F13 - Pedestrian/Walkway Safety and Footwear

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test procedures and interlaboratory study report that result from coordinator compliance with this Practice are intended to include all information required for an ASTM Test Method and its associated Research Report; the interlaboratory study is to be conducted in compliance with Practice E691, also as required for an ASTM Test Method.3 The reason that the content of this Practice is not prepared as an actual ASTM Test Method is as follows. ASTM regulations preclude reference (in a Standard) to patented or otherwise proprietary test apparatus where “alternatives exist”.4 While a proprietary apparatus may be mentioned in the Test Method’s Research Report, this would prevent the Test Method from being a standalone document containing all information necessary for testing. As such, a standalone Test Method could only be for a non-proprietary apparatus design, with this design expressed in terms of physical characteristics and performance specifications sufficient to enable the reader to fabricate their own “identical” copy of the design. Further, to achieve consensus approval and publication of such a Test Method, it could be considered necessary that ILS results for this design include data from devices made by different entities. However, typical walkway tribometer designs (versus other types of test apparatus) are sufficiently complex that full documentation of all performance-affecting physical characteristics (sufficient that a reader could build one) may be impractical. European standard EN 16165 Annexes C and D illustrate what physical and performance characteristics are and are not documented in that standard’s specifications for two non-proprietary tribometers. In general, each different tribometer design may have advantages and disadvantages for testing different surfaces, and this Practice provides a rigorous and standardized structure for creating tribometer test procedures and interlaboratory study reports that would comply with the requirements fo...
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1.1 This practice covers creation of interlaboratory study reports and test procedures for the use of portable walkway tribometers for obtaining walkway surface friction measurements.  
1.2 This practice does not address the interpretation of data relative to pedestrian safety.  
1.3 This practice does not address the suitability of a walkway surface for a particular application.  
1.4 This practice does not directly address the important issue of the frictional homogeneity and stability of reference materials and in-use walkway materials.  
1.5 Conformance to this practice does not result in an ASTM Test Method.  
1.6 Values stated in SI (metric) units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended to act as an aid during the planning, risk management, design, renovation, construction, and ongoing maintenance phases of a project by persons/entities involved (including, engineers, architects, project management personnel/facilities management, contractors, inspectors, risk managers, safety committees, government agencies, and snow removal companies and owners) to reduce snow and ice slip hazards on walkway surfaces. This guide is also intended to complement aspects from Guide F2966 to promote the management of snow and ice on premises using prevention through design strategies.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers design, planning, construction, renovation, maintenance, and risk management considerations of the physical exterior property with regard to snow and ice management for the purpose of reducing the risk of pedestrian slips. The provisions in this guide may also apply to the analysis of existing properties.  
1.2 Conformance with this guide may reduce, but will not eliminate, the potential for slip incidents in which the presence or accumulation of snow and ice on walkways may be a contributing factor.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers minimum slip resistance requirements for the performance of protective (safety) footwear and is intended to help reduce potential injuries. Controlled laboratory tests used to determine compliance with this performance specification shall not be deemed as establishing performance levels for all situations to which individuals may be exposed to.  
1.2 The cited Test Method F2913 allows for testing of alternative flooring or contaminates, or both. It is suggested that testing those alternatives be considered should specific workplace hazards exist.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Characterizing the safety of a pedestrian walkway is a significant task, whether as a proactive effort or in response to an incident. In addition to experience, the qualifications for a walkway auditor should include reasonable familiarity with guiding documents, sources for research, walkway tribometry, and walkway safety. This guide outlines topics for a walkway auditor training course intended to facilitate that familiarity.  
4.2 As certain countries have codified requirements for the methods to be used in walkway auditing, it would be impractical to keep this guide current with those requirements. Though elements of practice in other countries may be similar, the focus of this guide is on the practice of walkway auditing in the United States.  
4.3 Additional information is provided in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide outlines basic knowledge topics that walkway auditors should consider (where applicable) when conducting audits of pedestrian walkways.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice addresses elements along and in walkways including floors and walkway surfaces, sidewalks, short flight stairs, gratings, wheel stops, and speed bumps. Swimming pools, bath tubs, showers, natural walks, and unimproved paths are beyond the scope of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers design and construction guidelines and minimum maintenance criteria for new and existing buildings and structures. This practice is intended to provide reasonably safe walking surfaces for pedestrians wearing ordinary footwear. These guidelines may not be adequate for those with certain mobility impairments.  
1.2 Conformance with this practice will not alleviate all hazards; however, conformance will reduce certain pedestrian risks.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides recommendations for recording walkway surface investigation, evaluation, and incident report data pertaining to slips, trips, stumbles, and falls. It is intended to aid individuals or entities in the development of their own special reporting system. It is recognized that a user may use this guide in its entirety or may extract only those segments providing the level of information recommended. Depending on the intended use, a report form may be designed to be used alone or as a supplement to or incorporated within another report form. This guide is not a final report form. It lists items that may be considered for inclusion into a questionnaire, document, or report.  
4.2 Potential users include persons interested in the prevention and investigation of slip, trip, stumble, and fall phenomena, such as insurance company loss control specialists, industrial and commercial safety professionals, plant and facilities management personnel, forensic engineers, and research personnel concerned with factor correlation, statistics acquisition, loss control, and cost control.  
4.3 This guide provides uniform language appropriate for creating a form for manually recording information regarding pedestrian walkway evaluations and slip, trip, and fall incidents.  
4.4 Recommendations for Reporting—Information specific to site location and case identification is given in 6.2; information specific to walkway evaluation is given in 6.3; information specific to slip, trip, and fall incidents is given in 6.4.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a listing of items that may be useful in recording and evaluating the conditions of a walkway surface, including ramps and stairs, that may involve a slip, stumble, or trip that may result in a fall.  
1.2 This guide provides a listing of data that may be useful in investigating, evaluating, and reporting a slip, stumble, trip, slip and fall, stumble and fall, or trip and fall incident.  
1.3 Nomenclature is provided to obtain uniform language for reports.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Use of this standard practice will enable architects, design and construction engineers, facility managers, property managers and safety professionals to be more proactive in reducing the risk of slips and falls through selection of walkway surfaces and materials. This standard practice will help with decisions regarding selection of slip resistant walkway safety solutions at the design phase of new construction and renovation as well as maintenance during occupancy phases. This standard practice should reduce the need to treat or replace slippery walkway surfaces post installation.  
4.2 The information in this standard may be superseded by federal and jurisdictional regulations and laws.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice outlines key elements for selecting new or planned walkway surfaces for reduced risk of slips and falls. It is intended for use by those involved in decisions regarding selection of interior and exterior slip resistant walkway surfaces under expected use conditions. Elevation and obstacle risk, trips and falls are excluded from this standard.  
1.2 Conformance with this standard practice will assist in the reduction of slip and fall risk on walkway surfaces.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Where more stringent standards exist, those standards should be followed.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Since the heel is an integral support element of the shoe, the heel-attaching strength is a significant factor in ensuring the wearer's safety, as well as the longevity and serviceability of the shoe.  
4.2 This test should be performed on each new style shoe and when any changes are made in the design, material or method of shank or heel area of the shoe, or both, or in the attachment of the heel in an existing shoe.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force required to detach the heel from footwear through the application of longitudinal tensile force at a constant displacement rate. The longitudinal test force simulates the most common heel failure mode. Heel height of 20 mm (13/16 in.) or larger is needed to perform this test method properly. Most women's medium and high heeled footwear meets this requirement.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide outlines key elements of snow and ice control on walkway surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers snow and ice control procedures. It is intended to recommend known methods to bring about reasonably safe walkways where snow and ice may impact the safety of pedestrians.  
1.2 Conformance with this guide will not alleviate all snow and ice hazards; however, conformance represents a reasonable effort to reduce pedestrian risks associated with snow and ice.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This non-proprietary laboratory test method allows for the reproducible testing of whole footwear and footwear-related soling materials for evaluating relative slip performance. Other ASTM test methods generally employ a standardized test foot primarily for evaluation of flooring materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2 determines the dynamic coefficient of friction between footwear and floorings under reproducible laboratory conditions for evaluating relative slip performance. The method is applicable to all types of footwear, outsole units, heel top lifts and sheet soling materials, also to most types of floorings, including matting and stair nosing, and surface contaminants on the flooring surface, including but not limited to liquid water, ice, oil and grease. The method may also be applied to surfaces such as block pavers, turf and gravel.  
1.2 Special purpose footwear or fittings containing spikes, metal studs or similar may be tested on appropriate surfaces but the method does not fully take account of the risk of tripping due to footwear/ground interlock.  
1.3 The values stated in the ASTM test method in metrics are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the minimum design, performance, testing, and classification requirements, and prescribes fit, function, and performance criteria for footwear designed to be worn to provide protection against a variety of workplace hazards that can potentially result in injury. It is not the intention of this specification to serve as a detailed manufacturing or purchasing specification, but can be referenced in purchase contracts to ensure that minimum performance requirements are met. Footwear conforming to this specification shall meet the performance requirements for the following: impact resistance for the toe area of footwear; compression resistance for the toe area of footwear; metatarsal protection that reduces the chance of injury to the metatarsal bones at the top of the foot; conductive properties which reduce hazards that may result from static electricity buildup, and reduce the possibility of ignition of explosives and volatile chemicals; electric shock resistance; static dissipative (SD) properties to reduce hazards due to excessively low footwear resistance that may exist where SD footwear is required; puncture resistance of footwear bottoms; chain saw cut resistance; and dielectric insulation.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers minimum requirements for the performance of footwear to provide protection against a variety of workplace hazards that can potentially result in injury.  
1.2 This specification is not intended to serve as a detailed manufacturing or purchasing specification, but can be referenced in purchase contracts to ensure that minimum performance requirements are met.  
1.3 Controlled laboratory tests used to determine compliance with the performance requirements of this specification shall not be deemed as establishing performance levels for all situations to which individuals may be exposed.  
1.4 Any changes to the original components of safety toe footwear such as replacing or adding after market footbeds/inserts could cause failure to any or all parts of this standard rendering the ASTM marking invalid.  
1.5 This specification is not applicable to overshoes with safety toe caps or strap on devices with safety toes.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification provides certification of protective footwear. It includes performance requirements for footwear to protect workers' feet from a variety of workplace hazards.
SCOPE
1.1 The principal purpose of this specification is the certification of protective footwear. Certification must be performed by independent third party laboratories in order for footwear to bear the ASTM marking.  
1.2 The specification contains performance requirements for footwear to protect workers' feet from the following hazards by providing: (1) conductive properties (Cd) which reduce hazards that may result from static electricity buildup; and reduce the possibility of ignition of explosives and volatile chemicals; (2) electric hazard protection (EH), to protect the wearer from accidental contact by stepping on live electric wires; (3) static dissipative properties (SD) to reduce hazards due to excessively low footwear electrical resistance that may exist where SD footwear is required; (4) puncture resistance (PR) footwear devices.  
1.3 This specification covers minimum requirements for the performance of footwear to provide protection against a variety of workplace hazards other than the toe area that can potentially result in injury.  
1.4 This specification is not intended to serve as a detailed manufacturing or purchasing specification, but can be referenced in purchase contracts to ensure that minimum performance requirements are met.  
1.5 Controlled laboratory tests used to determine compliance with the performance requirements of this specification shall not be deemed as establishing performance levels for all situations to which individuals may be exposed.  
1.6 Any changes to the original components of safety footwear such as replacing or adding after market footbeds/inserts could cause failure to any or all parts of this specification rendering the ASTM Soft Toe Protective Footwear label invalid.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods contain requirements to evaluate the performance of footwear for the following:  
4.1.1 Impact resistance for the toe area of footwear (I),  
4.1.2 Compression resistance for the toe area of footwear (C),  
4.1.3 Metatarsal protection that reduces the chance of injury to the metatarsal bones at the top of the foot (Mt),  
4.1.4 Conductive properties which reduce hazards that may result from static electricity buildup, and reduce the possibility of ignition of explosives and volatile chemicals (Cd),  
4.1.5 Electric hazard to protect the wearer when accidentally stepping on live electric wires (EH),  
4.1.6 Static dissipative properties to reduce hazards that result from a build up of static charge where there is an underlying risk of accidental contact with live electrical circuits (SD), and  
4.1.7 Puncture resistance footwear devices (PR).  
4.2 Any changes to the original components of safety toe footwear such as replacing or adding after-market footbeds/inserts could cause non-compliance to any or all parts of this standard rendering the ASTM label invalid. Protective toe footwear specimens or samples shall be retested for any of the following changes.  
4.2.1 Change in material used to make protective toe cap, change in protective cap manufacturer, change in the design of the toe cap.  
4.2.2 Change in construction method used to make footwear or change in factory in which footwear is produced.  
4.2.3 Change in the upper or insole material thickness greater than 25 %.  
4.2.4 Change in the out sole or midsole, including its hardness.  
4.2.5 Change in shape of last used in the manufacturing of footwear.  
4.2.6 Change in material or supplier of protective insole.  
4.2.7 Change in material or supplier of met guard.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods measure the resistance of footwear to a variety of hazards that can potentially result in injury.  
1.2 These test methods may be used to test for compliance to minimum performance requirements in established safety standards.  
1.2.1 By agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, or as required by established safety standards, these test methods can be used to determine any one, or all of the following: (1) impact resistance (I), (2) compression resistance (C), (3) metatarsal impact resistance (Mt), (4) resistance to electrical conductivity (Cd), (5) resistance to electric hazard (EH), (6) static dissipative performance (SD), and (7) puncture resistance (PR).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This practice provides a basic approach for recording the preparation, parameters, and results of field slip resistance testing. It is intended to assist those performing such tests in documenting information gathered for further analysis, in preparation for writing a final report, or for record keeping purposes.  
2.2 Potential users include those performing slip resistance testing in the field, such as industrial and commercial safety professionals, facility management and maintenance personnel, forensic engineers, insurance company and broker loss control specialists, and research personnel.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a framework for reporting the results of slip resistance tests.  
1.2 Application—This practice is intended for use as a suggested format for recording and reporting data obtained during slip resistance testing. It is recognized that it may not be necessary or possible to record all of the data for all types of tests; however, this practice is considered a basic approach for data collection.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 To be meaningful, walkway tribometer results must correlate the slip characteristics of a surface or contaminant, or both, to the actual propensity for human slips. To achieve this goal, walkway tribometer models must be validated against a standard with relevance to human ambulation.  
5.2 This practice prescribes a series of reference surfaces with known relative slip potential ranging from very high to low (as defined by laboratory conditions only) upon which walkway tribometer models can be validated. The relative slip potential of each reference surface was established from human subject walking trials.3  
5.3 The following should be considered in applying the validation and calibration obtained by this practice:  
5.3.1 The scientific study upon which the validation process is based was conducted with a select population of young adults (mean age 26 years) who were free from gait deviations while walking in a straight path on a level surface with a mean walking velocity of 2.18 m/s. This walking velocity is faster than the average walking velocity for the general population which includes a much wider age range with greater variability; thus, the study sample population of pedestrians and conditions is not representative of the larger general population of pedestrians.  
5.3.2 All subjects walked in Oxford-style shoes whose soles were constructed of smooth styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) with 75A Shore hardness. The shoe style and sole material is not representative of all combinations available in the marketplace.  
5.3.3 The reference surfaces defined in this practice are not representative of all walkway surfaces. The outcome of the validation practice reflects performance on the type of reference surfaces and surface conditions defined in this practice only. Validation and calibration of a walkway tribometer as defined by this practice does not imply validation and calibration under all combinations of test foot materials and walkway surfaces.  
5...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to establish the procedures for validation, calibration, and certification of walkway tribometers.  
1.2 This practice provides a walkway tribometer supplier with a procedure and suite of reference surfaces to validate his walkway tribometer by properly ranking and differentiating the surfaces.  
1.3 This practice provides the user of a walkway tribometer with a procedure and suite of reference surfaces to test calibration of his instrument.  
1.4 This practice provides a procedure through which an entity may certify a walkway tribometer model, signifying that the walkway tribometer model has a completed and documented validation and interlaboratory study.  
1.5 This practice describes the necessary materials, specifications, and the cleaning process for reference materials, as well as the requirements for the validation of a supplier’s walkway tribometer and calibration of a user’s walkway tribometer.  
1.6 This practice applies to walkway tribometers without reference to the nature of the scale of the readings produced by them. The scale used in the reports of validation and calibration must be the same, and are to be those of the instrument or defined for the instrument.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World T...

SCOPE
1.1 The terminology standard covers terminology related to walkway safety and footwear.  
1.2 Words adequately defined in standard dictionaries are not included. Included are words that are particular to this industry and those contained in standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F13 on Pedestrian/Walkway Safety and Footwear.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended to act as an aid during the planning, risk management, design, renovation, construction, and ongoing maintenance phases of a project by persons/entities involved (including, engineers, architects, project management personnel/facilities management, contractors, inspectors, risk managers, safety committees, government agencies, and snow removal companies and owners) to reduce snow and ice slip hazards on walkway surfaces. This guide is also intended to complement aspects from Guide F2966 to promote the management of snow and ice on premises using prevention through design strategies.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers design, planning, construction, renovation, maintenance, and risk management considerations of the physical exterior property with regard to snow and ice management for the purpose of reducing the risk of pedestrian slips. The provisions in this guide may also apply to the analysis of existing properties.  
1.2 Conformance with this guide may reduce, but will not eliminate, the potential for slip incidents in which the presence or accumulation of snow and ice on walkways may be a contributing factor.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test procedures and interlaboratory study report that result from coordinator compliance with this Practice are intended to include all information required for an ASTM Test Method and its associated Research Report; the interlaboratory study is to be conducted in compliance with Practice E691, also as required for an ASTM Test Method.3 The reason that the content of this Practice is not prepared as an actual ASTM Test Method is as follows. ASTM regulations preclude reference (in a Standard) to patented or otherwise proprietary test apparatus where “alternatives exist”.4 While a proprietary apparatus may be mentioned in the Test Method’s Research Report, this would prevent the Test Method from being a standalone document containing all information necessary for testing. As such, a standalone Test Method could only be for a non-proprietary apparatus design, with this design expressed in terms of physical characteristics and performance specifications sufficient to enable the reader to fabricate their own “identical” copy of the design. Further, to achieve consensus approval and publication of such a Test Method, it could be considered necessary that ILS results for this design include data from devices made by different entities. However, typical walkway tribometer designs (versus other types of test apparatus) are sufficiently complex that full documentation of all performance-affecting physical characteristics (sufficient that a reader could build one) may be impractical. European standard EN 16165 Annexes C and D illustrate what physical and performance characteristics are and are not documented in that standard’s specifications for two non-proprietary tribometers. In general, each different tribometer design may have advantages and disadvantages for testing different surfaces, and this Practice provides a rigorous and standardized structure for creating tribometer test procedures and interlaboratory study reports that would comply with the requirements fo...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers creation of interlaboratory study reports and test procedures for the use of portable walkway tribometers for obtaining walkway surface friction measurements.  
1.2 This practice does not address the interpretation of data relative to pedestrian safety.  
1.3 This practice does not address the suitability of a walkway surface for a particular application.  
1.4 This practice does not directly address the important issue of the frictional homogeneity and stability of reference materials and in-use walkway materials.  
1.5 Conformance to this practice does not result in an ASTM Test Method.  
1.6 Values stated in SI (metric) units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Characterizing the safety of a pedestrian walkway is a significant task, whether as a proactive effort or in response to an incident. In addition to experience, the qualifications for a walkway auditor should include reasonable familiarity with guiding documents, sources for research, walkway tribometry, and walkway safety. This guide outlines topics for a walkway auditor training course intended to facilitate that familiarity.  
4.2 As certain countries have codified requirements for the methods to be used in walkway auditing, it would be impractical to keep this guide current with those requirements. Though elements of practice in other countries may be similar, the focus of this guide is on the practice of walkway auditing in the United States.  
4.3 Additional information is provided in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide outlines basic knowledge topics that walkway auditors should consider (where applicable) when conducting audits of pedestrian walkways.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice addresses elements along and in walkways including floors and walkway surfaces, sidewalks, short flight stairs, gratings, wheel stops, and speed bumps. Swimming pools, bath tubs, showers, natural walks, and unimproved paths are beyond the scope of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers design and construction guidelines and minimum maintenance criteria for new and existing buildings and structures. This practice is intended to provide reasonably safe walking surfaces for pedestrians wearing ordinary footwear. These guidelines may not be adequate for those with certain mobility impairments.  
1.2 Conformance with this practice will not alleviate all hazards; however, conformance will reduce certain pedestrian risks.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods contain requirements to evaluate the performance of footwear for the following:  
4.1.1 Impact resistance for the toe area of footwear (I/75),  
4.1.2 Compression resistance for the toe area of footwear (C/75),  
4.1.3 Metatarsal protection that reduces the chance of injury to the metatarsal bones at the top of the foot (Mt/75),  
4.1.4 Conductive properties which reduce hazards that may result from static electricity buildup, and reduce the possibility of ignition of explosives and volatile chemicals (Cd),  
4.1.5 Electric Hazard by stepping on live wire (EH),  
4.1.6 Static dissipative (SD) properties to reduce hazards due to excessively low footwear electrical resistance that may exist where SD footwear is required, and  
4.1.7 Puncture resistance footwear devices (PR).  
4.2 Any changes to the original components of safety toe footwear such as replacing or adding after-market footbeds/inserts could cause non-compliance to any or all parts of this standard rendering the ASTM label invalid. Protective toe footwear specimens or samples shall be retested for any of the following changes.  
4.2.1 Change in material used to make protective toe cap, change in protective cap manufacturer, change in the design of the toe cap.  
4.2.2 Change in construction method used to make footwear or change in factory in which footwear is produced.  
4.2.3 Change in the upper or insole material thickness greater than 25 %, change to the soling system or a change in the hardness of the outsole.  
4.2.4 Change in shape of last used in the manufacturing of footwear.  
4.2.5 Change in material or supplier of protective insole.  
4.2.6 Change in material or supplier of met guard.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods measure the resistance of footwear to a variety of hazards that can potentially result in injury.  
1.2 These test methods may be used to test for compliance to minimum performance requirements in established safety standards.  
1.2.1 By agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, or as required by established safety standards, these test methods can be used to determine any one, or all of the following: (1) impact resistance (I), (2) compression resistance (C), (3) metatarsal impact resistance (Mt), (4) resistance to electrical conductivity (Cd), (5) resistance to electric hazard (EH), (6) static dissipative performance (SD), and (7) puncture resistance (PR).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification provides certification of protective footwear. It includes performance requirements for footwear to protect workers' feet from a variety of workplace hazards.
SCOPE
1.1 The principal purpose of this specification is the certification of protective footwear. Certification must be performed by independent third party laboratories in order for footwear to bear the ASTM marking.  
1.2 The specification contains performance requirements for footwear to protect workers' feet from the following hazards by providing: (1) conductive properties (Cd) which reduce hazards that may result from static electricity buildup; and reduce the possibility of ignition of explosives and volatile chemicals; (2) electric hazard protection (EH), to protect the wearer from accidental contact by stepping on live electric wires; (3) static dissipative properties (SD) to reduce hazards due to excessively low footwear electrical resistance that may exist where SD footwear is required; (4) puncture resistance (PR) footwear devices.  
1.3 This specification covers minimum requirements for the performance of footwear to provide protection against a variety of workplace hazards other than the toe area that can potentially result in injury.  
1.4 This specification is not intended to serve as a detailed manufacturing or purchasing specification, but can be referenced in purchase contracts to ensure that minimum performance requirements are met.  
1.5 Controlled laboratory tests used to determine compliance with the performance requirements of this specification shall not be deemed as establishing performance levels for all situations to which individuals may be exposed.  
1.6 Any changes to the original components of safety footwear such as replacing or adding after market footbeds/inserts could cause failure to any or all parts of this specification rendering the ASTM Soft Toe Protective Footwear label invalid.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the minimum design, performance, testing, and classification requirements, and prescribes fit, function, and performance criteria for footwear designed to be worn to provide protection against a variety of workplace hazards that can potentially result in injury. It is not the intention of this specification to serve as a detailed manufacturing or purchasing specification, but can be referenced in purchase contracts to ensure that minimum performance requirements are met. Footwear conforming to this specification shall meet the performance requirements for the following: impact resistance for the toe area of footwear; compression resistance for the toe area of footwear; metatarsal protection that reduces the chance of injury to the metatarsal bones at the top of the foot; conductive properties which reduce hazards that may result from static electricity buildup, and reduce the possibility of ignition of explosives and volatile chemicals; electric shock resistance; static dissipative (SD) properties to reduce hazards due to excessively low footwear resistance that may exist where SD footwear is required; puncture resistance of footwear bottoms; chain saw cut resistance; and dielectric insulation.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers minimum requirements for the performance of footwear to provide protection against a variety of workplace hazards that can potentially result in injury.  
1.2 This specification is not intended to serve as a detailed manufacturing or purchasing specification, but can be referenced in purchase contracts to ensure that minimum performance requirements are met.  
1.3 Controlled laboratory tests used to determine compliance with the performance requirements of this specification shall not be deemed as establishing performance levels for all situations to which individuals may be exposed.  
1.4 Any changes to the original components of safety toe footwear such as replacing or adding after market footbeds/inserts could cause failure to any or all parts of this standard rendering the ASTM marking invalid.  
1.5 This specification is not applicable to overshoes with safety toe caps or strap on devices with safety toes.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This non-proprietary laboratory test method allows for the reproducible testing of whole footwear and footwear-related soling materials for evaluating relative slip performance. Other ASTM test methods generally employ a standardized test foot primarily for evaluation of flooring materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2 determines the dynamic coefficient of friction between footwear and floorings under reproducible laboratory conditions for evaluating relative slip performance. The method is applicable to all types of footwear, outsole units, heel top lifts and sheet soling materials, also to most types of floorings, including matting and stair nosing, and surface contaminants on the flooring surface, including but not limited to liquid water, ice, oil and grease. The method may also be applied to surfaces such as block pavers, turf and gravel.  
1.2 Special purpose footwear or fittings containing spikes, metal studs or similar may be tested on appropriate surfaces but the method does not fully take account of the risk of tripping due to footwear/ground interlock.  
1.3 The values stated in the ASTM test method in metrics are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 To be meaningful, walkway tribometer results must correlate the slip characteristics of a surface or contaminant, or both, to the actual propensity for human slips. To achieve this goal, walkway tribometer models must be validated against a standard with relevance to human ambulation.  
5.2 This practice prescribes a series of reference surfaces with known relative slip potential ranging from very high to low (as defined by laboratory conditions only) upon which walkway tribometer models can be validated. The relative slip potential of each reference surface was established from human subject walking trials.3  
5.3 The following should be considered in applying the validation and calibration obtained by this practice:  
5.3.1 The scientific study upon which the validation process is based was conducted with a select population of young adults (mean age 26 years) who were free from gait deviations while walking in a straight path on a level surface with a mean walking velocity of 2.18 m/s. This walking velocity is faster than the average walking velocity for the general population which includes a much wider age range with greater variability; thus, the study sample population of pedestrians and conditions is not representative of the larger general population of pedestrians.  
5.3.2 All subjects walked in Oxford-style shoes whose soles were constructed of smooth styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) with 75A Shore hardness. The shoe style and sole material is not representative of all combinations available in the marketplace.  
5.3.3 The reference surfaces defined in this practice are not representative of all walkway surfaces. The outcome of the validation practice reflects performance on the type of reference surfaces and surface conditions defined in this practice only. Validation and calibration of a walkway tribometer as defined by this practice does not imply validation and calibration under all combinations of test foot materials and walkway surfaces.  
5...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to establish the procedures for validation, calibration, and certification of walkway tribometers.  
1.2 This practice provides a walkway tribometer supplier with a procedure and suite of reference surfaces to validate his walkway tribometer by properly ranking and differentiating the surfaces.  
1.3 This practice provides the user of a walkway tribometer with a procedure and suite of reference surfaces to test calibration of his instrument.  
1.4 This practice provides a procedure through which an entity may certify a walkway tribometer model, signifying that the walkway tribometer model has a completed and documented validation and interlaboratory study.  
1.5 This practice describes the necessary materials, specifications, and the cleaning process for reference materials, as well as the requirements for the validation of a supplier’s walkway tribometer and calibration of a user’s walkway tribometer.  
1.6 This practice applies to walkway tribometers without reference to the nature of the scale of the readings produced by them. The scale used in the reports of validation and calibration must be the same, and are to be those of the instrument or defined for the instrument.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 To be meaningful, walkway tribometer results must correlate the slip characteristics of a surface or contaminant, or both, to the actual propensity for human slips. To achieve this goal, walkway tribometer models must be validated against a standard with relevance to human ambulation.  
5.2 This practice prescribes a series of reference surfaces with known relative slip potential ranging from very high to low (as defined by laboratory conditions only) upon which walkway tribometer models can be validated. The relative slip potential of each reference surface was established from human subject walking trials.3  
5.3 The following should be considered in applying the validation and calibration obtained by this practice:  
5.3.1 The scientific study upon which the validation process is based was conducted with a select population of young adults (mean age 26 years) who were free from gait deviations while walking in a straight path on a level surface with a mean walking velocity of 2.18 m/s. This walking velocity is faster than the average walking velocity for the general population which includes a much wider age range with greater variability; thus, the study sample population of pedestrians and conditions is not representative of the larger general population of pedestrians.  
5.3.2 All subjects walked in Oxford-style shoes whose soles were constructed of smooth styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) with 75A Shore hardness. The shoe style and sole material is not representative of all combinations available in the marketplace.  
5.3.3 The reference surfaces defined in this practice are not representative of all walkway surfaces. The outcome of the validation practice reflects performance on the type of reference surfaces and surface conditions defined in this practice only. Validation and calibration of a walkway tribometer as defined by this practice does not imply validation and calibration under all combinations of test foot materials and walkway surfaces.  
5...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to establish the procedures for validation, calibration, and certification of walkway tribometers.  
1.2 This practice provides a walkway tribometer supplier with a procedure and suite of reference surfaces to validate his walkway tribometer by properly ranking and differentiating the surfaces.  
1.3 This practice provides the user of a walkway tribometer with a procedure and suite of reference surfaces to test calibration of his instrument.  
1.4 This practice provides a procedure through which an entity may certify a walkway tribometer model, signifying that the walkway tribometer model has a completed and documented validation and interlaboratory study.  
1.5 This practice describes the necessary materials, specifications, and the cleaning process for reference materials, as well as the requirements for the validation of a supplier’s walkway tribometer and calibration of a user’s walkway tribometer.  
1.6 This practice applies to walkway tribometers without reference to the nature of the scale of the readings produced by them. The scale used in the reports of validation and calibration must be the same, and are to be those of the instrument or defined for the instrument.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides recommendations for recording walkway surface investigation, evaluation, and incident report data pertaining to slips, trips, stumbles, and falls. It is intended to aid individuals or entities in the development of their own special reporting system. It is recognized that a user may use this guide in its entirety or may extract only those segments providing the level of information recommended. Depending on the intended use, a report form may be designed to be used alone or as a supplement to or incorporated within another report form. This guide is not a final report form. It lists items that may be considered for inclusion into a questionnaire, document, or report.  
4.2 Potential users include persons interested in the prevention and investigation of slip, trip, stumble, and fall phenomena, such as insurance company loss control specialists, industrial and commercial safety professionals, plant and facilities management personnel, forensic engineers, and research personnel concerned with factor correlation, statistics acquisition, loss control, and cost control.  
4.3 This guide provides uniform language appropriate for creating a form for manually recording information regarding pedestrian walkway evaluations and slip, trip, and fall incidents.  
4.4 Recommendations for Reporting—Information specific to site location and case identification is given in 6.2; information specific to walkway evaluation is given in 6.3; information specific to slip, trip, and fall incidents is given in 6.4.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a listing of items that may be useful in recording and evaluating the conditions of a walkway surface, including ramps and stairs, that may involve a slip, stumble, or trip that may result in a fall.  
1.2 This guide provides a listing of data that may be useful in investigating, evaluating, and reporting a slip, stumble, trip, slip and fall, stumble and fall, or trip and fall incident.  
1.3 Nomenclature is provided to obtain uniform language for reports.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Since the heel is an integral support element of the shoe, the heel-attaching strength is a significant factor in ensuring the wearer's safety, as well as the longevity and serviceability of the shoe.  
4.2 This test should be performed on each new style shoe and when any changes are made in the design, material or method of shank or heel area of the shoe, or both, or in the attachment of the heel in an existing shoe.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force required to detach the heel from footwear through the application of longitudinal tensile force at a constant displacement rate. The longitudinal test force simulates the most common heel failure mode. Heel height of 20 mm (13/16 in.) or larger is needed to perform this test method properly. Most women's medium and high heeled footwear meets this requirement.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice addresses elements along and in walkways including floors and walkway surfaces, sidewalks, short flight stairs, gratings, wheel stops, and speed bumps. Swimming pools, bath tubs, showers, natural walks, and unimproved paths are beyond the scope of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers design and construction guidelines and minimum maintenance criteria for new and existing buildings and structures. This practice is intended to provide reasonably safe walking surfaces for pedestrians wearing ordinary footwear. These guidelines may not be adequate for those with certain mobility impairments.  
1.2 Conformance with this practice will not alleviate all hazards; however, conformance will reduce certain pedestrian risks.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide outlines key elements of snow and ice control on walkway surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers snow and ice control procedures. It is intended to recommend known methods to bring about reasonably safe walkways where snow and ice may impact the safety of pedestrians.  
1.2 Conformance with this guide will not alleviate all snow and ice hazards; however, conformance represents a reasonable effort to reduce pedestrian risks associated with snow and ice.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Characterizing the safety of a pedestrian walkway is a significant task, whether as a proactive effort or in response to an incident. In addition to experience, the qualifications for a walkway auditor should include reasonable familiarity with guiding documents, sources for research, walkway tribometry, and walkway safety. This guide outlines topics for a walkway auditor training course intended to facilitate that familiarity.  
4.2 As certain countries have codified requirements for the methods to be used in walkway auditing, it would be impractical to keep this guide current with those requirements. Though elements of practice in other countries may be similar, the focus of this guide is on the practice of walkway auditing in the United States.  
4.3 Additional information is provided in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide outlines basic knowledge topics that walkway auditors should consider (where applicable) when conducting audits of pedestrian walkways.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 To be meaningful, walkway tribometer results must correlate the slip characteristics of a surface or contaminant, or both, to the actual propensity for human slips. To achieve this goal, walkway tribometer models must be validated against a standard with relevance to human ambulation.  
5.2 This practice prescribes a series of reference surfaces with known relative slip potential ranging from very high to low (as defined by laboratory conditions only) upon which walkway tribometer models can be validated. The relative slip potential of each reference surface was established from human subject walking trials.3  
5.3 The following should be considered in applying the validation and calibration obtained by this practice:  
5.3.1 The scientific study upon which the validation process is based was conducted with a select population of young adults (mean age 26 years) who were free from gait deviations while walking in a straight path on a level surface with a mean walking velocity of 2.18 m/s. This walking velocity is faster than the average walking velocity for the general population which includes a much wider age range with greater variability; thus, the study sample population of pedestrians and conditions is not representative of the larger general population of pedestrians.  
5.3.2 All subjects walked in Oxford-style shoes whose soles were constructed of smooth styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) with 75A Shore hardness. The shoe style and sole material is not representative of all combinations available in the marketplace.  
5.3.3 The reference surfaces defined in this practice are not representative of all walkway surfaces. The outcome of the validation practice reflects performance on the type of reference surfaces and surface conditions defined in this practice only. Validation and calibration of a walkway tribometer as defined by this practice does not imply validation and calibration under all combinations of test foot materials and walkway surfaces.  
5...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to establish the procedures for validation, calibration, and certification of walkway tribometers.  
1.2 This practice provides a walkway tribometer supplier with a procedure and suite of reference surfaces to validate his walkway tribometer by properly ranking and differentiating the surfaces.  
1.3 This practice provides the user of a walkway tribometer with a procedure and suite of reference surfaces to test calibration of his instrument.  
1.4 This practice provides a procedure through which an entity may certify a walkway tribometer model, signifying that the walkway tribometer model has a completed and documented validation and interlaboratory study.  
1.5 This practice describes the necessary materials, specifications, and the cleaning process for reference materials, as well as the requirements for the validation of a supplier’s walkway tribometer and calibration of a user’s walkway tribometer.  
1.6 This practice applies to walkway tribometers without reference to the nature of the scale of the readings produced by them. The scale used in the reports of validation and calibration must be the same, and are to be those of the instrument or defined for the instrument.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard covers terminology used in safety and traction for footwear and related material.  
1.2 Words adequately defined in standard dictionaries are not included. Included are words that are particular to this industry. Note 1—The following standards are currently under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F13 on Safety and Traction for Footwear and are included in 2.1: Test Methods F489, F609, and F694; Practices F695 and F1637; and Guides F802 and F1240.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 To be meaningful, walkway tribometer results must correlate the slip characteristics of a surface or contaminant, or both, to the actual propensity for human slips. To achieve this goal, walkway tribometer models must be validated against a standard with relevance to human ambulation.  
5.2 This practice prescribes a series of reference surfaces with known relative slip potential ranging from very high to low (as defined by laboratory conditions only) upon which walkway tribometer models can be validated. The relative slip potential of each reference surface was established from human subject walking trials.3  
5.3 The following should be considered in applying the validation and calibration obtained by this practice:  
5.3.1 The scientific study upon which the validation process is based was conducted with a select population of young adults (mean age 26 years) who were free from gait deviations while walking in a straight path on a level surface with a mean walking velocity of 2.18 m/s. This walking velocity is faster than the average walking velocity for the general population which includes a much wider age range with greater variability; thus, the study sample population of pedestrians and conditions is not representative of the larger general population of pedestrians.  
5.3.2 All subjects walked in Oxford-style shoes whose soles were constructed of smooth styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) with 75A Shore hardness. The shoe style and sole material is not representative of all combinations available in the marketplace.  
5.3.3 The reference surfaces defined in this practice are not representative of all walkway surfaces. The outcome of the validation practice reflects performance on the type of reference surfaces and surface conditions defined in this practice only. Validation and calibration of a walkway tribometer as defined by this practice does not imply validation and calibration under all combinations of test foot materials and walkway surfaces.  
5...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to establish the procedures for validation, calibration, and certification of walkway tribometers.  
1.2 This practice provides a walkway tribometer supplier with a procedure and suite of reference surfaces to validate his walkway tribometer by properly ranking and differentiating the surfaces.  
1.3 This practice provides the user of a walkway tribometer with a procedure and suite of reference surfaces to test calibration of his instrument.  
1.4 This practice provides a procedure through which an entity may certify a walkway tribometer model, signifying that the walkway tribometer model has a completed and documented validation and interlaboratory study.  
1.5 This practice describes the necessary materials, specifications, and the cleaning process for reference materials, as well as the requirements for the validation of a supplier’s walkway tribometer and calibration of a user’s walkway tribometer.  
1.6 This practice applies to walkway tribometers without reference to the nature of the scale of the readings produced by them. The scale used in the reports of validation and calibration must be the same, and are to be those of the instrument or defined for the instrument.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 To be meaningful, walkway tribometer results must correlate the slip characteristics of a surface or contaminant, or both, to the actual propensity for human slips. To achieve this goal, walkway tribometer models must be validated against a standard with relevance to human ambulation.  
5.2 This practice prescribes a series of reference surfaces with known relative slip potential ranging from very high to low (as defined by laboratory conditions only) upon which walkway tribometer models can be validated. The relative slip potential of each reference surface was established from human subject walking trials.3  
5.3 The following should be considered in applying the validation and calibration obtained by this practice:  
5.3.1 The scientific study upon which the validation process is based was conducted with a select population of young adults (mean age 26 years) who were free from gait deviations while walking in a straight path on a level surface with a mean walking velocity of 2.18 m/s. This walking velocity is faster than the average walking velocity for the general population which includes a much wider age range with greater variability; thus, the study sample population of pedestrians and conditions is not representative of the larger general population of pedestrians.  
5.3.2 All subjects walked in Oxford-style shoes whose soles were constructed of smooth styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) with 75A Shore hardness. The shoe style and sole material is not representative of all combinations available in the marketplace.  
5.3.3 The reference surfaces defined in this practice are not representative of all walkway surfaces. The outcome of the validation practice reflects performance on the type of reference surfaces and surface conditions defined in this practice only. Validation and calibration of a walkway tribometer as defined by this practice does not imply validation and calibration under all combinations of test foot materials and walkway surfaces.  
5...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to establish the procedures for validation, calibration, and certification of walkway tribometers.  
1.2 This practice provides a walkway tribometer supplier with a procedure and suite of reference surfaces to validate his walkway tribometer by properly ranking and differentiating the surfaces.  
1.3 This practice provides the user of a walkway tribometer with a procedure and suite of reference surfaces to test calibration of his instrument.  
1.4 This practice provides a procedure through which an entity may certify a walkway tribometer model, signifying that the walkway tribometer model has a completed and documented validation and interlaboratory study.  
1.5 This practice describes the necessary materials, specifications, and the cleaning process for reference materials, as well as the requirements for the validation of a supplier’s walkway tribometer and calibration of a user’s walkway tribometer.  
1.6 This practice applies to walkway tribometers without reference to the nature of the scale of the readings produced by them. The scale used in the reports of validation and calibration must be the same, and are to be those of the instrument or defined for the instrument.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard covers terminology used in safety and traction for footwear and related material.
1.2 Words adequately defined in standard dictionaries are not included. Included are words that are particular to this industry.  
Note 1—The following standards are currently under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F13 on Safety and Traction for Footwear and are included in 2.1: Test Methods F489, F609, and F694; Practices F695 and F1637; and Guides F802 and F1240.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This non-proprietary laboratory test method allows preliminarily for the reproducible testing of whole footwear and footwear-related soling materials for evaluating relative slip performance. Other ASTM test methods generally employ a standardized test foot primarily for evaluation of flooring materials.
FIG. 1 Example of Footwear Mounted Using 7° Wedge to Set Proper Contact Angle
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1.1 This test method determines the dynamic coefficient of friction between footwear and floorings under reproducible laboratory conditions for evaluating relative slip performance. The method is applicable to all types of footwear, outsole units, heel top-pieces (top-lifts) and sheet soling materials, also to most types of indoor floorings, including matting and stair nosing, and surface contaminants on the flooring surface, including but not limited to liquid water, ice, oil and grease. The method may also be applied to surfaces such as block pavers, turf and gravel.
1.2 Special purpose footwear or fittings containing spikes, metal studs or similar may be tested on appropriate surfaces but the method does not fully take account of the risk of tripping due to footwear/ground interlock.
1.3 The values stated in the ASTM test method in metrics are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification provides certification of protective footwear. It includes performance requirements for footwear to protect workers' feet from a variety of workplace hazards.
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1.1 The principle purpose of this specification is the certification of protective footwear. Certification must be performed by independent third party laboratories in order for footwear to bare the ASTM marking.
1.2 The specification contains performance requirements for footwear to protect workers' feet from the following hazards by providing: (1) conductive properties (Cd) which reduce hazards that may result from static electricity buildup; and reduce the possibility of ignition of explosives and volatile chemicals; (2) electric hazard protection (EH), to protect the wearer when accidental contact by stepping on live electric wires; (3) static dissipative properties (SD) to reduce hazards due to excessively low footwear electrical resistance that may exist where SD footwear is required; (4) puncture resistance (PR) footwear devices.
1.3 This specification covers minimum requirements for the performance of footwear to provide protection against a variety of workplace hazards other than the toe area that can potentially result in injury.
1.4 This specification is not intended to serve as a detailed manufacturing or purchasing specification, but can be referenced in purchase contracts to ensure that minimum performance requirements are met.
1.5 Controlled laboratory tests used to determine compliance with the performance requirements of this specification shall not be deemed as establishing performance levels for all situations to which individuals may be exposed.
1.6 Any changes to the original components of safety footwear such as replacing or adding after market footbeds/inserts could cause failure to any or all parts, or a combination thereof, of this specification rendering the ASTM Soft Toe Protective Footwear label invalid.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the minimum design, performance, testing, and classification requirements, and prescribes fit, function, and performance criteria for footwear designed to be worn to provide protection against a variety of workplace hazards that can potentially result in injury. It is not the intention of this specification to serve as a detailed manufacturing or purchasing specification, but can be referenced in purchase contracts to ensure that minimum performance requirements are met. Footwear conforming to this specification shall meet the performance requirements for the following: impact resistance for the toe area of footwear; compression resistance for the toe area of footwear; metatarsal protection that reduces the chance of injury to the metatarsal bones at the top of the foot; conductive properties which reduce hazards that may result from static electricity buildup, and reduce the possibility of ignition of explosives and volatile chemicals; electric shock resistance; static dissipative (SD) properties to reduce hazards due to excessively low footwear resistance that may exist where SD footwear is required; puncture resistance of footwear bottoms; chain saw cut resistance; and dielectric insulation.
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1.1 This specification covers minimum requirements for the performance of footwear to provide protection against a variety of workplace hazards that can potentially result in injury.
1.2 This specification is not intended to serve as a detailed manufacturing or purchasing specification, but can be referenced in purchase contracts to ensure that minimum performance requirements are met.
1.3 Controlled laboratory tests used to determine compliance with the performance requirements of this specification shall not be deemed as establishing performance levels for all situations to which individuals may be exposed.
1.4 Any changes to the original components of safety toe footwear such as replacing or adding after market footbeds/inserts could cause failure to any or all parts of this standard rendering the ASTM marking invalid.
1.5 This specification is not applicable to overshoes with safety toe caps or strap on devices with safety toes.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods contain requirements to evaluate the performance of footwear for the following:
Impact resistance for the toe area of footwear (I/75),
Compression resistance for the toe area of footwear (C/75),
Metatarsal protection that reduces the chance of injury to the metatarsal bones at the top of the foot (Mt/75),
Conductive properties which reduce hazards that may result from static electricity buildup, and reduce the possibility of ignition of explosives and volatile chemicals (Cd),
Electric Hazard by stepping on live wire (EH),
Static dissipative (SD) properties to reduce hazards due to excessively low footwear electrical resistance that may exist where SD footwear is required, and
Puncture resistance footwear devices (PR).
Any changes to the original components of safety toe footwear such as replacing or adding after market footbeds/inserts could cause non compliance to any or all parts of this standard rendering the ASTM label invalid. Protective toe footwear specimens or samples shall be retested for any of the following changes.
Change in material used to make protective toe cap, change in protective cap manufacturer, change in the design of the toe cap.
Change in construction method used to make footwear or change in factory in which footwear is produced.
Change in the upper or insole material thickness greater than 25 %, change to the soling system or a change in the hardness of the outsole.
Change in shape of last used in the manufacturing of footwear.
Change in material or supplier of protective insole.
Change in material or supplier of met guard.
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1.1 These test methods measure the resistance of footwear to a variety of hazards that can potentially result in injury.
1.2 These test methods may be used to test for compliance to minimum performance requirements in established safety standards.
1.2.1 By agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, or as required by established safety standards, these test methods can be used to determine any one, or all of the following: (1) impact resistance (I), (2) compression resistance (C), (3) metatarsal impact resistance (Mt), (4) resistance to electrical conductivity (Cd), (5) resistance to electric hazard (EH), (6) static dissipative performance (SD), and (7) puncture resistance (PR).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
To be meaningful, walkway tribometer results must correlate the slip characteristics of a surface or contaminant, or both, to the actual propensity for human slips. To achieve this goal, walkway tribometer models must be validated against a standard with relevance to human ambulation.
This practice prescribes a series of reference surfaces with known relative slip potential ranging from very high to low (as defined by laboratory conditions only) upon which walkway tribometer models can be validated. The relative slip potential of each reference surface was established from human subject walking trials.  
The following should be considered in applying the validation and calibration obtained by this practice:
The scientific study upon which the validation process is based was conducted with a select population of young adults (mean age 26 years) who were free from gait deviations while walking in a straight path on a level surface with a mean walking velocity of 2.18 m/s. This walking velocity is faster than the average walking velocity for the general population which includes a much wider age range with greater variability; thus, the study sample population of pedestrians and conditions is not representative of the larger general population of pedestrians.
All subjects walked in Oxford-style shoes whose soles were constructed of smooth styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) with 75A Shore hardness. The shoe style and sole material is not representative of all combinations available in the marketplace.
The reference surfaces defined in this practice are not representative of all walkway surfaces. The outcome of the validation practice reflects performance on the type of reference surfaces and surface conditions defined in this practice only. Validation and calibration of a walkway tribometer as defined by this practice does not imply validation and calibration under all combinations of test foot materials and walkway surfaces.
The validation and calibration proced...
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1.1 This practice is intended to establish the parameters for validation and calibration of walkway tribometers.
1.2 This practice provides a walkway tribometer supplier with a procedure and suite of reference surfaces to validate his walkway tribometer by properly ranking and differentiating the surfaces.
1.3 This practice provides the user of a walkway tribometer with a procedure and suite of reference surfaces to test calibration of his instrument.
1.4 This practice describes the necessary materials, specifications, and the cleaning process for reference materials, as well as the requirements for the validation of a supplier’s walkway tribometer and calibration of a user’s walkway tribometer.
1.5 This practice applies to walkway tribometers without reference to the nature of the scale of the readings produced by them. The scale used in the reports of validation and calibration must be the same, and are to be those of the instrument or defined for the instrument.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only and are not considered standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice addresses elements along and in walkways including floors and walkway surfaces, sidewalks, short flight stairs, gratings, wheel stops, and speed bumps. Swimming pools, bath tubs, showers, natural walks, and unimproved paths are beyond the scope of this practice.
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1.1 This practice covers design and construction guidelines and minimum maintenance criteria for new and existing buildings and structures. This practice is intended to provide reasonably safe walking surfaces for pedestrians wearing ordinary footwear. These guidelines may not be adequate for those with certain mobility impairments.
1.2 Conformance with this practice will not alleviate all hazards; however, conformance will reduce certain pedestrian risks.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Since the heel is an integral support element of the shoe, the heel-attaching strength is a significant factor in ensuring the wearer's safety, as well as the longevity and serviceability of the shoe.
This test should be performed on each new style shoe and when any changes are made in the design, material or method of shank or heel area of the shoe, or both, or in the attachment of the heel in an existing shoe.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force required to detach the heel from footwear through the application of longitudinal tensile force at a constant displacement rate. The longitudinal test force simulates the most common heel failure mode. Heel height of 20 mm (13/16 in.) or larger is needed to perform this test method properly. Most women's medium and high heeled footwear meets this requirement.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice addresses elements along and in walkways including floors and walkway surfaces, sidewalks, short flight stairs, gratings, wheel stops, and speed bumps. Swimming pools, bath tubs, showers, natural walks, and unimproved paths are beyond the scope of this practice.
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1.1 This practice covers design and construction guidelines and minimum maintenance criteria for new and existing buildings and structures. This practice is intended to provide reasonably safe walking surfaces for pedestrians wearing ordinary footwear. These guidelines may not be adequate for those with certain mobility impairments.
1.2 Conformance with this practice will not alleviate all hazards; however, conformance will reduce certain pedestrian risks.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides a basic approach for recording the preparation, parameters, and results of field slip resistance testing. It is intended to assist those performing such tests in documenting information gathered for further analysis, in preparation for writing a final report, or for record keeping purposes.
Potential users include those performing slip resistance testing in the field, such as industrial and commercial safety professionals, facility management and maintenance personnel, forensic engineers, insurance company and broker loss control specialists, and research personnel.
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1.1 This practice provides a framework for reporting the results of slip resistance tests.
1.2 Application—This practice is intended for use as a suggested format for recording and reporting data obtained during slip resistance testing. It is recognized that it may not be necessary or possible to record all of the data for all types of tests; however, this practice is considered a basic approach for data collection.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide provides recommendations for recording walkway surface investigation, evaluation, and incident report data pertaining to slips, trips, stumbles, and falls. It is intended to aid individuals or entities in the development of their own special reporting system. It is recognized that a user may use this guide in its entirety or may extract only those segments providing the level of information required. Depending on the intended use, a report form may be designed to be used alone or as a supplement to or incorporated within another report form. This guide is not a final report form. It lists items considered appropriate for inclusion into a questionnaire, document, or report.
Potential users include persons interested in the prevention and investigation of slip, trip, stumble, and fall phenomena, such as insurance company loss control specialists, industrial and commercial safety professionals, plant and facilities management personnel, forensic engineers, and research personnel concerned with factor correlation, statistics acquisition, loss control, and cost control. Data on record maintenance may be of special interest in the preparation of documents for firms seeking ISO 9000 certification.  
This guide provides uniform language appropriate for creating a form for manually recording information regarding pedestrian walkway evaluations and slip, trip, and fall incidents.
Requirements for Reporting—Information specific to site location and case identification is given in 6.2; information specific to walkway evaluation is given in 6.3; information specific to slip, trip, and fall incidents is given in 6.4.
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1.1 This guide provides a listing of items that may be useful in recording and evaluating the conditions of a walkway surface, including ramps and stairs, that may involve a slip, stumble, or trip that may result in a fall.
1.2 This guide provides a listing of data that may be useful in investigating, evaluating, and reporting a slip, stumble, trip, slip and fall, stumble and fall, or trip and fall incident.
1.3 Nomenclature is provided to obtain uniform language for reports.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice addresses elements along and in walkways including floors and walkway surfaces, sidewalks, short flight stairs, gratings, wheel stops, and speed bumps. Swimming pools, bath tubs, showers, natural walks, and unimproved paths are beyond the scope of this practice.
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1.1This practice covers design and construction guidelines and minimum maintenance criteria for new and existing buildings and structures. This practice is intended to provide reasonably safe walking surfaces for pedestrians wearing ordinary footwear. These guidelines may not be adequate for those with certain mobility impairments.
1.2 Conformance with this practice will not alleviate all hazards; however, conformance will reduce certain pedestrian risks.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The Horizontal Pull Slipmeter3 is a laboratory and field instrument designed to provide information about the slip index characteristics between walkway surfaces and a test foot material under dry conditions only. The HPS can not be used on wet surfaces. Slip index can be affected by surface roughness, presence of water, contaminants such as grease and other foreign materials, and floor surface wear over time. Slip index, as determined by the HPS, most likely will not give useful information for evaluating liquid contaminated surfaces, and therefore, will not provide an effective assessment of a potential slipping hazard on a walkway surface under these conditions.
The value reported by the Horizontal Pull Slipmeter is called the slip index. Slip index is ten times the static coefficient of friction. For example, a static coefficient of friction of 0.4 is displayed by a slip index of 4.0 when measured by the Horizontal Pull Slipmeter.  
The HPS can be used on inclined surfaces. No adjustment for slope is needed for measurements in the direction perpendicular to the slope and when averaging four measurements at one location taken according to step 10.14.
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1.1 This test method covers measurement of the static slip resistance of footwear sole, heel, or related materials on walkway surfaces in the laboratory and in the field.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This terminology standard covers terminology used in safety and traction for footwear and related material.
1.2 Words adequately defined in standard dictionaries are not included. Included are words that are particular to this industry. Note 1
The following standards are currently under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F13 on Safety and Traction for Footwear and are included in : Test Methods F 489, F 609, and F 694; Practices F 695 and F 1637; and Guides F 802 and F 1240.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of these test methods is to provide measurable criteria for various hazards.
The protection that can be demonstrated by evaluation of footwear includes the following:
4.2.1 The effectiveness of impact resistant footwear to eliminate or diminish the severity of injury to the toe area of the foot when subjected to a falling object.
4.2.2 The effectiveness of compression resistant footwear to eliminate or diminish the severity of injury to the toe area of the foot when subjected to a compressive force.
4.2.3 The effectiveness of metatarsal protective footwear to eliminate or diminish the severity of injury to the metatarsal area adjacent to where the toes and the bones of the upper foot intersect.
4.2.4 The effectiveness of conductive footwear to safely reduce the buildup of static electricity from wearer to ground so as to reduce the possibility of ignition of explosives and volatile chemicals.
4.2.5 The effectiveness of electric shock resistant footwear to provide resistance to electric shock when accidental contact is made with live wires.
4.2.6 The effectiveness of static dissipative footwear to reduce the hazards due to excessively low footwear electrical resistance that may exist where SD footwear is required.
4.2.7 The effectiveness of puncture resistant footwear to reduce the possibility of puncture injury to the bottom of the human foot.
4.2.8 The effectiveness of chain saw cut resistant footwear to reduce the chance of injury when exposed to a running power chain saw.
4.2.9 The effectiveness of dielectric insulative footwear to reduce the possibility of injury when exposed to a high voltage charge.
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1.1 These test methods measure the resistance of footwear to a variety of hazards that can potentially result in injury.
1.2 These test methods may be used to test for compliance to minimum performance requirements in established safety standards.
1.2.1 By agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, or as required by established safety standards, these test methods can be used to determine any one, or all of the following: (1) impact resistance, (2) compression resistance, (3) metatarsal impact resistance, (4) resistance to electrical conductivity, (5) resistance to electric shock, (6) static dissipative performance, (7) puncture resistance of outsoles,  (8) chain saw cut resistance, and (9) dielectric insulation.
1.3 &si-value;
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.