ASTM D877/D877M-13
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Liquids Using Disk Electrodes
Standard Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Liquids Using Disk Electrodes
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The dielectric breakdown voltage is a measure of the ability of an insulating liquid to withstand electrical stress. The power-frequency breakdown voltage of a liquid is reduced by the presence of contaminants such as cellulosic fibers, conducting particles, dirt, and water. A low result in this test method indicates the presence of significant concentrations of one or more of these contaminants in the liquid tested. See Appendix X1.
3.2 A high breakdown voltage measured in this test method does not necessarily indicate that the amount of the contaminants present in a liquid from which the sample was taken is sufficiently low for the sampled liquid to be acceptable in all electrical equipment. Test Method D877 is not sensitive to low levels of these contaminants. Breakdown in this test method is dominated by events occurring at the electrode edges. The voltage stress distribution between the parallel disk electrodes used in this test method are quasi-uniform and there is substantial stress concentration at the sharp edges of the flat disk faces.
3.3 This test method may be used for evaluation of insulating liquids in equipment that is designed to be filled with unprocessed liquids as delivered by a vendor.
3.4 This test method is not recommended for evaluation of the breakdown voltage of liquids used in equipment that requires the application of vacuum and filtering of the oil before being placed into service. Test Method D1816 should be used to determine the breakdown voltage of filtered and degassed liquids.
3.5 This test method is used in laboratory or field tests. For field breakdown results to be comparable to laboratory results, all criteria including room temperature (20 to 30°C) must be met.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes two procedures, A and B, for determining the electrical breakdown voltage of insulating liquid specimens. The breakdown test uses ac voltage in the power-frequency range from 45 to 65 Hz.
1.2 This test method is used to judge if the disk electrode breakdown voltage requirements are met for insulating liquids, as delivered from the manufacturer, that have never been filtered or dried. See Specification D3487, Specification D4652, Specification D6871 and Guide D5222 for the minimum specified electrical breakdown. This test method should be used as recommended by professional organization standards such as IEEE C57.106.
1.3 Limitations of the Procedures:
1.3.1 The sensitivity of this test method to the general population of contaminants present in a liquid sample decreases as applied test voltages used in this test method become greater than approximately 25 kV rms.
1.3.2 If the concentration of water in the sample at room temperature is less than 60 % of saturation, the sensitivity of this test method to the presence of water is decreased. For further information refer to RR:D27-1006.2
1.3.3 The suitability for this test method has not been determined for a liquid's viscosity higher than 900 cSt at 40°C.
1.4 Procedure Applications
1.4.1 Procedure A:
1.4.1.1 Procedure A is used to determine the breakdown voltage of liquids in which any insoluble breakdown products easily settle during the interval between the required repeated breakdown tests. These liquids include petroleum oils, hydrocarbons, natural and synthetic esters, and askarels (PCB) used as insulating and cooling liquids in transformers, cables, and similar apparatus.
1.4.1.2 Procedure A may be used to obtain the dielectric breakdown of silicone fluid as specified in Test Methods D2225, provided the discharge energy into the sample is less than 20 mJ (milli joule) per breakdown for five consecutive breakdowns.
1.4.2 Procedure B:
1.4.2.1 This procedure is used to determine the breakdown voltage of liquids in which any insoluble breakdown products do not completely settle from the space between the disks during the 1–min interval required in Procedure A....
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Designation: D877/D877M − 13
Standard Test Method for
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Liquids Using
1
Disk Electrodes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D877/D877M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope used as insulating and cooling liquids in transformers, cables,
and similar apparatus.
1.1 This test method describes two procedures,Aand B, for
1.4.1.2 Procedure A may be used to obtain the dielectric
determining the electrical breakdown voltage of insulating
breakdown of silicone fluid as specified in Test Methods
liquid specimens. The breakdown test uses ac voltage in the
D2225, provided the discharge energy into the sample is less
power-frequency range from 45 to 65 Hz.
than 20 mJ (milli joule) per breakdown for five consecutive
1.2 This test method is used to judge if the disk electrode
breakdowns.
breakdown voltage requirements are met for insulating liquids,
1.4.2 Procedure B:
as delivered from the manufacturer, that have never been
1.4.2.1 This procedure is used to determine the breakdown
filtered or dried. See Specification D3487, Specification
voltage of liquids in which any insoluble breakdown products
D4652, Specification D6871 and Guide D5222 for the mini-
do not completely settle from the space between the disks
mum specified electrical breakdown. This test method should
during the 1–min interval required in Procedure A. Procedure
be used as recommended by professional organization stan-
B, modified in accordance with Section 17 of Test Methods
dards such as IEEE C57.106.
D2225,isacceptablefortestingsiliconedielectricliquidsifthe
1.3 Limitations of the Procedures:
requirements of 1.4.1.2 can not be achieved.
1.3.1 The sensitivity of this test method to the general
1.4.2.2 Procedure B should also be applied for the determi-
population of contaminants present in a liquid sample de-
nation of the breakdown voltage of liquid samples containing
creasesasappliedtestvoltagesusedinthistestmethodbecome
insolublematerialsthatsettlefromthespecimenduringtesting.
greater than approximately 25 kV rms.
These may include samples taken from circuit breakers, load
1.3.2 If the concentration of water in the sample at room
tap changers, and other liquids heavily contaminated with
temperature is less than 60 % of saturation, the sensitivity of
insoluble particulate material. These examples represent
this test method to the presence of water is decreased. For
samples that may have large differences between replicate
2
further information refer to RR:D27-1006.
tests. The use of Procedure B will result in a more accurate
1.3.3 The suitability for this test method has not been
value of breakdown voltage when testing such liquids.
determined for a liquid’s viscosity higher than 900 cSt at 40°C.
1.4.2.3 Use Procedure B to establish the breakdown voltage
1.4 Procedure Applications of an insulating liquid where an ASTM specification does not
1.4.1 Procedure A: exist or when developing a value for an ASTM guide or
standard. Procedure A may be used once the single operator
1.4.1.1 Procedure A is used to determine the breakdown
voltage of liquids in which any insoluble breakdown products precision of 13.1 has been demonstrated.
easily settle during the interval between the required repeated
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
breakdown tests. These liquids include petroleum oils,
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
hydrocarbons, natural and synthetic esters, and askarels (PCB)
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on
with the standard.
Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
mittee D27.05 on Electrical Test.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013. Published January 2014. Originally
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
approved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D877–02(2007). DOI:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
10.1520/D0877_D0877M-13.
2
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
RR:D27-1006, Round-Robin Data Using Modified VDE Electrode Cell for
Dielectric Strength Tests on Oil, is available from ASTM Headquarters. bility of regulatory limitations prior to
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D877 − 02 (Reapproved 2007) D877/D877M − 13
Standard Test Method for
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Liquids Using
1
Disk Electrodes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D877;D877/D877M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes two procedures, A and B, for determining the electrical breakdown voltage of insulating liquid
specimens. The breakdown test uses ac voltage in the power-frequency range from 45 to 65 Hz.
1.2 This test method is used to judge if the disk electrode breakdown voltage requirements are met for insulating liquids, as
delivered from the manufacturer, that have never been filtered or dried. See Specification D3487, Specification D4652,
Specification D6871 and Guide D5222 for the minimum specified electrical breakdown. This test method should be used as
recommended by professional organization standards such as IEEE C57.106.
1.3 Limitations of the Procedures:
1.3.1 The sensitivity of this test method to the general population of contaminants present in a liquid sample decreases as
applied test voltages used in this test method become greater than approximately 25 kV rms.
1.3.2 If the concentration of water in the sample at room temperature is less than 60 % of saturation, the sensitivity of this test
2
method to the presence of water is decreased. For further information refer to RR:D27-1006.
1.3.3 The suitability for this test method has not been determined for a liquid’s viscosity higher than 900 cSt at 40°C.
1.4 Procedure Applications
1.4.1 Procedure A:
1.4.1.1 Procedure A is used to determine the breakdown voltage of liquids in which any insoluble breakdown products easily
settle during the interval between the required repeated breakdown tests. These liquids include petroleum oils, hydrocarbons, and
natural and synthetic esters, and askarels (PCB) used as insulating and cooling liquids in transformers, cables, and similar
apparatus.
1.4.1.2 Procedure A may be used to obtain the dielectric breakdown of silicone fluid as specified in Test Methods D2225,
provided the discharge energy into the sample is less than 20 mJ (milli joule) per breakdown for five consecutive breakdowns.
1.4.2 Procedure B:
1.4.2.1 This procedure is used to determine the breakdown voltage of liquids in which any insoluble breakdown products do
not completely settle from the space between the disks during the 1–min interval required in Procedure A. Procedure B, modified
in accordance with Section 17 of Test Methods D2225, is acceptable for testing silicone dielectric liquids if the requirements of
1.4.1.2 can not be achieved.
1.4.2.2 Procedure B should also be applied for the determination of the breakdown voltage of liquid samples containing
insoluble materials that settle from the specimen during testing. These may include samples taken from circuit breakers, load tap
changers, and other liquids heavily contaminated with insoluble particulate material. These examples represent samples that may
have large differences between replicate tests. The use of Procedure B will result in a more accurate value of breakdown voltage
when testing such liquids.
1.4.2.3 Use Procedure B to establish the breakdown voltage of an insulating liquid where an ASTM specification does not exist
or when developing a value for an ASTM guide or standard. Procedure A may be used once the single operator precision of 13.1
has been demonstrated.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D27.05
on Electrical Test.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2007Dec. 1, 2013. Published October 2007January 2014. Originally approved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 20022007 as
ε2
D877D877–02(2007).–02 . DOI: 10.1520/D0877-02R07.10.1520/D0877_D0877M-13.
2
RR:D27-1006, Round-Robin Data Using Modified VDE Electrode Cell for Dielectric Strength Tests on Oil, is available from ASTM Headquarters.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D877/D877M − 13
1.5 Both the SI
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