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ASTM D117-10

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin

Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin

ABSTRACT
This guide describes methods of testing and specifications for electrical insulating oils of petroleum origin intended for use in electrical cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus where the oils are used as insulating, or heat transfer media, or both. This guide is classified into the following categories: sampling practices, physical tests, electrical tests, chemical tests, and specifications. The test methods shall be as follows: aniline point; coefficient of thermal expansion; color; examination; flash and fire point; interfacial tension; pour point of petroleum products; refractive index; relative density; specific heat; thermal conductivity; turbidity; viscosity; dielectric breakdown voltage; dissipation factor and relative permittivity; gassing tendency; resistivity; stability under electrical discharge; acidity; carbon-type composition; compatibility with construction material; copper content; furanic compounds; gas analysis; gas content; inorganic chlorides and sulfates; neutralization numbers; oxidation inhibitor content; oxidation stability; polychlorinated biphenyl content; sediment and soluble sludge; sulfur; water content; mineral insulating oil for electrical apparatus; and high firepoint electrical insulating oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes methods of testing and specifications for electrical insulating oils of petroleum origin intended for use in electrical cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus where the oils are used as insulating, or heat transfer media, or both.
1.2 The purpose of this guide is to outline the applicability of the available test methods. Where more than one is available for measuring a given property, their relative advantages are described, along with an indication of laboratory convenience, precision, (95 % confidence limits), and applicability to specific types of electrical insulating oils.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Sep-2010
ICS
29.040.10 - Insulating oils
Technical Committee
D27 - Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
Drafting Committee
D27.01 - Mineral
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D117-02 - Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
Effective Date
15-Sep-2010
Referred By
ASTM D6871-17 - Standard Specification for Natural (Vegetable Oil) Ester Fluids Used in Electrical Apparatus
Effective Date
15-Sep-2010
Referred By
ASTM D5222-23 - Standard Specification for Less Flammable High Molecular Weight Hydrocarbon Mineral Electrical Insulating Liquids
Effective Date
15-Sep-2010
Referred By
ASTM D94-07(2017) - Standard Test Methods for Saponification Number of Petroleum Products
Effective Date
15-Sep-2010
Referred By
ASTM D3487-16e1 - Standard Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used in Electrical Apparatus
Effective Date
15-Sep-2010
Referred By
ASTM D8180-23 - Standard Specification for Rerefined Mineral Insulating Liquid Used in Electrical Apparatus
Effective Date
15-Sep-2010
Referred By
ASTM D97-17b(2022) - Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
Effective Date
15-Sep-2010
Referred By
ASTM D88/D88M-07(2019)e1 - Standard Test Method for Saybolt Viscosity
Effective Date
15-Sep-2010
Referred By
ASTM D8240-22e1 - Standard Specification for Less-Flammable Synthetic Ester Liquids Used in Electrical Apparatus
Effective Date
15-Sep-2010
Referred By
ASTM D2413-16(2022) - Standard Practice for Preparation of Insulating Paper and Board Impregnated with a Liquid Dielectric
Effective Date
15-Sep-2010
Referred By
ASTM D974-22 - Standard Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator Titration
Effective Date
15-Sep-2010

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ASTM D117-10 - Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum OriginASTM D117-10 - Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
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REDLINE ASTM D117-10 - Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum OriginREDLINE ASTM D117-10 - Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
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REDLINE ASTM D117-10 - Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D117 −10
Standard Guide for
Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical
1
Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D117; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
Category Section ASTM Method
Specific Heat 14 D2766
1.1 This guide describes methods of testing and specifica-
Thermal Conductivity 15 D2717
tions for electrical insulating oils of petroleum origin intended Turbidity 16 D6181
Viscosity 17 D88, D445, D2161
for use in electrical cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers,
Electrical Tests:
and other electrical apparatus where the oils are used as
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage 18 D877, D1816, D3300
insulating, or heat transfer media, or both. Dissipation Factor and Rela- 19 D924
tive Permittivity (Dielectric
1.2 The purpose of this guide is to outline the applicability
Constant)
Gassing Characteristic 20 D7150
oftheavailabletestmethods.Wheremorethanoneisavailable
Under Thermal Stress
for measuring a given property, their relative advantages are
Gassing Tendency 21 D2300
described, along with an indication of laboratory convenience,
Resistivity 22 D1169
Stability Under Electrical 23 D6180
precision, (95% confidence limits), and applicability to spe-
Discharge
cific types of electrical insulating oils.
Chemical Tests:
Acidity, Approximate 24 D1534
1.3 This guide is classified into the following categories:
Carbon-Type Composition 25 D2140
Sampling Practices, Physical Tests, Electrical Tests, Chemical
Compatibility with Construc- 26 D3455
tion Material
Tests, and Specifications. Within each test category, the test
Copper Content 27 D3635
methods are listed alphabetically by property measured. A list
Elements by Inductively 28 D7151
of standards follows:
Coupled Plasma (ICP-AES)
Furanic Compounds in 29 D5837
Category Section ASTM Method
Electrical Insulating Liquids
Sampling: 3 D923, D2759, D3305
Gas Analysis 30 D3612
Physical Tests:
Gas Content 31 D831, D1827, D2945
Aniline Point 4 D611
Inorganic Chlorides and 32 D878
Coefficient of Thermal Ex- 5 D1903
Sulfates
pansion
Neutralization (Acid and 33 D664, D974
Color 6 D1500
Base) Numbers
Examination: Visual Infrared 7 D1524, D2144
Oxidation Inhibitor Content 34 D2668, D4768
Flash and Fire Point 8 D92
Oxidation Stability 35 D1934, D2112, D2440
Interfacial Tension 9 D971, D2285
Polychlorinated Biphenyl 36 D4059
Pour Point of Petroleum 10 D97
Content
Products
Relative Content of 37 D6802
Particle Count in Mineral 11 D6786
Dissolved Decay
Insulating Oil
Sediment and Soluble Sludge 38 D1698
Refractive Index 12 D1218, D1807
Sulfur, Corrosive 39 D1275
Relative Density (Specific 13 D287, D1217, D1298, D1481
Water Content 40 D1533
Gravity)
Specification:
Mineral Insulating Oil for 41 D3487
Electrical Apparatus
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on Electrical
High Firepoint Electrical 42 D5222
Insulating Liquids and Gasesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Insulating Oils
D27.01 on Mineral.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2010. Published October 2010. Originally
standard. The values stated in parentheses are provided for
published as D117–21T. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D117–02.
DOI: 10.1520/D0117-10. information only.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D117 − 10
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the D1533Test Method for Water in Insulating Liquids by
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- D1534Test Method for Approximate Acidity in Electrical
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- Insulating Liquids by Color-Indicator Titration
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. D1698Test Method for Sediments and Soluble Sludge in
Service-Aged Insulating Oils
2. Referenced Documents
D1807Test Methods for Refractive Index and Specific
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: Optical Dispersion of Electrical Insulating Liquids
D1816Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of
D88Test Method for Saybolt Viscosity
D92Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Insulating Liquids Using VDE Electrodes
D1827Test Method for Gas Content (Nonacidic) of Insulat-
Open Cup Tester
D97Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products ing Liquids by Displacement with Carbon Dioxide (With-
3
drawn 2009)
D2
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D117–02 Designation: D117 – 10
Standard Guide for
Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical
1
Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D117; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide describes methods of testing and specifications for electrical insulating oils of petroleum origin intended for use
in electrical cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus where the oils are used as insulating, or heat
transfer media, or both.
1.2 The purpose of this guide is to outline the applicability of the available test methods. Where more than one is available for
measuring a given property, their relative advantages are described, along with an indication of laboratory convenience, precision,
(95% confidence limits), and applicability to specific types of electrical insulating oils.
1.3 This guide is classified into the following categories: Sampling Practices, Physical Tests, Electrical Tests, Chemical Tests,
and Specifications. Within each test category, the test methods are listed alphabetically by property measured.Alist of standards
follows:
Category Section ASTM Method
Sampling: 3 D923, D2759, D3305 , D3613
Sampling: 3 D923, D2759, D3305
Physical Tests:
Aniline Point 4 D611
Aniline Point 4 D611
Coefficient of Thermal Ex- 5 D1903
pansion
Coefficient of Thermal Ex- 5 D1903
pansion
Color 6 D1500
Color 6 D1500
Examination: Visual Infrared 7 D1524, D2144
Examination: Visual Infrared 7 D1524, D2144
Flash and Fire Point 8 D92
Flash and Fire Point 8 D92
Interfacial Tension 9 D971, D2285
Interfacial Tension 9 D971, D2285
Pour Point of Petroleum 10 D97
Products
Particle Count in Mineral 11 D6786
Insulating Oil
Refractive Index11 12 D1218, D1807
Refractive Index 12 D1218, D1807
Relative Density (Specific 13 D287, D1217, D1298, D1481
Gravity)12
Relative Density (Specific 13 D287, D1217, D1298, D1481
Gravity)
Specific Heat13 14 D2766
Specific Heat 14 D2766
Thermal Conductivity14 15 D2717
Thermal Conductivity 15 D2717
Turbidity15 16 D6181
Turbidity 16 D6181
Viscosity16 17 D88, D445, D2161
Viscosity 17 D88, D445, D2161
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D27.01 on
Mineral.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2002. Published December 2002. Originally published as D117–21T. Last previous edition D117–96. DOI: 10.1520/D0117-02.
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2010. Published October 2010. Originally published as D117–21T. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D117–02. DOI:
10.1520/D0117-10.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D117 – 10
Category Section ASTM Method
Electrical Tests:
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage17 18 D877, D1816, D3300
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage 18 D877, D1816, D3300
Dissipation Factor and Rela- 19 D924
tive Permittivity (Dielectric
Constant)18
Dissipation Factor and Rela- 19 D924
tive Permittivity (Dielectric
Constant)
Gassing Characteristic 20 D7150
Under Thermal Stress
Gassing Tendency19 21 D2300
Gassing Tendency 21 D2300
Resistivity20 22 D1169
Resistivity 22 D1169
Stability Under Electrical 23 D6180
Discharge21
Stability Under Electrical 23 D6180
Discharge
Chemical Tests:
Acidity, Approximate22 24 D1534
Acidity, Approximate 24 D1534
Carbon-Type Composition23 25 D2140
Carbon-Type Composition 25 D2140
Compatibility with Construc- 26 D3455
tion Material24
Compatibility with Construc- 26 D3455
tion Material
Copper Content25 D3635 27 D3
Furanic Compounds 26Elements 28 D7
by Inductively
Coupled
Plasma (ICP-
AES)
Furanic Compounds in 29 D5837
Electrical Insulating Liquids
Gas Analysis27 30 D3612
Gas Analysis 30 D3612
Gas Content28 31 D831, D1827, D2945
Gas Content 31 D831, D1827, D2945
Inorganic Chlorides and 32 D878
Sulfates29
Inorganic Chlorides and 32 D878
Sulfates
Neutralization (Acid and 33 D664, D974
Base) Numbers30
Neutralization (Acid and 33 D664, D974
Base) Numbers
Oxidation Inhibitor Content31 34 D2668, D4768
Oxidation Inhibitor Content 34 D2668, D4768
Oxidation Stab
...

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ASTM D8180-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Rerefined Mineral Insulating Liquid Used in Electrical Apparatus

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers rerefined previously used mineral insulating liquid of petroleum origin for reuse as an insulating and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers, regulators, reactors, liquid filled circuit breakers, switchgear, and attendant equipment.  
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ASTM D5222-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Less Flammable High Molecular Weight Hydrocarbon Mineral Electrical Insulating Liquids

ABSTRACT
This specification describes a high fire-point mineral oil based electrical insulating fluid, for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatuses, such as transformers and switchgear. The material discussed here is miscible with other petroleum based insulating oils, and may not be miscible with electrical insulating liquids of non-petroleum origin. The insulating oils shall be compatible with typical material of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in its application. This specification applies only to new insulating material oil as received prior to any processing. Sampled specimens shall undergo appropriate tests, and shall conform correspondingly to specified physical (appearance upon visual examination, color in ASTM units, fire point, flash point, aniline point, interfacial tension, pour point, relative density, and kinematic viscosity), electrical (dielectric breakdown voltage, gassing tendency, and dissipation factor), and chemical (corrosion behavior against sulfur, inorganic chlorides and sulfates content, acid number, water content, oxidation stability, oxidation inhibitor content, and PCB content) property requirements.
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1.2 Less flammable insulating liquid differs from conventional mineral insulating liquid by possessing a fire-point of at least 300 °C. This property is necessary in order to comply with certain application requirements of the National Electrical Code (Article 450-23) or other agencies. The material discussed in this specification is miscible with other petroleum based insulating liquids. Mixing less flammable liquids with lower fire point hydrocarbon insulating liquids (for example, Specification D3487 mineral liquid) may result in fire points of less than 300 °C.  
1.3 This specification is intended to define a less flammable electrical mineral insulating liquid that is compatible with typical material of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in this application. The material described in this specification may not be miscible with electrical insulating liquids of non-petroleum origin. The user should contact the manufacturer of the less flammable insulating liquid for guidance in this respect.  
1.4 This specification applies only to new electrical insulating liquid as received prior to any processing. Information on in-service maintenance testing is available in appropriate guides.2 The user should contact the manufacturers of the equipment or liquid if questions of recommended characteristics or maintenance procedures arise.  
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ASTM D1524-15(2022)(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SCOPE
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Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Liquids

ABSTRACT
This guide describes methods of testing and specifications for electrical insulating oils of petroleum origin intended for use in electrical cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus where the oils are used as insulating, or heat transfer media, or both. This guide is classified into the following categories: sampling practices, physical tests, electrical tests, chemical tests, and specifications. The test methods shall be as follows: aniline point; coefficient of thermal expansion; color; examination; flash and fire point; interfacial tension; pour point of petroleum products; refractive index; relative density; specific heat; thermal conductivity; turbidity; viscosity; dielectric breakdown voltage; dissipation factor and relative permittivity; gassing tendency; resistivity; stability under electrical discharge; acidity; carbon-type composition; compatibility with construction material; copper content; furanic compounds; gas analysis; gas content; inorganic chlorides and sulfates; neutralization numbers; oxidation inhibitor content; oxidation stability; polychlorinated biphenyl content; sediment and soluble sludge; sulfur; water content; mineral insulating oil for electrical apparatus; and high firepoint electrical insulating oils.
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1.1 This guide describes methods of testing and specifications for electrical insulating liquids intended for use in electrical cables, transformers, liquid-filled circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus where the liquids are used as insulating, or heat transfer media, or both.  
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1.3 This guide is classified into the following categories: Sampling Practices, Physical Tests, Electrical Tests, Chemical Tests, and Specifications. Within each test category, the test methods are listed alphabetically by property measured. A list of standards follows:    
Category  
Section  
ASTM Standard  
Sampling:  
3  
D923  
Physical Tests:  
Aniline Point  
4  
D611  
Coefficient of Thermal Ex-
pansion  
5  
D1903  
Color  
6  
D1500  
Examination: Visual Infrared  
7  
D1524, D2144, D2129  
Flash and Fire Point  
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D92  
Interfacial Tension  
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D971  
Pour Point of Petroleum
Products  
10  
D97, D5949, D5950  
Particle Count in Mineral
Insulating Oil  
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D6786  
Refractive Index and Specific
Optical Dispersion  
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D1218  
Relative Density (Specific
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D287, D1217, D1298, D1481, D4052  
Specific Heat  
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D2766  
Thermal Conductivity  
15  
D2717  
Viscosity  
16  
D445, D2161, D7042  
Electrical Tests:  
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage  
17  
D877, D1816, D3300  
Dissipation Factor and Rela-
tive Permittivity (Dielectric
Constant)  
18  
D924  
Gassing Characteristic
Under Thermal Stress  
19  
D7150  
Gassing Tendency  
20  
D2300  
Resistivity  
21  
D1169  
Chemical Tests:  
Acidity, Approximate  
22  
D1534  
Carbon-Type Composition  
23  
D2140  
Compatibility with Construc-
tion Material  
24  
D3455  
Copper Content  
25  
D3635  
Elements by Inductively
Coupled Plasma (ICP-AES)  
26  
D7151  
Furanic Compounds in
Electrical Insulating Liquids  
27  
D5837  
Dissolved Gas Analysis  
28  
D3612  
Gas Content of Cable and
Capacitor Liquids  
29  
D831, D1827, D2945  
Neutralization (Acid and
Base) Numbers  
30  
D664, D974  
Oxidation Inhibitor Content  
31  
D2668, D4768  
Oxidation Stability  
32  
D1934, D2112, D2440  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of copper in new or used electrical insulating oil of petroleum origin by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.  
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1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The quantitative determination of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol in a new electrical insulating oil measures the amount of this material that has been added to the oil as protection against oxidation. In a used oil it measures the amount remaining after oxidation has reduced its concentration. The test is also suitable for manufacturing control and specification acceptance.  
3.2 When an infrared spectrum is obtained of an electrical insulating oil inhibited with either of these compounds there is an increase in absorbance of the spectrum at several wavelengths (or wavenumbers). 2,6 ditertiary-butyl paracresol produces pronounced increases in absorbance at 2.72 μm (3650 cm−1), and 11.63 μm (860 cm−1 ). 2,6 ditertiary-butyl phenol produces pronounced increases in absorbance at 2.72 μm (3650 cm−1) and 13.42 μm (745 cm −1).  
3.3 When making this test on other than a highly oxidized oil or when using a double-beam spectrophotometer, it has been found convenient to obtain the spectrum between 2.5 μm (4000 cm−1) and 2.9 μm (3450 cm−1) because the instrument is compensated for the presence of moisture and the band is not influenced by intermolecular forces (associations). However, when testing a highly oxidized oil or when using a single-beam instrument better results may be obtained if the scan is made between 10.90 μm (918 cm−1) and 14.00 μm (714 cm−1).  
3.4 Increased absorption at 11.63 μm (860 cm −1) or 13.42 μm (745 cm−1) or both, will identify the inhibitor as 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol or 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol respectively (Note 1).
Note 1: The absorbance at 745 cm−1 for 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol and at 860 cm−1 for 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol for equal concentrations will be in the approximate ratio of 2.6 to 1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the weight percent of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol (DBPC) and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol (DBP) in new or used electrical insulating oil in concentrations up to 0.5 % by measuring its absorbance at the specified wavelengths in the infrared spectrum.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2144-07(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practices for Examination of Electrical Insulating Oils by Infrared Absorption

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The infrared spectrum of an electrical insulating oil is a record of the absorption of infrared energy over a range of wavelengths. The spectrum indicates the general chemical composition of the test specimen.  
Note 2: The infrared spectrum of a pure chemical compound is probably the most characteristic property of that compound. However, in the case of oils, multicomponent systems are being examined whose spectra are the sum total of all the spectra of the individual components. Because the absorption bands of the components may overlap, the spectrum of the oil is not as sharply defined as that for a single compound. For these reasons, these practices may not in every case be suitable for the quantitative estimation of the components of such a complex mixture as mineral oil.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices are to be used for the recording and interpretation of infrared absorption spectra of electrical insulating oils from 4000 cm−1 to 400 cm−1 (2.5 μm to 25 μm).  
Note 1: While these practices are specific to ratio recording or optical null double-beam dispersive spectrophotometers, single-beam and HATR (horizontal attenuated total reflectance), Fourier-transform rapid scan infrared spectrophotometers may also be used. By computerized subtraction techniques, ratio methods can be used. Any of these types of equipment may be suitable if they comply with the specifications described in Practice E932.  
1.2 Two practices are covered, a Reference Standard Practice and a Differential Practice.  
1.3 These practices are designed primarily for use as rapid continuity tests for identifying a shipment of oil from a supplier by comparing its spectrum with that obtained from previous shipments, or with the sample on which approval tests were made. They also may be used for the detection of certain types of contamination in oils, and for the identification of oils in storage or service, by comparison of the spectra of the unknown and known oils. The practices are not intended for the determination of the various constituents of an oil.  
1.4 Warning—Infrared absorption is a tool of high resolving power. Conclusions as to continuity of oil quality should not be drawn until sufficient data have been accumulated so that the shipment-to-shipment variation is clearly established, for example.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2440-13(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Mineral Insulating Oil

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The oxidation stability test of mineral transformer oils is a method for assessing the amount of sludge and acid products formed in a transformer oil when the oil is tested under prescribed conditions. Good oxidation stability is necessary in order to maximize the service life of the oil by minimizing the formation of sludge and acid. Oils that meet the requirements specified for this test in Specification D3487 tend to minimize electrical conduction, ensure acceptable heat transfer, and preserve system life. There is no proven correlation between performance in this test and performance in service, since the test does not model the whole insulation system (oil, paper, enamel, wire). However, the test can be used as a control test for evaluating oxidation inhibitors and to check the consistency of oxidation stability of production oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the resistance of mineral transformer oils to oxidation under prescribed accelerated aging conditions. Oxidation stability is measured by the propensity of oils to form sludge and acid products during oxidation. This test method is applicable to new oils, both uninhibited and inhibited, but is not well defined for used or reclaimed oils.  
Note 1: A shorter duration oxidation test for evaluation of inhibited oils is available in Test Method D2112.
Note 2: For those interested in the measurement of volatile acidity, reference is made to IEC Method 61125. 2  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8086-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Methanol and Ethanol in Electrical Insulating Liquids of Petroleum Origin by Headspace (HS)-Gas Chromatography (GC) Using Mass Spectrometry (MS) or Flame Ionization Detection (FID)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Methanol and ethanol are generated by the degradation of cellulosic materials used in the solid insulation systems of electrical equipment. More particularly, methanol comes from the depolymerization of cellulosic materials.3, 4, 5, 6  
5.2 Methanol and ethanol, which are soluble in an insulating liquid to an appreciable degree, will proportionally migrate to that liquid after being produced from the cellulose.  
5.3 High concentrations or unusual increases in the concentrations of methanol or ethanol, or both, in an insulating liquid may indicate cellulose degradation from aging or incipient fault conditions. Testing for these alcohols may be used to complement dissolved gas-in-oil analysis and furanic compounds as performed in accordance with Test Methods D3612 and D5837 respectively.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of by-products of cellulosic materials degradation found in electrical insulation systems that are immersed in insulating liquid. Such materials include paper, pressboard, wood and cotton materials. This test method allows the analysis of methanol and ethanol from the sample matrix by headspace GC-MS or GC-FID.  
1.2 This test method has been used to test for methanol and ethanol in mineral insulating liquids and less flammable electrical insulating liquids of mineral origin as defined in D3487 and D5222 respectively. Currently, this method is not a practical application for ester liquids.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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