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ASTM A290/A290M-05(2010)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears

Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with normalized and tempered, and quenched and tempered, carbon and alloy steel forged or rolled rings for reduction gears. The grades and classes of steels covered here are: Grade 1, Classes A and B, and Grade 2, Classes C and D, which are carbon steels; and Grade 3, Classes E and F, Grade 4, Classes G, H, I, J, K and L, Grade 5, Classes M and P, and Grade 6, Class T, which are alloy steels. Materials shall be manufactured by melting and forging processes and optional machining, and shall be allowed to cool prior to reheating. Heat treatment shall consist of normalizing and tempering for Grade 1, Classes A and B, and quenching and tempering for all other grades and classes. Heat and product analyses shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to required chemical composition of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, copper, and aluminum. Steels shall also undergo tension, impact, and Brinell hardness tests, and shall conform to the following mechanical requirements: tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, Brinell hardness, and Charpy V-notch.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers normalized and tempered, and quenched and tempered, carbon and alloy steel forged or rolled rings for reduction gears.  
1.2 Several grades and classes of steel are covered as follows:  
1.2.1 Grade 1, Classes A and B, and Grade 2, Classes C and D, are carbon steel.  
1.2.2 Grade 3, Classes E and F, Grade 4, Classes G, H, I, J, K and L, Grade 5, Classes M and P, and Grade 6, Class T, are alloy steel.  
1.2.3 All grades and classes are considered weldable under proper conditions. Welding techniques are of fundamental importance and it is pre-supposed that welding procedure and inspection will be in accordance with proper methods for the class of material used.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2010
ICS
77.140.85 - Iron and steel forgings
Technical Committee
A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
Drafting Committee
A01.06 - Steel Forgings and Billets
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A290/A290M-05 - Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears
Effective Date
01-Apr-2010
Replaced By
ASTM A290/A290M-05(2015) - Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears
Effective Date
01-Jun-2015
Referred By
ASTM A788/A788M-23 - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
Effective Date
01-Apr-2010

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ASTM A290/A290M-05(2010) - Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction GearsASTM A290/A290M-05(2010) - Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears
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ASTM A290/A290M-05(2010) - Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:A290/A290M −05(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Specification for
Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction
Gears
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA290/A290M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Re-
quirements
1.1 This specification covers normalized and tempered, and
quenched and tempered, carbon and alloy steel forged or rolled
3. Terminology
rings for reduction gears.
3.1 Definitions of the terms used may be found in Specifi-
1.2 Several grades and classes of steel are covered as
cation A788/A788M.
follows:
1.2.1 Grade 1, ClassesAand B, and Grade 2, Classes C and
4. Ordering Information and General Requirements
D, are carbon steel.
1.2.2 Grade 3, Classes E and F, Grade 4, Classes G, H, I, J,
4.1 In addition to the ordering information required by
K and L, Grade 5, Classes M and P, and Grade 6, Class T, are
Specification A788/A788M, the purchaser shall specify in the
alloy steel.
inquiry, contract, and order the grade and class desired and the
1.2.3 All grades and classes are considered weldable under
supplementary requirements, if any, which should apply.
proper conditions. Welding techniques are of fundamental
4.2 Material supplied to this specification shall conform to
importance and it is pre-supposed that welding procedure and
the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, which out-
inspection will be in accordance with proper methods for the
lines additional ordering information, manufacturing
class of material used.
requirements, testing and retesting methods and procedures,
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
marking, certification, product analysis variations, and addi-
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
tional supplementary requirements.
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
5. Materials and Manufacture
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
5.1 Melting Process:
with the standard.
5.1.1 The steel shall be produced by any of the melting
requirements in Specification A788/A788M, which may be
2. Referenced Documents
supplemented by Supplementary Requirement S6, Vacuum
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Degassing.
A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of
5.2 Discard—Sufficient discard shall be taken from each
Steel Forgings
ingot to secure freedom from piping and undue segregation.
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
5.3 Forging Process—The forgings shall receive their hot
of Steel Products
mechanical work in accordance with the requirements of
A388/A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel
Forgings Specification A788/A788M.
5.4 Heat Treatment:
5.4.1 Cooling Prior to Heat Treatment—After forging and
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, before reheating for heat treatment, the forgings shall be
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
allowed to cool in a manner to prevent injury, to accomplish
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets.
transformation, and prevent flakes.
Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published May 2010. Originally
5.4.2 Heat treatment shall consist of normalizing and tem-
approved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as A290/A290M – 05.
DOI: 10.1520/A0290_A0290M-05R10.
pering for Grade 1 classes A and B and quenching and
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
tempering for all other grades and classes.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.4.2.1 Normalizing—A furnace charge thus treated is
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. termed a normalizing charge.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A290/A290M−05 (2010)
5.4.2.2 Quenching—The forgings shall be completely aus- 7.1.1 Number, Location, and Orientation of Test
tenitizedandthenquenchedinasuitablemedium.Agroupthus Specimens—On classes requiring tension tests, two tension test
treated is termed a quenching charge. specimens and two sets of impact tests shall be taken 180°
5.4.2.3 Tempering—A furnace charge thus treated is termed apart from a full-size prolongation left on one end of each
a tempering charge. Minimum tempering temperatures shall be individual forging or both ends of each multiple forging. The
as follows: test specimens shall be in a tangential direction at midwall of
the ring as close as practical to the end of the rough-machined
Minimum Tempering Temperature
Grade and Class °F [°C]
forging face.
Grade 1 Classes A and B 1200 [650]
7.1.2 Test Method—Full-size tension and Charpy V-notch
Grade 2 ClassesC&D,E,F,G,H,M,P 1100 [595]
impact tests shall be conducted in accordance with Test
Grade 3 ClassesE&F 1100 [595]
Grade 4 ClassesG&H 1100 [595]
Methods and Definitions A370.
Grade 5 ClassesM&P 1100 [595]
Grade 4 Classes I, J, K & L 1050 [565] 7.2 BrinellHardness—Forgingsshallbewithinthehardness
Grade 6 Class T 1000 [540]
ranges specified in Table 2. The permissible variation of
5.5 Machining:
hardness in any forging shall not exceed 30 numbers for all
5.5.1 Rough machining before heat treatment for mechani- classes except Classes K and L which shall be 40 numbers.
cal properties may be performed at the option of the producer. 7.2.1 Number and Location of Tests—Brinell hardness tests
5.5.2 The forgings shall conform to the sizes and shapes shall be taken on each forging, regardless of weight or class,
specified by the purchaser. after final heat treatment and final machining to dimensions
shown on the drawing submitted with the purchase order. Each
6. Chemical Composition
test shall be approximately ⁄4 of the radial thickness from the
outsidediameter.Thenumberandlocationofthehardnesstests
6.1 Composition—The steel shall conform to the require-
follows:
ments for chemical composition prescribed in Table 1. Alter-
Outside D
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
4.2 The acceptance criteria shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
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FIG. 1 Bored Forgings
Note 1: Sensitivity multiplication factor such that a 10 % indication at the forging bore surface will be equivalent to a 1/8 in. [3 mm] diameter flat bottom hole. Inspection frequency: 2.0 MHz or 2.25 MHz. Material velocity: 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s].
FIG. 2 Solid Forgings
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1.1 This specification covers the determination of heat stability of steam turbine shafts and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. This specification is not ordinarily applicable to generator rotor forgings.  
1.2 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the specification, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
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This specification deals with ferritic alloy steel forgings for high-pressure and high-temperature parts, such as boilers, pressure vessels, and associated equipment. The steel grades covered here include the following: Grade F1; Grade F11, Classes 1, 2, and 3; Grade F12; Grade F5; Grade F5A; Grade F9; Grade F6; Grades F21 and F22, Classes 1 and 3; Grade F91, Grade F3V; and Grade F22V. Other steel grades may also be treated under this specification. Alloy steels shall be melted, forged, and rough machined at stipulated conditions. Except as permitted for Grade F22V, steel forgings shall be annealed or normalized and tempered, but may alternatively be liquid quenched and tempered as well. Impact and Charpy V-notch tests shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to specified mechanical requirements such as notch toughness, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Materials shall also undergo heat and product analyses and conform to specified chemical requirements.
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1.4 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.  
1.5 Specification A336/A336M formerly included austenitic steel forgings, which are now found in Specification A965/A965M.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A275/A275M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the procedures for the standard practice of performing magnetic particle examination on steel forgings. The inspection medium shall consist of finely divided ferromagnetic particles, whose size, shape and magnetic properties, both individually and collectively, shall be taken into account. Forgings may be magnetized in the longitudinal or circular direction by employing the surge or continuous current flow methods. Magnetization may be applied by passing current through the piece or by inducing a magnetic field by means of a central conductor, such as a prod or yoke, or by coils. While the material is properly magnetized, the magnetic particles may be applied by either the dry method, wet method, or fluorescent method. The parts shall also be sufficiently demagnetized after inspection so that residual or leakage fields will not interfere with future operations to which the steel forgings shall be used for. Indications to be evaluated are grouped into three broad classes, namely: surface defects, which include laminar defects, forging laps and folds, flakes (thermal ruptures caused by entrapped hydrogen), heat-treating cracks, shrinkage cracks, grinding cracks, and etching or plating cracks; subsurface defects, which include stringers of nonmetallic inclusions, large nonmetallics, cracks in underbeads of welds, and forging bursts; and nonrelevant or false indications, which include magnetic writing, changes in section, edge of weld, and flow lines.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 For ferromagnetic materials, magnetic particle examination is widely specified for the detection of surface and near surface discontinuities such as cracks, laps, seams, and linearly oriented nonmetallic inclusions. Such examinations are included as mandatory requirements in some forging standards such as Specification A508/A508M.  
4.2 Use of direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current as the power source for magnetic particle examination allows detection of subsurface discontinuities.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers a procedure for magnetic particle examination of steel forgings. The procedure will produce consistent results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This practice does not contain acceptance standards or recommended quality levels.  
1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current shall be used as the electric power source for any of the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permitted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is very limited and therefore unsuitable.  
1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.
Note 1: Guide E709 may be utilized for magnetic particle examination in the field for machinery components originally manufactured from steel forgings.  
1.3 The minimum requirements for magnetic particle examination shall conform to practice standards of Practice E1444/E1444M. If the requirements of this practice are in conflict with the requirements of Practice E1444/E1444M, the requirements of this practice shall prevail.  
1.4 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices ...

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ASTM
ASTM A473-23a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service. The different solution heat treatment and annealing treatment received by the steel material are presented in details. The steel shall conform to the specified chemical composition and room temperature mechanical requirements. The forgings shall be produced with prolongations for testing, unless otherwise specified. The number of and procedure for tension test for forgings depending on their weight are presented. The tension test specimens shall be taken from the test prolongations or from the forgings.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements from Specification A788/A788M may be specified when additional testing, inspection, or processing is required.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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