ASTM D6929-04
(Practice)Standard Practice for Freezing of Emulsified Asphalts
Standard Practice for Freezing of Emulsified Asphalts
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Certain agencies, who desire to use, store, or transport emulsified asphalt under less than ideal weather conditions, may require that the product remain homogeneous (unbroken) after being subjected to temperatures of −18°C.
SCOPE
1.1 Emulsified asphalt is normally damaged by freezing temperatures, but specially formulated materials are expected to pass this practice.
1.2 This practice does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D6929 – 04
Standard Practice for
Freezing of Emulsified Asphalts
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6929; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
NOTE 1—Emulsified asphalts with viscosity testing requirements of
1. Scope
25°C may be heated and stirred as specified in 3.2, if necessary. In the
1.1 Emulsified asphalt is normally damaged by freezing
event the 3.2 method is used, the sample should be cooled to 25 6 3°C.
temperatures, but specially formulated materials are expected
to pass this practice.
4. Apparatus
1.2 This practice does not purport to address all of the
4.1 Freezer—Capable of maintaining a test temperature of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
-1865°C.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.2 Metal Container—such as a 500-mL press-top can.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.3 Glass Stirring Rod—of optional size.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Procedure
2. Significance and Use
5.1 Place approximately 400 g of the emulsified asphalt in a
2.1 Certain agencies, who desire to use, store, or transport
clean metal container.
emulsified asphalt under less than ideal weather conditions,
5.2 Expose the emulsified asphalt in the closed container to
may require that the product remain homogeneous (unbroken)
an air temperature of −18 6 5°C for 12 to 18 consecutive
after being subjected to temperatures of −18°C.
hours.
5.3 At the expiration of the freezing period, permit the
3. Sample Conditioning
emulsified asphalt to thaw by exposure of the container to
3.1 All emulsified asphalts shall be properly stirred to
ambient temperature.
achieve homogeneity.
5.4 Repeat the freezing and thawing periods until the
3.2 All emulsified asphalts with viscosity testing require-
emulsified asphalt has been subjected to three cycles of
ments of 50°C shall be heated to 50 6 3°C in the original
freezing and thawing.
sample container in a water bath
...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The kinematic viscosity characterizes flow behavior. The method is used to determine the consistency of liquid asphalt as one element in establishing the uniformity of shipments or sources of supply. The specifications are usually at temperatures of 60 and 135 °C.
Note 3: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determination of kinematic viscosity of liquid asphalts, road oils, and distillation residues of liquid asphalts all at 60 °C [140 °F] and of liquid asphalt binders at 135 °C [275 °F] (see table notes, 11.1) in the range from 6 to 100 000 mm2/s [cSt].
1.2 Results of this test method can be used to calculate viscosity when the density of the test material at the test temperature is known or can be determined. See Annex A1 for the method of calculation.
Note 1: This test method is suitable for use at other temperatures and at lower kinematic viscosities, but the precision is based on determinations on liquid asphalts and road oils at 60 °C [140 °F] and on asphalt binders at 135 °C [275 °F] only in the viscosity range from 30 to 6000 mm2/s [cSt].
Note 2: Modified asphalt binders or asphalt binders that have been conditioned or recovered are typically non-Newtonian under the conditions of this test. The viscosity determined from this method is under the assumption that asphalt binders behave as Newtonian fluids under the conditions of this test. When the flow is non-Newtonian in a capillary tube, the shear rate determined by this method may be invalid. The presence of non-Newtonian behavior for the test conditions can be verified by measuring the viscosity with viscometers having different-sized capillary tubes. The defined precision limits in 11.1 may not be applicable to non-Newtonian asphalt binders.
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) or Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for details and the EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury, mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior ...
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standards for graded Trinidad Lake modified asphalt binders. Grading is related to the average seven-day maximum pavement design temperature, the intermediate pavement design temperature, and the minimum pavement design temperature. The Trinidad Lake modified asphalt binder shall be prepared by adding the Trinidad Lake asphalt modifier to base asphalt produced from the refining of petroleum crude. The base asphalt binder shall be homogenous, and free from water or any deleterious materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers performance-graded Trinidad Lake modified asphalt binders. Grading designations are related to the LTPPBind Online calculated maximum pavement design temperature and the minimum pavement design temperature.
Note 1: For more information on LTPPBind Online, see https://infopave.fhwa.dot.gov/Tools/LTPPBindOnline accessed July 10, 2023.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The complex shear modulus is an indicator of the stiffness or resistance of asphalt binder to deformation under load. The phase angle is a measure of the relative portion of the response to an applied load that is elastic (recoverable) or viscous (nonrecoverable).
5.2 The test procedure is applicable to measurements in the linear region where the measured modulus and phase angle are independent of the amplitude of the strain.
5.3 The complex modulus and the phase angle are used to calculate performance-related criteria in accordance with Specification D6373 or D8239.
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the complex shear modulus and phase angle of asphalt binders when tested in dynamic (oscillatory) shear using parallel plate geometry.
1.2 This test method is intended for determining the linear viscoelastic properties of asphalt binders as required for specification testing and is not intended as a comprehensive procedure for the full characterization of the viscoelastic properties of asphalt binder.
1.3 This standard is appropriate for unaged asphalt binder, conditioned asphalt binder, and asphalt binder recovered from either asphalt mixtures or asphalt emulsions. To keep the language in this standard precise, the term “asphalt binder” is used to refer to the material being tested.
1.4 This procedure is limited to asphalt binders that contain particles with largest dimension less than 250 μm.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 Warning—Mercury has been designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for details and EPA’s website— www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury, mercury-containing products, or both, into your state may be prohibited by state law.
1.7 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice simulates the polishing action of vehicular traffic on coarse aggregates used in bituminous pavements.
4.2 A polish value is determined that may be used to rate or classify coarse aggregates for their ability to resist polishing under traffic.
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependant upon the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and the maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors: following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a laboratory procedure by which an estimate may be made of the extent to which different coarse aggregates may polish.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Regarding sieves, per Specification E11: “The values stated in SI units shall be considered standard for the dimensions of the wire cloth openings and the diameter of the wires used in the wire cloth.” When sieve mesh sizes are referenced, the alternate inch-pound designations are provided for information purposes and enclosed in parentheses.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is used to identify or classify an emulsified asphalt as an RS or MS by measuring the amount of available asphalt that is broken from the emulsified asphalt by utilizing specified amounts and concentrations of calcium chloride solution for anionic emulsified asphalts and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate for cationic emulsified asphalts.
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, applicable to both anionic and cationic emulsified asphalts of the RS and MS type, measures the chemical breaking of the emulsified asphalt.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers asphalt-rubber binder, consisting of a blend of paving grade asphalt cements, ground recycled tire (that is, vulcanized) rubber and other additives, as needed, for use as binder in pavement construction. The rubber shall be blended and interacted in the hot asphalt cement sufficiently to cause swelling of the rubber particles prior to use. Tests shall be performed to conform with the physical requirements of the asphalt-rubber binder, in accordance with the following test methods: apparent viscosity; modified test method; penetration; softening point; resilience; flash point; thin-film oven test residue; and penetration retention.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers asphalt-rubber binder consisting of a blend of asphalt binder, ground recycled tire (that is, vulcanized) rubber, and other additives, as needed, for use as binder in pavement construction. The rubber shall be blended and interacted in the hot asphalt binder sufficiently to cause swelling of the rubber particles prior to use.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.4 Since a precision estimate for this standard has not been developed, the test method is to be used for research and informational purposes only. Therefore, this standard should not be used for acceptance or rejection of a material for purchasing purposes.
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains to the test method portions only, Sections 4 and 5 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 4.3.2.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers asphalt plank used for bridge decks as well as for industrial floors. Asphalt planks shall be classified according to usage: Type Ia; Type Ib; and Type II. Asphalt plank shall be formed from a mixture of asphalt, fibers, modifiers, or a combination thereof, and mineral filler in such a manner as to produce a uniformly dense mass. The following test methods shall be intended to measure those attributes necessary to measure the ability of asphalt plank to provide a reasonably long and satisfactory service: absorption; brittleness; dimensions; and hardness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers asphalt plank used for bridge decks as well as for industrial floors.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test is primarily used for field production control of asphalt-rubber (A-R) and other high-viscosity binders; however, the test can also be used in a laboratory setting.
3.2 A handheld rotational viscometer is used to measure the apparent viscosity of a completed blend of A-R or high-viscosity binder. A rotor (spindle), turning at constant speed, is inserted in the liquid binder to be measured. The resistance to movement of the spindle (torque) caused by the viscosity of the surrounding liquid is measured using a special mechanism to obtain direct readings in Pa·s or cP.
Note 1: Spindle is generally made of stainless steel, although another metal such as brass could be used.
3.3 The measured apparent viscosity is used to control the production of the A-R or other high-viscosity binder, to assess the uniformity of the binder produced, or for other related purposes.
3.4 As the spindle turns in the A-R or other high-viscosity binder, it has a tendency to “drill” into the sample (that is, for A-R, the spindle spins the rubber particles out of the measurement area). Consequently, the apparent viscosity drops to reflect only the liquid phase of the high-viscosity binder. Therefore, the peak viscosity measurement value is recorded to reflect the viscosity of the blended material.
SCOPE
1.1 The use of high-viscosity asphalt binders like asphalt-rubber is becoming more common in the United States and worldwide. Specifications such as Specification D6114/D6114M note the need for field control of the apparent viscosity and require the use of a field production rotational viscometer. The testing of asphalt-rubber binder for use in asphalt-rubber hot mix and for asphalt-rubber membrane is necessary to ensure consistent mix properties that will ensure good performance of these materials. Logistics of field applications limits the use of conventional laboratory controls and testing equipment. This test, using a handheld rotational viscometer, can be conducted in either the field or laboratory to determine the apparent viscosity of asphalt-rubber and other high-viscosity binders for field production control and to assess the uniformity of the binder produced, or for other related purposes.
1.2 Asphalt-rubber binder consists of a blend of paving grade asphalt cement and crumb rubber as described in Specification D6114/D6114M. Other high-viscosity asphalt binders may consist of asphalts modified with polymer or fiber, or both. Testing is performed following the specified reaction time, if any, within the production process. Control of the raw materials is separate from the test.
1.3 The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in noncompliance with the standard.
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers preformed expansion joint fillers made from closed-cell polypropylene foam materials having suitable compressibility, recovery from compression, nonextruding, and weather-resistant characteristics.
1.1.1 Type I, closed-cell polypropylene foam.
1.2 These joint fillers are intended for use in concrete pavements in full-depth joints. There are several variations in size with typical thicknesses of 1/2 in. (12.7 mm), 3/4 in. (19.05 mm), and 1 in. (25.4 mm); typical widths of 31/2 in. (88.9 mm), 4 in. (101.6 mm), 5 in. (127 mm), 6 in. (152.5 mm), 7 in. (177.8 mm), 8 in. (203.2 mm), or 48 in. (1.2 m) sheet; and typical lengths of 5 ft (1.52 m) and 10 ft (3.05 m).
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The procedure described in this practice is used to design and construct an asphalt-rubber cape seal that will provide a wearing course when subjected to low to medium traffic volumes and where the pavement distress is due to block-type cracking resulting from pavement aging or reflective cracking only (not where there are clear indications of fatigue cracking due to repeated heavy axle loads).
Note 2: Block cracking is defined in Practice D6433. See Appendix X1 for an example of block cracking due to aging.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers asphalt-rubber cape seal, which is defined as the application of an asphalt-rubber seal coat placed onto an existing pavement surface, followed by the application of a conventional Type II or III slurry seal.
Note 1: An asphalt-rubber seal coat is also known as a stress absorbing membrane (SAM), which consists of an asphalt-rubber membrane seal followed by the application of pre-coated aggregate chips.
1.2 An asphalt-rubber cape seal is commonly used to extend the service life of low to medium trafficked and moderately distressed asphalt-surfaced pavements. The existing pavement condition can be used to determine the application rates for the asphalt-rubber binder and aggregate as well as the aggregate gradation. Pavements in relatively poor condition will require a coarser aggregate with a higher binder application rate.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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