ASTM C1791-14a
(Guide)Standard Guide for Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Unit Pavement Systems
Standard Guide for Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Unit Pavement Systems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides information that, if implemented, will reduce efflorescence potential in new unit pavement systems. However, its implementation will not always completely prevent efflorescence.
4.2 This guide may be augmented by related information contained in the appendixes of Specification C270, the additional material listed in Appendix X1 in this standard, and other publications.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers methods for reducing efflorescence potential in new unit pavement systems.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C1791 − 14a
StandardGuide for
Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Unit Pavement
Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1791; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* pounds in clay masonry are usually yellow or green; and stains
produced by acid-soluble manganese compounds are usually
1.1 This guide covers methods for reducing efflorescence
brown or gray.
potential in new unit pavement systems.
3.2.3 jointing material, n—mortar, aggregate, sealant, or
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
other materials used between paver units.
as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for
3.2.4 unit pavement system, n—a system consisting of edge
information only.
restraint, wearing course of discrete clay or concrete pavers,
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
setting bed, jointing material, base or sub-base, or combination
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
thereof, and appropriate drainage elements.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.4.1 Discussion—Flexible pavement is a unit pavement
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
system whose wearing course consists of discrete clay or
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
concrete pavers on an aggregate base, an aggregate base
stabilized with asphalt or cement, or asphalt pavement.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.4.2 Discussion—Rigid pavement is a unit pavement
2.1 ASTM Standards:
system whose surface wearing course consists of discrete clay
C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and
or concrete units on a rigid base such as concrete.
Structural Clay Tile
C270 Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry
4. Significance and Use
C1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry
4.1 This guide provides information that, if implemented,
C1232 Terminology of Masonry
will reduce efflorescence potential in new unit pavement
systems. However, its implementation will not always com-
3. Terminology
pletely prevent efflorescence.
3.1 Definitions:
4.2 This guide may be augmented by related information
3.1.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C1180 and
contained in the appendixes of Specification C270, the addi-
C1232 shall apply in this guide.
tional material listed in Appendix X1 in this standard, and
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
other publications.
3.2.1 cryptoflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit of water-
soluble compounds in the pores of unit pavement system
5. Principles of Efflorescence
materials.
5.1 Efflorescence is directly related to the quantity of
3.2.2 efflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit, usually white,
water-soluble compounds within, or exposed to, a unit pave-
of water-soluble compounds on the surface of a unit pavement
ment system; and to the quantity of water exposed to these
system.
compounds. Water-soluble compounds or water causing efflo-
3.2.2.1 Discussion—While not considered to be
rescence may be from adjacent surfaces or beneath the pave-
efflorescence, stains produced by acid-soluble vanadium com-
ment system: for example, fertilizer in runoff from adjacent
flower beds or lawns; ground water evaporating through the
wearing course; and water from sprinkler systems and roofs.
Since neither water nor water-soluble compounds can be
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on
Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
completely eliminated from unit pavement systems, the poten-
C15.05 on Masonry Assemblies.
tial for efflorescence is reduced by reducing water-soluble
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originally
compounds and water retained within the unit pavement
approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C1791 –14. DOI:
10.1520/C1791-14A. system.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1791 − 14a
5.2 Water can penetrate through joints in the surface of unit 6.2.3 Construction practices that protect uncompleted unit
pavementsystems.Itcanpenetratevoidsinthemortarjointsor pavement systems from rain or snow during construction.
the interface between the paver unit and jointing material. 6.2.4 Properly sized and located movement joints in the
pavement and in rigid bases such as concrete.
5.3 If a significant amount of water penetrates a unit
6.2.5 Gutters, overhangs, and canopies to protect the pave-
pavement system, the water will dissolve water-soluble com-
ment from rain.
pounds that may exist in the paver units, mortar components,
6.2.6 Utilization of compatible applied water repellent on
grout,settingbed,concreteslab,admixturesorothersecondary
the surface of unit pavement systems or integral efflorescence
sources, and may deposit them on the exterior surface of the
controlling admixtures in paver units when specified.
unit pavement system when it migrates to the surface and
6.2.7 Utilization of compatible integral water repellent ad-
through evaporation. The presence of a concrete slab below
mixtures and mortar modifiers.
sand setting beds in unit pavement system allows water to
6.3 Water that penetrates a unit pavement system is quickly
remain on top of the slab where it can more readily dissolve
drained out of the system by:
water-soluble compounds in the concrete.
6.3.1 The use of a drainage system that conveys water to
5.4 The most common efflorescence deposits contain two or
low points and allows water to be conveyed out of the
more of the following: potassium, sodium, calcium, sulfates,
pavement system.
carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, and hydroxides.
6.4 Contact between dissimilar paver units is minimized by:
5.5 Some water-soluble compounds deposited on the sur-
6.4.1 The use of a separator between changes in paver
face of unit pavement systems can chemically react to form
materials in unit pavement systems.
compounds that are not water-soluble. Calcium carbonate
6.5 Potential efflorescence compounds in the pavement
(CaCO ) deposits on unit pavement system are a fairly com-
system materials can be minimized by:
mon example. They are a result of reaction between the
6.5.1 Preconstruction testing of all unit pavement system
efflorescencecompoundcalciumhydroxideandcarbondioxide
materials, water, cleaning agents, deicing chemicals, and ad-
after the calcium hydroxide is deposited on the surface of the
mixtures to be used to evaluate t
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1791 − 14 C1791 − 14a
Standard Guide for
Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Unit Pavement
Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1791; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This guide covers methods for reducing efflorescence potential in new unit pavement systems.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for
information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile
C270 Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry
C1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry
C1232 Terminology of Masonry
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C1180 and C1232 shall apply in this guide.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 cryptoflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit of water-soluble compounds in the pores of unit pavement system materials.
3.2.2 efflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit, usually white, of water-soluble compounds on the surface of a unit pavement
system.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.05 on Masonry
Assemblies.
Current edition approved March 1, 2014Dec. 1, 2014. Published March 2014December 2014. Originally approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as
C1791 –14. DOI: 10.1520/C1791-14.10.1520/C1791-14A.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
While not considered to be efflorescence, stains produced by acid-soluble vanadium compounds in clay masonry are usually yellow
or green; and stains produced by acid-soluble manganese compounds are usually brown or gray.
3.2.3 jointing material, n—mortar, aggregate, sealant, or sealant other materials used between paver units.
3.2.4 unit pavement system, n—a system consisting of edge restraint, wearing course of discrete clay or concrete pavers, setting
bed, jointing material, base or sub-base, or combination thereof, and appropriate drainage elements.
3.2.4.1 Discussion—
Flexible pavement is a unit pavement system whose wearing course consists of discrete clay or concrete pavers on an aggregate
base, an aggregate base stabilized with asphalt or cement, or asphalt pavement.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1791 − 14a
3.2.4.2 Discussion—
Rigid pavement is a unit pavement system whose surface wearing course consists of discrete clay or concrete units on a rigid base
such as concrete.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This guide provides information that, if implemented, will reduce efflorescence potential in new unit pavement systems.
However, its implementation will not always completely prevent efflorescence.
4.2 This guide may be augmented by related information contained in the appendixes of Specification C270, the additional
material listed in Appendix X1 in this standard, and other publications.
5. Principles of Efflorescence
5.1 Efflorescence is directly related to the quantity of water-soluble compounds within, or exposed to, a unit pavement system;
and to the quantity of water exposed to these compounds. Water-soluble compounds or water causing efflorescence may be from
adjacent surfaces or beneath the pavement system: for example, fertilizer in runoff from adjacent flower beds or lawns; ground
water evaporating through the wearing course. course; and water from sprinkler systems and roofs. Since neither water nor
water-soluble compounds can be completely eliminated from unit pavement systems, the potential for efflorescence is reduced by
reducing water-soluble compounds and water retained within the unit pavement system.
5.2 Water can penetrate through joints in the surface of unit pavement systems. It can penetrate voids in the mortar joints or
the interface between the paver unit and jointing material.
5.3 If a significant amount of water penetrates a unit pavement system, the water will dissolve water-soluble compounds that
may exist in the paver units, mortar components, grout, setting bed, concrete slab, admixtures or other secondary sources, and may
deposit them on the exterior surface of the unit pavement system when it migrates to the surface and through evaporation. The
presence of a concrete slab below sand setting beds in unit pavement system allows water to remain on top of the slab where it
can more readily dissolve water-soluble compounds in the concrete.
5.4 The most common efflorescence deposits contain two or more of the following: potassium, sodium, calcium, sulfates,
carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, and hydroxides.
5.5 Some water-soluble compounds deposited on the surface of unit pavement systems can chemically react to form compounds
that are not water-soluble. Calcium carbonate (CaCO ) deposits on unit pavement system are a fairly common example. They are
a result of reaction between the efflorescence compound calcium hydroxide and carbon dioxide after the calcium hydroxide is
deposited on the surface of the pavement and is exposed to the air.
5.6 Under some circumstances, particularly when exterior coatings are present, efflorescence compounds can be deposited
below the surface of the paver units. This condition is called cryptoflorescence. When cryptoflorescence occurs, the forces resulting
from its confinement can cause disintegration of pavement surfaces.
6. Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Pavements
6.1 Efflorescence on new unit pavement systems is reduced when water penetration of the pavement is minimized; when water
that penetrates pavement is quickly drained from the pavement; when contact between dissimilar paver units is minimized; when
potential efflorescence compounds in the pavement system materials are minimized; and when exposure of the pavement to
potential efflorescence causing compounds is minimized.
6.2 The amount of water from precipitation and other sources that is able to penetrate a unit pavement system is minimized by:
6.2.1 A minimum surface slope to drain of ⁄4 in./ft (20 mm/m).
6.2.2 Good bond and full contact between paver units and mortar in masonry pavements. This condition is achieved by using
mortar that is compatible with the paver units; completely filled mortar joints; compacted concave, V, or grapevine mortar jo
...
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