ASTM D7313-07
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Fracture Energy of Asphalt-Aggregate Mixtures Using the Disk-Shaped Compact Tension Geometry
Standard Test Method for Determining Fracture Energy of Asphalt-Aggregate Mixtures Using the Disk-Shaped Compact Tension Geometry
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The test method was developed for determining the fracture resistance of asphalt-aggregate mixtures. The fracture resistance can help differentiate mixtures whose service life might be compromised by cracking. The test method is generally valid for specimens that are tested at temperatures of 10°C (50°F) or below (see Note 1). The specimen geometry is readily adapted to 150-mm diameter specimens, such as fabricated from Superpave® gyratory compactors (Test Method D 6925), that are used for the asphalt concrete design process. The specimen geometry can also be adapted for forensic investigations using field cores of pavements where thin lifts are present. This geometry has been found to produce satisfactory results for asphalt mixtures with nominal maximum aggregates size ranging from 4.75 to 19 mm.5
Note 1—The stiffness of the asphalt binder tends to influence the assessment of a valid test as described in 7.4. For instance a soft asphalt binder, which may be required for a very cold climate might not lead to a mixture that would produce valid results at 10°C and conversely, a hard asphalt binder utilized in hot climates may require higher temperatures to provide any meaningful information.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of fracture energy (Gf) of asphalt-aggregate mixtures using the disk-shaped compact tension geometry. The disk-shaped compact tension geometry is a circular specimen with a single edge notch loaded in tension. The fracture energy can be utilized as a parameter to describe the fracture resistance of asphalt concrete. The fracture energy parameter is particularly useful in the evaluation of mixtures with ductile binders, such as polymer-modified asphalt concrete, and has been shown to discriminate between these materials more broadly than the indirect tensile strength parameter (AASHTO T322, Wagoner). The test is generally valid at temperatures of 10°C (50°F) and below, or for material and temperature combinations which produce valid material fracture, as outlined in 7.4.
1.2 The specimen geometry and terminology (disk-shaped compact tension, DC(T)) is modeled after Test Method E 399 for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials, Appendix A6, with modifications to allow fracture testing of asphalt concrete.
1.3 The test method describes the testing apparatus, instrumentation, specimen fabrication, and analysis procedures required to determine fracture energy of asphalt concrete and similar quasi-brittle materials.
1.4 The standard unit of measurement for fracture energy is Joules/meter2 (J/m2) [inch-pound/inch2 (in.-lbf/in.2)].
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D 7313 – 07
Standard Test Method for
Determining Fracture Energy of Asphalt-Aggregate Mixtures
Using the Disk-Shaped Compact Tension Geometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7313; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of fracture
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
energy (G) of asphalt-aggregate mixtures using the disk-
f
shaped compact tension geometry. The disk-shaped compact
2. Referenced Documents
tension geometry is a circular specimen with a single edge
2.1 ASTM Standards:
notch loaded in tension. The fracture energy can be utilized as
D8 Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pave-
a parameter to describe the fracture resistance of asphalt
ments
concrete. The fracture energy parameter is particularly useful
D 6373 Specification for Performance Graded Asphalt
in the evaluation of mixtures with ductile binders, such as
Binder
polymer-modified asphalt concrete, and has been shown to
D 6925 Test Method for Preparation and Determination of
discriminate between these materials more broadly than the
the Relative Density of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Speci-
indirect tensile strength parameter (AASHTO T322, Wag-
2 mens by Means of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor
oner ). The test is generally valid at temperatures of 10°C
E 399 Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture
(50°F) and below, or for material and temperature combina-
Toughness K of Metallic Materials
Ic
tions which produce valid material fracture, as outlined in 7.4.
E 1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Test-
1.2 The specimen geometry and terminology (disk-shaped
ing
compact tension, DC(T)) is modeled after Test Method E 399
2.2 AASHTO Standard:
for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials,
AASHTO T322 Standard Method of Test for Determining
Appendix A6, with modifications to allow fracture testing of
the Creep Compliance and Strength of Hot Mix Asphalt
asphalt concrete.
(HMA) Using the Indirect Tensile Test Device
1.3 The test method describes the testing apparatus, instru-
mentation, specimen fabrication, and analysis procedures re-
3. Terminology
quired to determine fracture energy of asphalt concrete and
3.1 Definitions—Terminologies E 1823 and D8 are appli-
similar quasi-brittle materials.
cable to this test method.
1.4 The standard unit of measurement for fracture energy is
2 2 2 2 3.1.1 crack mouth—portion of the notch that is on the flat
Joules/meter (J/m ) [inch-pound/inch (in.-lbf/in. )].
surface of the specimen, that is, opposite the notch tip (see Fig.
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
3).
which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
3.1.2 crack mouth opening displacement, CMOD—the rela-
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered
tive displacement of the crack mouth.
as requirements of the standard.
3.1.3 disk-shaped compact tension geometry—a geometry
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
thatutilizesadisk-shapedspecimenwithasingleedgenotchas
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
described in Test Method E 399.
only.
3.1.4 2 fracture energy, G—the energy required to create a
f
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
unit surface area of a crack.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1 3
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.26 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Fundamental/Mechanistic Tests. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved March 15, 2007. Published April 2007. the ASTM website.
2 4
Wagoner, M. P., Buttlar, W. G., Paulino, G. H., and Blankenship, P., “Labora- Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation
tory Testing Suite for Characterization ofAsphalt Concrete Mixtures Obtained from Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,
Field Cores,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 2006. http://www.transportation.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D7313–07
FIG. 1 Schematic of Loading Clevis
3.1.5 notch tip—end of notch where the crack will initiate D 6925), that are used for the asphalt concrete design process.
and propagate. The specimen geometry can also be adapted for forensic
investigations using field cores of pavements where thin lifts
4. Significance and Use
are present. This geometry has been found to produce satisfac-
4.1 The test method was developed for determining the tory results for asphalt mixtures with nominal maximum
fracture resistance of asphalt-aggregate mixtures. The fracture aggregates size ranging from 4.75 to 19 mm.
resistance can help differentiate mixtures whose service life
might be compromised by cracking. The test method is
Wagoner, M. P., Buttlar, W. G., Paulino, G. H., and Blankenship, P., “An
generally valid for specimens that are tested at temperatures of
Investigation of the Fracture Resistance of Hot-Mix Asphalt Concrete Using a
10°C (50°F) or below (see Note 1). The specimen geometry is
Disk-Shaped Compact Tension Test,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of
readily adapted to 150-mm diameter specimens, such as
the Transportation Research Board, No. 1929,TransportationResearchBoardofthe
fabricatedfromSuperpavetgyratorycompactors(TestMethod National Academies, Washington DC, 2005, pp. 183-192.
D7313–07
FIG. 2 Example of Clip-on Gage and Attachment Procedures
NOTE 1—The stiffness of the asphalt binder tends to influence the
The load apparatus shall be capable of maintaining a constant
assessment of a valid test as described in 7.4. For instance a soft asphalt
crack mouth opening displacement within 2 % of the target
binder, which may be required for a very cold climate might not lead to a
value throughout the test. Closed-loop servo-hydraulic or
mixture that would produce valid results at 10°C and conversely, a hard
servo-pneumatic test frames are highly recommended, but not
asphalt binder utilized in hot climates may require higher temperatures to
required if the CMOD rate meets the specifications listed
provide any meaningful information.
above. The load cell shall have a resolution of 20 N (4.5 lb) or
5. Apparatus
better.
5.1 Loading—Specimens shall be tested in a loading frame 5.2 Loading Fixtures—An example of a loading clevis
capableofdeliveringaminimumof20kN(4500lb)intension. suitable for testing of the specimen is shown in Fig. 1. The
D7313–07
FIG. 3 DC(T) Specimen Dimensions
specimen is loaded through the pins which are allowed to roll 5.3.2 At the beginning of the test, the displacement gage
freely on the flat surfaces of the loading clevis. Any clevis shall have a minimum displacement of 6.35 mm (0.25 in.).The
design may be used if the design demonstrates the ability to resolution shall be within 0.1 % of full scale.
accomplish the same result. The recommended dimensions of 5.4 Data Acquisition—Two channels of data acquisition are
the loading clevis are shown in Fig. 1. required: load and CMOD. The acquisition system shall have
5.3 DisplacementGage—Adisplacementgageshallbeused the ability to acquire the data at a minimum of 25 data points
to measure the relative displacement of the crack mouth across per second.
two points, initially 5 mm (0.2 in.) apart. The gage shall be
6. Test Specimens
attached securely to gage points, yet have the ability to be
released without damage if the specimen breaks. 6.1 Test specimens shall be fabricated in accordance with
5.3.1 A recommended gage would be a clip-on gage, de- the dimensions shown in Fig. 3.
scribed in Test Method E 399, which is attached to gage points 6.2 Speci
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D 7313 – 07
Standard Test Method for
Determining Fracture Energy of Asphalt-Aggregate Mixtures
Using the Disk-Shaped Compact Tension Geometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7313; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of fracture energy (G) of asphalt-aggregate mixtures using the disk-shaped
f
compact tension geometry. The disk-shaped compact tension geometry is a circular specimen with a single edge notch loaded in
tension. The fracture energy can be utilized as a parameter to describe the fracture resistance of asphalt concrete. The fracture
energy parameter is particularly useful in the evaluation of mixtures with ductile binders, such as polymer-modified asphalt
concrete, and has been shown to discriminate between these materials more broadly than the indirect tensile strength parameter
(AASHTOT322,Wagoner ).The test is generally valid at temperatures of 10°C (50°F) and below, or for material and temperature
combinations which produce valid material fracture, as outlined in 7.4.
1.2 The specimen geometry and terminology (disk-shaped compact tension, DC(T)) is modeled after Test Method E 399 for
Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials, Appendix A6, with modifications to allow fracture testing of asphalt
concrete.
1.3 The test method describes the testing apparatus, instrumentation, specimen fabrication, and analysis procedures required to
determine fracture energy of asphalt concrete and similar quasi-brittle materials.
2 2 2 2
1.4 The standard unit of measurement for fracture energy is Joules/meter (J/m ) [inch-pound/inch (in.-lbf/in. )].
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 8 Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pavements
D 6373 Specification for Performance Graded Asphalt Binder
D 6925 Test Method for Preparation and Determination of the Relative Density of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Specimens by
Means of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor
E 399 Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness K of Metallic Materials
Ic
E 1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Testing
2.2 AASHTO Standard:
AASHTO T322 Standard Method of Test for Determining the Creep Compliance and Strength of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)
Using the Indirect Tensile Test Device
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Terminologies E 1823 and D 8 are applicable to this test method.
3.1.1 crack mouth—portion of the notch that is on the flat surface of the specimen, that is, opposite the notch tip (see Fig. 3).
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.26 on
Fundamental/Mechanistic Tests.
Current edition approved March 15, 2007. Published April 2007.
Wagoner, M. P., Buttlar, W. G., Paulino, G. H., and Blankenship, P., “Laboratory Testing Suite for Characterization of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures Obtained from Field
Cores,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 2006.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,
http://www.transportation.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D7313–07
FIG. 1 Schematic of Loading Clevis
3.1.2 crack mouth opening displacement, CMOD— the relative displacement of the crack mouth.
3.1.3 disk-shaped compact tension geometry—a geometry that utilizes a disk-shaped specimen with a single edge notch as
described in Test Method E 399.
3.1.4 2 fracture energy, G—the energy required to create a unit surface area of a crack.
f
3.1.5 notch tip—end of notch where the crack will initiate and propagate.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Thetestmethodwasdevelopedfordeterminingthefractureresistanceofasphalt-aggregatemixtures.Thefractureresistance
can help differentiate mixtures whose service life might be compromised by cracking. The test method is generally valid for
specimens that are tested at temperatures of 10°C (50°F) or below (see Note 1). The specimen geometry is readily adapted to
150-mm diameter specimens, such as fabricated from Superpavet gyratory compactors (Test Method D 6925), that are used for
the asphalt concrete design process. The specimen geometry can also be adapted for forensic investigations using field cores of
pavements where thin lifts are present. This geometry has been found to produce satisfactory results for asphalt mixtures with
D7313–07
FIG. 2 Example of Clip-on Gage and Attachment Procedures
nominal maximum aggregates size ranging from 4.75 to 19 mm.
Wagoner, M. P., Buttlar, W. G., Paulino, G. H., and Blankenship, P., “An Investigation of the Fracture Resistance of Hot-Mix Asphalt Concrete Using a Disk-Shaped
CompactTensionTest,”TransportationResearchRecord:JournaloftheTransportationResearchBoard,No.1929,TransportationResearchBoardoftheNationalAcademies,
Washington DC, 2005, pp. 183-192.
D7313–07
FIG. 3 DC(T) Specimen Dimensions
NOTE 1—Thestiffnessoftheasphaltbindertendstoinfluencetheassessmentofavalidtestasdescribedin7.4.Forinstanceasoftasphaltbinder,which
may be required for a very cold climate might not lead to a mixture that would produce valid results at 10°C and conversely, a hard asphalt binder utilized
in hot climates may require higher temperatures to provide any meaningful information.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Loading—Specimens shall be tested in a loading frame capable of delivering a minimum of 20 kN (4500 lb) in tension.The
load apparatus shall be capable of maintaining a constant crack mouth opening displacement within 2 % of the target value
throughout the test. Closed-loop servo-hydraulic or servo-pneumatic test frames are highly recommended, but not required if the
CMOD rate meets the specifications listed above. The load cell shall have a resolution of 20 N (4.5 lb) or better.
5.2 Loading Fixtures—An example of a loading clevis suitable for testing of the specimen is shown in Fig. 1. The specimen
is loaded through the pins which are allowed to roll freely on the flat surfaces of the loading clevis.Any clevis design may be used
if the design demonstrates the ability to accomplish the same result.The recommended dimensions of the loading clevis are shown
in Fig. 1.
5.3 Displacement Gage—Adisplacementgageshallbeusedtomeasuretherelativedisplacementofthecrackmouthacrosstwo
points, initially 5 mm (0.2 in.) apart. The gage shall be attached securely to gage points, yet have the ability to be released without
damage if the specimen breaks.
5.3.1 Arecommended gage would be a clip-on gage, described inTest Method E 399, which is attached to gage points via knife
edges. Gage points (see Fig. 2(a)) shall be glued to the specimen so that the clip-on gage is set to the proper gage length, which
is typically 5 mm (0.2 in.). Fig. 2(b) illustrates the attachment of the clip-on gage to the gage points. Fig. 2(c) illustrates the test
D7313–07
FIG. 3 DC(T) Specimen Dimensions (continued)
set-up with the spe
...
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