ASTM C1553-16
(Guide)Standard Guide for Drying Behavior of Spent Nuclear Fuel
Standard Guide for Drying Behavior of Spent Nuclear Fuel
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Drying of the SNF and fuel cavity of the SNF container and its internals is needed to prepare for sealed dry storage, transportation, or permanent disposal at a repository. This guide provides technical information for use in determining the forms of water that need to be considered when choosing a drying process. This guide provides information to aid in (a) selecting a drying system, (b) selecting a drying method, and (c) demonstrating that adequate dryness was achieved.
4.2 The considerations affecting drying processes include:
4.2.1 Water remaining on and in commercial, research, and production reactor spent nuclear fuels after removal from wet storage may become an issue when the fuel is sealed in a dry storage system or transport cask. The movement to a dry storage environment typically results in an increase in fuel temperature, which may be sufficient to cause the release of water from the fuel. The water release coupled with the temperature increase in a sealed container may result in container pressurization, corrosion of fuel or assembly structures, or both, that could affect retrieval of the fuel, and container corrosion.
4.2.2 Removal of the water associated with the SNF may be accomplished by a variety of technologies including heating, imposing a vacuum over the system, flushing the system with dry gases, and combinations of these and other similar processes.
4.2.3 Water removal processes are time, temperature, and pressure-dependent. Residual water in some form(s) should be anticipated.
4.2.4 Drying processes may not readily remove the water that was retained in porous materials, capillaries, sludge, CRUD, and as thin wetted surface films. Water trapped within damaged SNF may be especially difficult to remove.
4.2.5 Drying processes may be even less successful in removing bound water from the SNF and associated materials because removal of bound water will only occur when the threshold energy required to break the specific water...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide discusses three steps in preparing spent nuclear fuel (SNF) for placement in a sealed dry storage system: (1) evaluating the needs for drying the SNF after removal from a water storage pool and prior to placement in dry storage, (2) drying the SNF, and (3) demonstrating that adequate dryness has been achieved.
1.1.1 The guide addresses drying methods and their limitations when applied to the drying of SNF that has been stored in water pools. The guide discusses sources and forms of water that may remain in the SNF, the container, or both after the drying process has been completed. It also discusses the important and potential effects of the drying process and any residual water on fuel integrity and container materials during the dry storage period. The effects of residual water are discussed mechanistically as a function of the container thermal and radiological environment to provide guidance on situations that may require extraordinary drying methods, specialized handling, or other treatments.
1.1.2 The basic issues in drying are: (1) to determine how dry the SNF must be in order to prevent problems with fuel retrievability, container pressurization, or container corrosion during storage, handling, and transfer, and (2) to demonstrate that adequate dryness has been achieved. Achieving adequate dryness may be straightforward for undamaged commercial fuel but complex for any SNF where cladding damage has occurred prior to or during placement and storage at the spent fuel pools. Challenges in achieving adequate dryness may also result from the presence of sludge, CRUD, and any other hydrated compounds. These may be transferred with the SNF to the storage container and may hold water and resist drying.
1.1.3 Units are given in both SI and non-SI units as is industry standard. In some cases, mathematical equivalents are given in parentheses.
1.2 This standard only discusses SNF drying and does n...
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Designation: C1553 − 16
Standard Guide for
1
Drying Behavior of Spent Nuclear Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1553; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope bilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappropriatesafety
and health practices and to meet regulatory requirements prior
1.1 This guide discusses three steps in preparing spent
to and during use of the standard.
nuclear fuel (SNF) for placement in a sealed dry storage
system: (1) evaluating the needs for drying the SNF after
2. Referenced Documents
removal from a water storage pool and prior to placement in
2
dry storage, (2) drying the SNF, and (3) demonstrating that 2.1 ASTM Standards:
adequate dryness has been achieved. C859Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials
1.1.1 The guide addresses drying methods and their limita- C1174PracticeforPredictionoftheLong-TermBehaviorof
tionswhenappliedtothedryingofSNFthathasbeenstoredin Materials, Including Waste Forms, Used in Engineered
water pools. The guide discusses sources and forms of water Barrier Systems (EBS) for Geological Disposal of High-
Level Radioactive Waste
that may remain in the SNF, the container, or both after the
drying process has been completed. It also discusses the C1562Guide for Evaluation of Materials Used in Extended
Service of Interim Spent Nuclear Fuel Dry Storage Sys-
important and potential effects of the drying process and any
residual water on fuel integrity and container materials during tems
3
the dry storage period. The effects of residual water are
2.2 ANSI/ANS Standards:
discussed mechanistically as a function of the container ther-
ANSI/ANS 8.1-1998Nuclear Criticality Safety in Opera-
mal and radiological environment to provide guidance on
tions with Fissionable Materials Outside Reactors
situations that may require extraordinary drying methods,
ANSI/ANS-8.7-1998Nuclear Criticality Safety in the Stor-
specialized handling, or other treatments.
age of Fissile Materials
1.1.2 The basic issues in drying are: (1) to determine how
ANSI/ANS-57.9American National Standard Design Crite-
dry the SNF must be in order to prevent problems with fuel
ria for Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation (Dry
retrievability, container pressurization, or container corrosion
Type)
during storage, handling, and transfer, and (2) to demonstrate
4
2.3 Government Documents: The U.S. government docu-
that adequate dryness has been achieved. Achieving adequate
ments listed in 2.3 or referenced in this standard guide are
dryness may be straightforward for undamaged commercial
included as examples of local regulations and regulatory
fuel but complex for any SNF where cladding damage has
guidancethat,dependingonthelocationofthedrystoragesite,
occurred prior to or during placement and storage at the spent
may be applicable. Users of this standard should adhere to the
fuel pools. Challenges in achieving adequate dryness may also
applicable regulatory documents and regulations and should
result from the presence of sludge, CRUD, and any other
consider applicable regulatory guidance.
hydrated compounds. These may be transferred with the SNF
Title10onEnergy,CodeofFederalRegulations,Part60,10
to the storage container and may hold water and resist drying.
CFR 60,U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Disposal of
1.1.3 Units are given in both SI and non-SI units as is
High Level radioactive Wastes in Geologic Repositories
industrystandard.Insomecases,mathematicalequivalentsare
Title10onEnergy,CodeofFederalRegulations,Part63,10
given in parentheses.
CFR 63,U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Disposal of
1.2 This standard only discusses SNF drying and does not
purport to address all of the handling and safety concerns, if
any, associated with the drying process(es). It is the responsi-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel the ASTM website.
3
Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.13 on Spent Fuel and Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
High Level Waste. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
4
Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originally The Code of Federal Regulations is available at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/
approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C1553–08. DOI: browse/collectionCfr.a
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1553 − 08 C1553 − 16
Standard Guide for
1
Drying Behavior of Spent Nuclear Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1553; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide is organized to discuss the three major components of significance in the drying behavior of spent nuclear
fuel:discusses three steps in preparing spent nuclear fuel (SNF) for placement in a sealed dry storage system: (1) evaluating the
needneeds for drying, drying spent nuclear fuel, and confirmation of drying the SNF after removal from a water storage pool and
prior to placement in dry storage, (2) drying the SNF, and (3adequate dryness.) demonstrating that adequate dryness has been
achieved.
1.1.1 The guide addresses drying methods and their limitations in drying spent nuclear fuels that have been in storage at when
applied to the drying of SNF that has been stored in water pools. The guide discusses sources and forms of water that may remain
in the SNF, itsthe container, or both,both after the drying process and has been completed. It also discusses the importanceim-
portant and potential effects they may have on fuel integrity, and container materials. of the drying process and any residual water
on fuel integrity and container materials during the dry storage period. The effects of residual water are discussed mechanistically
as a function of the container thermal and radiological environment to provide guidance on situations that may require
extraordinary drying methods, specialized handling, or other treatments.
1.1.2 The basic issueissues in drying is are: (1) to determine how dry the SNF must be in order to prevent issuesproblems with
fuel retrievability, container pressurization, or container corrosion. Adequate corrosion during storage, handling, and transfer, and
(2dryness may be readily achieved ) to demonstrate that adequate dryness has been achieved. Achieving adequate dryness may be
straightforward for undamaged commercial fuel but may become a complex issue complex for any SNF where cladding damage
has occurred during fuel irradiation, storage, or both, prior to or during placement and storage at the spent fuel pools. Dryness
issues Challenges in achieving adequate dryness may also result from the presence of sludge, crud,CRUD, and other hydrated
compounds connected to the SNF that any other hydrated compounds. These may be transferred with the SNF to the storage
container and may hold water and resist drying efforts.drying.
1.1.3 Units are given in both SI and non-SI units as is industry standard. In some cases, mathematical equivalents are given in
parentheses.
1.2 This standard only discusses SNF drying and does not purport to address all of the handling and safety concerns, if any,
associated with its use. the drying process(es). It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety
and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.to meet regulatory requirements prior
to and during use of the standard.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials
C1174 Practice for Prediction of the Long-Term Behavior of Materials, Including Waste Forms, Used in Engineered Barrier
Systems (EBS) for Geological Disposal of High-Level Radioactive Waste
C1562 Guide for Evaluation of Materials Used in Extended Service of Interim Spent Nuclear Fuel Dry Storage Systems
3
2.2 ANSI/ANS Standards:
ANSI/ANS 8.1-1998 Nuclear Criticality Safety in Operations with Fissionable Materials Outside Reactors
ANSI/ANS-8.7-1998 Nuclear Criticality Safety in the Storage of Fissile Materials
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.13 on Spent Fuel and High
Level Waste.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2008July 1, 2016. Published February 2008November 2016. Originally approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as
C1553 – 08. DOI: 10.1520/C1553-08.10.1520/C1553-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM
...
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