ASTM F1468-04a(2010)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Evaluation of Metallic Weapons Detectors for Controlled Access Search and Screening
Standard Practice for Evaluation of Metallic Weapons Detectors for Controlled Access Search and Screening
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The significant attributes of this practice are the methods for determining the detection capabilities of metal detectors, the methods for determining the effects of outside influences on detectors, and certain safety requirements for detectors.
While this practice was originated for walk-through metal weapons detectors, it is equally applicable to detectors of other metal objects. The innocent objects set (15.1.2) would require modification commensurate with the size of the other object to be tested; some tests may not be applicable and other specific and different tests may be necessary.
This practice includes testing site requirements (Section 6) to minimize data variations. These methods may be used at nonconforming sites if site-related disturbances are considered and accounted for.
This practice is not meant to constrain designs but it is applicable only to detectors which are designed for individual walk-through. The portal structure shall be deemed to meet this criterion if it provides a minimum vertical clearance of 1.96 m (77 in.) and a minimum horizontal width clearance of 0.66 m (26 in.).
This practice recognizes that the complex movements of a test object when carried by a person walking through a detector limits the precision and repeatability of the resultant observed signals. Averaged results from repeated tests under identical controlled conditions are recommended to obtain a better approximation of the underlying hypothetical true value for that set of conditions.
Where the term “significant” is used, it refers to phenomena which, in accordance with accepted engineering practices, exceed the normal variation of data.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers methods for the evaluation of walk-through metal weapons detectors and criteria for testing metal detection performance.
1.2 This practice specifies certain health, safety, and human factors criteria pertaining to the usage of the detection equipment.
1.3 This practice requires the use of non-standardized (user-supplied) test objects and test equipment. Evaluations made using the procedures outlined in this practice can be used for comparative evaluations only if the tests are made with the same equipment and test objects.
1.4 This practice is intended for use by manufacturers and evaluators of electromagnetic field devices used for screening persons entering into controlled access areas. It is not intended to set performance nor limit or constrain operating technologies, nor is it a document for use by individual operators or users of such equipment at specific access control points.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazards statement, see warning note in 12.2.5.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: F1468 − 04a (Reapproved 2010)
Standard Practice for
Evaluation of Metallic Weapons Detectors for Controlled
Access Search and Screening
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1468; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This practice covers methods for the evaluation of 3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
walk-through metal weapons detectors and criteria for testing
3.1.1 clean tester—person who does not carry any objects
metal detection performance.
which would significantly alter the signal produced when the
person carries a test object; smaller test objects require more
1.2 This practice specifies certain health, safety, and human
complete elimination of metallic objects. By example but not
factors criteria pertaining to the usage of the detection equip-
limitation, such significant objects may include: metallic belt
ment.
buckles,metalbuttons,cardiacpacemakers,coins,metal-frame
1.3 Thispracticerequirestheuseofnon-standardized(user-
eye glasses, hearing aids, jewelry, keys, mechanical pens and
supplied) test objects and test equipment. Evaluations made
pencils, shoes with metal shanks or arch supports, metallic
using the procedures outlined in this practice can be used for
surgical implants, undergarment support metal, and metal
comparative evaluations only if the tests are made with the
zippers. A clean tester passing through a metal detector shall
same equipment and test objects.
not cause a disturbance signal greater than 10% of that
1.4 This practice is intended for use by manufacturers and
produced when carrying the critical test object through the
evaluators of electromagnetic field devices used for screening
detector. The tester shall have a mass between 50 and 100 kg
persons entering into controlled access areas. It is not intended
(110and220lb)andaheightbetween1.50and1.90m(59and
to set performance nor limit or constrain operating
75 in.). If the detector is designed to be sensitive to body size
technologies, nor is it a document for use by individual
because of design or desired sensitivity, the physical size of
operators or users of such equipment at specific access control
testers should be smaller and within a narrower range.
points.
3.1.2 critical orientation—orientation of a test object which
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
produces the smallest detection signal or weakest detection.
standard. Other units given in parentheses are for information
3.1.3 critical sensitivity setting—sensitivity setting of a
only.
detector at which the critical test object in its critical orienta-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
tion is detected at a 90% or greater rate at the weakest or
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
critical test point for the detector.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.4 critical test object—test object out of a given group of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
objectswhich,initsworst-caseorcriticalorientation,produces
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific
the worst-case or critical sensitivity setting for a specific
hazards statement, see warning note in 12.2.5.
detector. The group shall comprise one or more objects which
2. Referenced Documents are to be detected under the same detector settings.
2.1 ANSI/IEEE Standard:
3.1.5 critical test point—location within the passage open-
C62.41 IEEE Guide for Surge Voltages in Low VoltageAC
ing of a detector portal which produces the weakest signal
Power Circuits
response(thecriticalsensitivity)forthecriticaltestobjectatits
critical orientation.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F12 on Security
3.1.6 detector—synonym (used in this practice for brevity)
Systems and Equipmentand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F12.60 on
for a walk-through device for detecting weapons such as
Controlled Access Security, Search, and Screening Equipment.
defined in 3.1.14.
Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published May 2010. Originally
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F1468 – 04a. DOI:
3.1.7 discrimination ratio—expression of a detector’s abil-
10.1520/F1468-04AR10.
ity to discriminate between a weapon and innocent personal
Available from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE),
445 Hoes Ln., P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08854-1331, http://www.ieee.org. possessions; it is the ratio of the signal generated by a critical
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1468 − 04a (2010)
testobjecttothesignalgeneratedbyanassortmentofinnocent 4.6 Where the term “significant” is used, it refers to phe-
personal possessions (see Section 8). nomena which, in accordance with accepted engineering
practices, exceed the normal variation of data.
3.1.8 electrical influence test probe—air-core coil for creat-
ing electromagnetic fields that could influence detector capa-
5. Safety Requirements
bility (see 15.3).
5.1 Personal Health and Safety—The health and safety of
3.1.9 induced electromagnetic field test probe—air-core coil
searchees, operators, and other persons using or coming in
for measuring the strength of the electromagnetic fields gen-
contact with the equipment shall have been considered in the
erated by a detector (see 15.2).
equipment design. In addition to the tip-over tests in 5.4 and
3.1.10 outside influence—site-related situation or occur-
5.5, any hazards concerning factors in 5.2 and 5.3 shall be
rence of a mechanical or electrical nature which alters the
included in the evaluation report.
normal operation of the detector.
5.2 Mechanical—The equipment shall be free of sharp
3.1.11 test object—any metallic object used to evaluate the
corners of protrusions that can puncture the skin or clothing or
detection capability of a detector. See 7.2 for specific require-
injure persons moving normally within the immediate area.
ments.
Any potential tripping hazards, such as wires, cables, anti-tilt
3.1.12 test probe—testing devices as specified in 15.2 –
devices, ramps, etc. shall also be noted on the report.
15.4, utilized in the simulation of outside influences.
5.3 Electrical—The detector shall be free of potential elec-
3.1.13 testing laboratory site—area suitable for proper test-
trical shock hazards during operation.
ing and evaluation of detectors (see Section 6).
5.4 Portal Tip-Over—With a stop at the base of the detector
3.1.14 walk-through weapons detection device (detector)—
to prevent sliding, a force shall be applied at or near the top of
freestanding screening device, utilizing an electromagnetic
thedetectorinthedirectionofsearchpassageuntilthedetector
field within its portal structure, for detecting metallic weapons
starts to tip. The tipping moment, calculated as the height
concealed on persons walking through the structure.
above the floor times the maximum force required, shall be
3.1.15 weapon—device intended to do damage to personnel
recorded in the evaluation report. If anti-tilt fixtures or acces-
or equipment without intentionally harming the attacker, but
sories are provided or recommended by the detector
requiring the attacker to physically activate the device. Ex-
manufacturer, tests shall be conducted with and without such
amples include guns, knives, and hand grenades.
devices and recorded in the report.
5.5 Accessory Table or Pedestal Tip-Over—Test as in 5.4
4. Significance and Use
except apply the force at the point and in the direction for
4.1 Thesignificantattributesofthispracticearethemethods
easiest tipping. Record the resultant moment.
for determining the detection capabilities of metal detectors,
5.6 Tip-over testing is not required if a detector must be
themethodsfordeterminingtheeffectsofoutsideinfluenceson
anchored for proper operation.
detectors, and certain safety requirements for detectors.
4.2 While this practice was originated for walk-through 6. Testing Laboratory Site and General Requirements
metalweaponsdetectors,itisequallyapplicabletodetectorsof
6.1 Distancing Requirements—Sites in which detectors are
other metal objects. The innocent objects set (15.1.2) would
tested and evaluated shall be free of significant extraneous
require modification commensurate with the size of the other
influences.
object to be tested; some tests may not be applicable and other
6.1.1 Walls,furniture,lighting,electricalpowerlines,etc.of
specific and different tests may be necessary.
metalliccontentorofelectricallyinfluencingnature(exceptfor
4.3 This practice includes testing site requirements (Section lines supplying power to the detector and interconnecting its
6) to minimize data variations. These methods may be used at components) shall be at least 3 m (10 ft) distant.
nonconforming sites if site-related disturbances are considered 6.1.2 Overheadstructures,suchasceilingsorlights,shallbe
and accounted for. at least 1 m (40 in.) distant from the nearest surface of the
detector and free of electrical lines within 3 m (10 ft).
4.4 This practice is not meant to constrain designs but it is
applicable only to detectors which are designed for individual 6.2 Floor Requirements—The floor shall be solid and not
walk-through.Theportalstructureshallbedeemedtomeetthis capable of transferring vibration or shake to the detector of an
criterion if it provides a minimum vertical clearance of 1.96 m amplitude discernible in the detector signal output when a
(77 in.) and a minimum horizontal width clearance of 0.66 m clean tester walks through. It shall be free of steel except for
(26 in.). nails or reinforcing bars. No electrical lines shall run in or
under the floor closer than 2 m (6.5 ft) to any portion of the
4.5 Thispracticerecognizesthatthecomplexmovementsof
detector.Ifthemanufacturerrecommendsshielding,suchasan
a test object when carried by a person walking through a
aluminum floor liner or elevated platform, it shall be in place
detector limits the precision and repeatability of the resultant
before testing.
observed signals. Averaged results from repeated tests under
identical controlled conditions are recommended to obtain a 6.3 The working area shall include sufficient space for the
better approximation of the underlying hypothetical true value detector and instrumentation equipment, and for personnel to
for that set of conditions. operate it conveniently. The number of instrumentation stands
F1468 − 04a (2010)
or carts shall be minimized.They shall have low metal content 7.6.1 The nomenclature and positions given in Fig. 1 refer
and be located so that they do not influence test results. to the orientation of weapons (guns or other weapons) with
respect to the metal detectors.
6.4 Determine by appropriate engineering techniques that
the testing site is free and remains free of all electrical
7.7 The comprehensive test for determining detector sensi-
influences which might affect the tests. This includes verifica-
tivity requires passing all test objects in a group in all
tion of the quality of the detector power source. Record in the
orientations through all points of a selected grid pattern within
evaluation report any deviations from 6.1 – 6.4.
the portal opening. This must be repeated for all combinations
of optional operating modes, multiple channels, and alternate
6.5 The detector shall be in a totally operational condition,
configurations.Theamountoftestingrequiredmaybereduced
complete with such items as floor or wall shieldings, electron-
by the following procedures.
ics pedestals, etc., in their normal operational position.
7.7.1 In the absence of other criteria, start sensitivity mea-
6.6 Many of the following sections require quantitative
surements at a grid location point at the horizontal center
measurements of signal magnitude. Manufacturers who do not
between the side panels and vertically equidistant from both
provide quantitative measurements of signal magnitude shall
top and bottom ends of all panel coils; a vertical height from
specify alternative procedures which will provide equivalent
the floor of 0.8 to 1.0 m (30 to 40 in.) is usable.
evaluation capability.
7.7.2 Begin with the vertical object orientation 3 as indi-
cated in Fig. 1. Pass all objects in the test object group to be
7. Procedure for Testing Detection Performance
evaluated through the detector. Remove test objects which
7.1 The purpose of this procedure is to establish the sensi-
produce a signal twice as large as the smallest signal for the
tivity setting which is required for the detection of the
group.
worst-case test object in its worst orientation at the least-
7.7.3 Test the remaining objects in the other two mutually
sensitive location within the portal opening.This is the critical
orthogonal orientations (across and in-out). Remove objects in
sensitivity for detection of the critical test object in its critical
orientations that produce signals 50% larger than the smallest
orientation at the critical test point.
signal.
7.2 For the evaluation of detectors under this practice, the
7.7.4 Using only the objects and orientations not eliminated
test object or objects shall be actual (not simulated) objects
in 7.7.2 and 7.7.3, determine the signals produced at intervals
which,individuallyorcollectively,representthecharacteristics
alongaverticalaxiscenteredbetweenthepanels.Ifthesignals
oftheweaponsorothercontrabandobjectswhichitisdesigned
are relatively constant, grid intervals of 0.2 m (8 in.) are
to detect.
adequate.Nearthetopandbottomandnearanyareaproducing
7.3 As an otherwise clean tester walks through a detector
abrupt changes in sensitivity, intervals of 0.1 m or 0.05 m may
carrying a test object, the path taken by the object can be
benecessary.Thecriticalobjectandorientationwillusuallybe
approximated by a straight line through a horizontally and
the combination giving the weakest response.
vertically located point within the portal opening.This ignores
7.7.4.1 The critical test object can vary as a result of
the side-to-side rocking, vertical bouncing, body rotation, and
program selection. Repeat 7.7.2 – 7.7.4 for all program
velocity surging which the walking motion exhibits. These
versions to be evaluated.
secondary motions alter the signal generated by a test object
7.7.5 Determine the signals at intervals across the portal
whenitiscarriedbyanotherwisecleantester,compare
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