of oxidation of a coal.
envelope (Fig. 2) to prevent cracking. Make the envelope in
four pieces, each piece covering a corner. The pieces shall
4. Apparatus
overlap at the center of the flat faces and be held together by
4.1 This test method can be made with either electric or gas
bolts and springs. Place two layers of asbestos paper between
heating. When using electric heating, the results obtained must
the chimney brick and the envelope. Cut two grooves in the
upper inside chimney walls to accommodate the crucible
support. In cases in which the furnace is located in a drafty
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal
area, it is advisable to shield the chimney to prevent large
and Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.15 on Metallurgical
Properties of Coal and Coke.
fluctuations in furnace temperature.
Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published May 2004. Originally
4.2.2 Crucible Support—A convenient crucible support
approved in 1943. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 720 – 91 (1999).
2 consists of a cradle support made from nickel-chromium wire
This test method is an adaptation of the Crucible Swelling Test for Coal of the
suspended from a metal ring. The height of the support inside
British Standards Institution. For information concerning the experimental work on
which this adaptation is based, see paper by Ostborg, H. N., Limbacker, H. R., and
the furnace can be adjusted by loosening the two screws that
Sherman, R.A., “An Experimental Investigation of the British Standard Method for
hold the wire legs of the support in place.
the Crucible Swelling Test for Coal,” Proceedings,Am. Soc. Testing Mats., Vol 42,
4.2.3 Electric Controls, consisting of a rheostat, an a-c
1042, p. 851. See also a paper by Selvig, W.A., and Ode, W. H., “An Investigation
of a Laboratory Test for Determination of the Free-Swelling Index of Coal,” U.S. ammeter, and two timers. These components shall conform to
Bureau of Mines Report of Investigation 4238, Revision of R. I. 3989, 1948.
the following specifications:
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. F
...

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3.1 This test method, in addition to indicating the caking properties of a coal when burned as a fuel, can be used to give a broad indication of the degree of oxidation of a coal.
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1.1 This test method2 is a small-scale, empirical test for obtaining information regarding the free-swelling properties of a coal. The results may be used as an indication of the caking characteristic of the coal when burned as a fuel. This test is not recommended as a method for the determination of expansion of coals in coke ovens.  
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1.2 Reduction and division procedures are prescribed for coals of the following groups:  
1.2.1 Group A includes coals that have been cleaned in all sizes.  
1.2.2 Group B includes all other coals. Unknown coals are to be considered under Group B.  
1.2.3 Group A allows smaller weight laboratory samples to be retained than Group B. These lower weights may be used for particular coals if they have been shown, by using the procedures of A1.2, to give a sample preparation and analysis variance which is no more than 20 % of the total analysis variance.  
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4.1 Briquets of granular bituminous coals and anthracite prepared in accordance with the laboratory procedures of this practice will have flat, scratch-free surfaces suitable for examination with a microscope using reflected light illumination. The polished surfaces of briquettes prepared by this practice will contain particles representative of the original gross sample.  
4.2 Samples prepared by this practice are used for microscopical determination of the reflectance of the organic components in a polished specimen of coal (Test Method D2798) and for microscopical determination of the volume percent of physical components of coal (Test Method D2799).
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1.1 This practice covers laboratory procedures for the preparation of granular samples of bituminous coal and anthracite samples for examination with a microscope using reflected light illumination. It does not apply to the preparation of oriented blocks of coal.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or non-SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
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Standard Test Method for Bulk Density of Crushed Bituminous Coal

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method concerns the compaction of crushed coal to determine either its compacted or uncompacted bulk density, for purposes such as charging coke ovens.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determining the bulk density of crushed coal less than 37.5 mm [1.5 in.] in size, such as is charged into coke ovens, as follows:  
1.1.1 Procedure A—The cone procedure for determining an uncompacted bulk density.
1.1.1.1 Standard Method—Procedure employs the use of a 115 mm [4.5 in.] chute opening and a measuring box having dimensions of 305 mm x 305 mm x 305 mm [12.0 in. x 12.0 in. x 12.0 in.].
1.1.1.2 Alternate Method—Procedure employs the use of a 203 mm [8.0 in.] chute opening and a measuring box having dimensions of 203 mm x 203 mm x 305 mm [8.0 in. x 8.0 in. x 12.0 in.] for coals with a total moisture greater than 7 %.  
1.1.2 Procedure B—The dropped-coal procedure for determining a compacted bulk density, comparable to actual bulk densities attained in coke ovens.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable to the testing of powdered coal as used in boiler plants, nor to the determination of the bulk density of coal in storage piles.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
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