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ASTM C1161-94(1996)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature

Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural strength of advanced ceramic materials at ambient temperature. Four-point-1/4 point and three-point loadings with prescribed spans are the standard. Rectangular specimens of prescribed cross-section sizes are used with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Mar-2002
ICS
81.060.20 - Ceramic products
Technical Committee
C28 - Advanced Ceramics
Drafting Committee
C28.01 - Mechanical Properties and Performance
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM C1161-02 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
Effective Date
10-Mar-2002

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ASTM C1161-94(1996) - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient TemperatureASTM C1161-94(1996) - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
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ASTM C1161-94(1996) - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or
withdrawn. Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: C 1161 – 94 (Reapproved 1996)
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient
1
Temperature
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1161; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural
strength of advanced ceramic materials at ambient temperature.
1
Four-point– ⁄4 point and three-point loadings with prescribed
spans are the standard. Rectangular specimens of prescribed
cross-section sizes are used with specified features in pre-
scribed specimen-fixture combinations.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E 337 Test Method for Measured Humidity with a Psy-
chrometer (The Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-
3
peratures) NOTE 1—Configuration:
A: L = 20 mm
2.2 Military Standard:
B: L = 40 mm
MIL-STD-1942 (MR) Flexural Strength of High Perfor-
4 C: L = 80 mm
mance Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
1
FIG. 1 1 The Four-Point– ⁄4 Point and Three-Point Fixture
3. Terminology Configuration
3.1 Definitions:
between two support bearings (see Fig. 1).
3.1.1 flexural strength—a measure of the ultimate strength
4. Significance and Use
of a specified beam in bending.
1
3.1.2 four-point– ⁄4 point flexure—configuration of flexural 4.1 This test method may be used for material development,
quality control, characterization, and design data generation
strength testing where a specimen is symmetrically loaded at
two locations that are situated one quarter of the overall span, purposes.
4.2 The flexure stress is computed based on simple beam
away from the outer two support bearings (see Fig. 1).
3.1.3 three-point flexure—configuration of flexural strength theory with assumptions that the material is isotropic and
homogeneous, the moduli of elasticity in tension and compres-
testing where a specimen is loaded at a location midway
sion are identical, and the material is linearly elastic. The
average grain size should be no greater than one fiftieth of the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-28 on
beam thickness. The homogeneity and isotropy assumption in
Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 on
the standard rule out the use of this test for continuous
Properties and Performance.
fiber-reinforced ceramics.
Current edition approved July 25, 1994. Published February 1995. Originally
published as C 1161 – 90. Last previous edition C 1161 – 90.
4.3 Flexural strength of a group of test specimens is
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
influenced by several parameters associated with the test
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.03.
4
procedure. Such factors include the loading rate, test environ-
Available from Standardization Documents, Order Desk, Bldg. 4, Section D,
700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094. ment, specimen size, specimen preparation, and test fixtures.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C 1161
Specimen sizes and fixtures were chosen to provide a balance 1240 MPa (z180 ksi). Alternatively, the cylinders may be
between practical configurations and resulting errors, as dis- made of a ceramic with an elastic modulus between 2.0 and 4.0
5 6
5
cussed in MIL-STD 1942 (MR) and Refs (1) and (2). Specific 3 10 MPa (30–60 3 10 psi) and a flexural strength no less
fixture and specimen configurations were designated in order to than 275 MPa (z40 ksi). The portions of the test fixture that
permit ready comparison of data without the need for Weibull- support the bearings may need to be hardened to prevent
size scaling. permanent deformation. The cylindrical bearing length shall be
4.4 The flexural strength of a ceramic material is dependent at least three times the specimen width. The above require-
on both its inherent resistance to fracture and the presence of ments are intended to ensure that ceramics with strengths up to
5
defects. Analysis of a fracture surface, fractography, though 1400 MPa (z
...

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1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural strength of advanced ceramic materials at ambient temperature. Four-point-1/4-point and three-point loadings with prescribed spans are the standard as shown in Fig. 1. Rectangular specimens of prescribed cross-section sizes are used with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations. Test specimens may be 3 by 4 by 45 to 50 mm in size that are tested on 40-mm outer span four-point or three-point fixtures. Alternatively, test specimens and fixture spans half or twice these sizes may be used. The method permits testing of machined or as-fired test specimens. Several options for machining preparation are included: application matched machining, customary procedure, or a specified standard procedure. This method describes the apparatus, specimen requirements, test procedure, calculations, and reporting requirements. The test method is applicable to monolithic or particulate- or whisker-reinforced ceramics. It may also be used for glasses. It is not applicable to continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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5.1 Fracture mirror size analysis is a powerful tool for analyzing glass and ceramic fractures. Fracture mirrors are tell-tale fractographic markings in brittle materials that surround a fracture origin as discussed in Practices C1256 and C1322. Fig. 1 shows a schematic with key features identified. Fig. 2 shows an example in glass. The fracture mirror region is very smooth and highly reflective in glasses, hence the name “fracture mirror.” In fact, high magnification microscopy reveals that, even within the mirror region in glasses, there are very fine features and escalating roughness as the crack advances away from the origin. These are submicrometer in size and hence are not discernable with an optical microscope. Early investigators interpreted fracture mirrors as having discrete boundaries including a “mirror-mist” boundary and also a “mist-hackle” boundary in glasses. These were also termed “inner mirror” or “outer mirror” boundaries, respectively. It is now known that there are no discrete boundaries corresponding to specific changes in the fractographic features. Surface roughness increases gradually from well within the fracture mirror to beyond the apparent boundaries. The boundaries were a matter of interpretation, the resolving power of the microscope, and the mode of viewing. In very weak specimens, the mirror may be larger than the specimen or component and the boundaries will not be present. Eq 1 is hereafter referred to as the “empirical stress – fracture mirror size relationship,” or “stress-mirror size relationship” for short. A review of the history of Eq 1, and fracture mirror analysis in general, may be found in Refs (1)3 and (2).  
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FIG. 1 Schematic of a Fracture Mirror Centered on a Surface Flaw of Initial Size (a)
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5.5 A, the “fracture mirror constant” (sometimes also known as the “mirror constant”) has units of stress intensity (MPa√m or ksi√in.) and is considered by many to be a material property. As shown in Figs. 1 and 2, it is possible to discern separate mist and hackle regions and the apparent boundaries between them i...
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FIG. 1 Schematic of a Fracture Mirror Centered on a Surface Flaw of Initial Size (a)
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safet...

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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the precise determination of lead and cadmium extracted by acetic acid from porcelain enamel surfaces.  
1.2 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are given for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
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