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ASTM A705/A705M-95(2009)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Forgings

Standard Specification for Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This specification covers age-hardening stainless steel forgings for general use. Materials for forgings shall consist of billets or bars and shall either be forged, rolled, or cast or a section cut from an ingot. The steel specimens shall be solution annealed and age hardened and shall conform to the required values of tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, hardness and impact Charpy-V. The steel materials shall conform to the required chemical compositions of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, chromium, nickel, aluminum, molybdenum, titanium, copper, nitrogen, columbium, and tantalum.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers age-hardening stainless steel forgings for general use.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 Unless the order specifies an “M” designation, the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.
Note 1—Bar products are covered by Specification A 564/A 564M.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2009
ICS
77.140.85 - Iron and steel forgings
Technical Committee
A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
Drafting Committee
A01.17 - Flat-Rolled and Wrought Stainless Steel
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A705/A705M-95(2004) - Standard Specification for Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Forgings
Effective Date
01-May-2009
Replaced By
ASTM A705/A705M-13 - Standard Specification for Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Forgings
Effective Date
01-May-2013
Referred By
ASTM F1611-20 - Standard Specification for Intramedullary Reamers
Effective Date
01-May-2009
Referred By
ASTM A788/A788M-23 - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
Effective Date
01-May-2009
Referred By
ASTM A564/A564M-19a - Standard Specification for Hot-Rolled and Cold-Finished Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes
Effective Date
01-May-2009
Referred By
ASTM A484/A484M-23 - Standard Specification for General Requirements for Stainless Steel Bars, Billets, and Forgings
Effective Date
01-May-2009

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ASTM A705/A705M-95(2009) - Standard Specification for Age-Hardening Stainless Steel ForgingsASTM A705/A705M-95(2009) - Standard Specification for Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Forgings
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:A705/A705M −95(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Specification for
Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Forgings
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA705/A705M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Ordering Information
3.1 It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify all
1.1 This specification covers age-hardening stainless steel
requirements that are necessary for material ordered under this
forgings for general use.
specification. Such requirements may include but are not
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
limited to the following:
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
3.1.1 Quantity (weight or number of pieces),
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
3.1.2 Name of material (age-hardening stainless steel
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
forgings),
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
3.1.3 Dimensions, including prints or sketches,
with the standard.
3.1.4 Type or UNS designation (Table 1),
3.1.5 Heat-treated condition (Section 5),
1.3 Unless the order specifies an “M” designation, the
3.1.6 Transverse properties when required (7.4),
material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.
3.1.7 ASTM designation and date of issue, and
NOTE 1—Bar products are covered by Specification A564/A564M.
3.1.8 Special requirements (5.3, 5.4).
3.2 If possible, the intended end use of the item should be
2. Referenced Documents
given on the purchase order, especially when the item is
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ordered for a specific end use or uses.
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
NOTE 2—A typical ordering description is as follows: 5 age-hardening
of Steel Products
stainless steel forgings, Type 630, solution-annealed,ASTM Specification
A484/A484M Specification for General Requirements for
A705 dated __ . End use: pump blocks for oil well equipment.
Stainless Steel Bars, Billets, and Forgings
4. General Requirements
A564/A564M Specification for Hot-Rolled and Cold-
Finished Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes
4.1 In addition to the requirements of this specification, all
A751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-
requirements of the current edition of Specification A484/
cal Analysis of Steel Products
A484M shall apply. Failure to comply with the general
E527 Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys in the
requirements of Specification A484/A484M, constitutes non-
Unified Numbering System (UNS)
conformance with this specification.
2.2 Other Documents:
5. Materials and Manufacture
SAE J 1086 Recommended Practice for Numbering Metals
5.1 Material for forgings shall consist of billets or bars,
and Alloys (UNS)
either forged, rolled or cast, or a section cut from an ingot.The
cuts shall be made to the required length by a suitable process.
This material may be specified to Specification A564/A564M.
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
5.2 The material shall be forged by hammering, pressing,
A01.17 on Flat-Rolled and Wrought Stainless Steel.
rolling, extruding, or upsetting to produce a wrought structure
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originally
throughout and shall be brought as nearly as possible to the
approved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as A705/A705M – 95
finished shape and size by hot working.
(2004). DOI: 10.1520/A0705_A0705M-95R09.
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi-
5.3 When specified on the order, sample forging may be
cation SA-705/SA-705M in Section II of that Code.
sectioned and etched to show flow lines and the condition in
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
regard to internal imperfections. When so specified, the ques-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
tion of acceptable and unacceptable metal flow shall be subject
the ASTM website.
toagreementbetweenthemanufacturerandthepurchaserprior
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth
Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. to order entry.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A705/A705M−95 (2009)
A
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
Composition, %
UNS Type Carbon Manganese Phospho- Sul- Sili- Chromium Nickel Alumi- Molyb- Tita- Copper Other
B
Designation rus fur con num denum nium Elements
C
S17400 630 0.07 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 15.00–17.50 3.00–5.00 . . . 3.00–5.00
S17700 631 0.09 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 16.00–18.00 6.50–7.75 0.75–1.50 . . . .
S15700 632 0.09 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 14.00–16.00 6.50–7.75 0.75–1.50 2.00–3.00 . . .
D
S35500 634 0.10–0.15 0.50–1.25 0.040 0.030 0.50 15.00–16.00 4.00–5.00 . 2.50–3.25 . .
S17600 635 0.08 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 16.00–17.50 6.00–7.50 0.40 . 0.40–1.20 . .
C
S15500 XM-12 0.07 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 14.00–15.50 3.50–5.50 . . . 2.50–4.50
E
S13800 XM-13 0.05 0.20 0.010 0.008 0.10 12.25–13.25 7.50–8.50 0.90–1.35 2.00–2.50 . .
F
S45500 XM-16 0.03 0.50 0.015 0.015 0.50 11.00–12.50 7.50–9.50 . 0.50 0.90–1.40 1.50–2.50
F
S45503 . 0.010 0.50 0.010 0.010 0.20 11.00–12.50 7.50–9.50 . 0.50 1.00–1.35 1.50–2.50
G
S45000 XM-25 0.05 1.00 0.030 0.030 1.00 14.00–16.00 5.00–7.00 . 0.50–1.00 . 1.25–1.75
A
Limits are in percent maximum unless shown as a range or stated otherwise.
B
New designation established in accordance with Practice E527 and SAEJ1086, Recommended Practice for Numbering Metals and alloys (UNS).
C
Columbium plus tantalum 0.15–0.45.
D
Nitrogen 0.07–0.13.
E
Nitrogen 0.01.
F
Columbium plus tantalum 0.10–0.50.
G
Columbium 8 times carbon minimum.
5.4 When specified on the order, the manufacturer shall 6. Chemical Composition
submit for approval of the purchaser a sketch showing the
6.1 The steel shall conform to the chemical composition
shape of the rough forging before machining, or before heat
limits specified in Table 1.
treating for mechanical properties.
6.2 Methods and practices relating to chemical analysis
5.5 The grain size shall be as fine as practicable and
required by this specification shall be in accordance with Test
precautions shall be taken to minimize grain growth.
Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751.
5.6 Material of types other than XM-9 shall be furnished in
7. Mechanical Properties
the solution-annealed condition, or in the equalized and over-
tempered condition, as noted in Table 2, unless otherwise
7.1 The material, as represented by mechanical test speci-
specified by the purchaser. mens, shall conform to the mechanical property requirements
5.6.1 Types 630, XM-16, and XM-25 may be furnished in specified in Table 2 and shall be capable of developing the
the solution-annealed or age-hardened condition. properties in Table 3 when heat treated as specified in Table 3.
TABLE 2 Solution Heat Treatment
A
Mechanical Test Requirements in Solution Treated Condition
B
Tensile Strength, min Yield Strength, min Hardness
Elongation
Condi- Reduction
Type Solution Treatment in 2 in. [50
Brinell,
tion of Area,
Rockwell C,
mm] or 4D,
ksi [MPa] ksi [MPa] max
minute %
max
min. %
630 A 1900 ± 25°F [1040 ± 15°C] (cool as . . . . . . 38 363
required to below 90°F [32°C])
631 A 1900 ± 25°F [1040 ± 15°C] (water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rb89 229
quench)
C
632 A 1900 ± 25°F [1040 ± 15°C] (water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rb100 269
quench)
D D
634 A 1900 ± 25°F [1040 ± 15°C] quench, . . . . . . . 363
holdnot less than3hatminus
100°F or lower
635 A 1900 ± 25°F [1040 ± 15°C] (air cool) 120 [825] 75 [515] 10 45 32 302
XM-12 A 1900 ± 25°F [1040 ± 15°C] (cool as . . . . . . 38 363
required to below 90°F [32°C])
XM-13 A 1700 ± 25°F [925 ± 15°C] (cool as . . . . . . 38 363
required to below 60°F [16°C])
XM-16 A 1525 ± 25°F [830 ± 15°C] (cool . . . . . . 36 331
rapidly)
S45503 A 1525 ± 25°F [830 ± 15°C] (cool . . . . . . 36 331
rapidly)
E
XM-25 A 1900 ± 25°F [1040 ± 15°C] (cool 125 [860] 95 [655] 10 40 33 311
rapidly)
A
See 6.1.
B
Either Rockwell C hardness or Brinell is permissible. On sizes of ⁄2 in. (12.70 mm) and smaller, Rockwell C is preferred.
C
321 BHN for rounds cold drawn after solution treating.
D
Equalization and over-tempering treatment 1425 ± 50°F [775 ± 30°C] for not less than 3 h, cool to room temperature, heat to 1075 ± 25°F [580 ± 15°C] for not less than
3h.
E
125 − 165 ksi [860 − 1140 MPa] for sizes up to ⁄2 in. [13 mm].
A705/A705M−95 (2009)
A
TABLE 3 Mechanical Test Requirements After Age Hardening Heat Treatment
Tensile Yield Impact
Elon-
Suggested Hardening or Aging
G
Strength, Strength, Hardness Charpy-V,
BCD gation Reduc-
Treatment, or both
Applicable F
min min min
in2in. tion of
Condi- Thickness,
Type [50 area,
Rock-
tion in. and Test
Tem-
mm] or min,
Time, E well Brinell,
Direction
perature, Quench ksi [MPa] ksi [MPa] ft·lbf J
4D, %
h C, min
°F [°C]
min. %
min
630 H900 900 [480] 1.0 air cool Up to 3 in. incl [75 190 [1310] 170 [1170] 10 40 40 388 . . . . . .
mm] (L)
Over 3 in. [75 mm] 35
to 8 in. incl [200
mm] (L)
H925 925 [495] 4.0 air cool Up to 3 min. incl 170 [1170] 155 [1070] 10 44 38 375 5 6.8
[75 mm] (L)
Over 3 in. [75 mm] 38
to 8 in. incl [200
mm] (L)
H1025 1025 [550] 4.0 air cool 155 [1070] 145 [1000] 12 45 35 331 15 20
H1075 1075 [580] 4.0 air cool 145 [1000] 125 [860] 13 45 32 311 20 27
H1100 1100 [595] 4.0 air cool Up to 8 in. incl [200 140 [965] 115 [795] 14 45 31 302 25 34
mm] (L)
H1150 1150 [620] 4.0 air cool 135 [930] 105 [725] 16 50 28 277 30 41
H1150M 1400 [760] for 2 h, air cool plus 115 [795] 75 [520] 18 55 24 255 55 75
1150 [620] for 4 h, air cool.
631 RH950 1750°F [955°C] for not less than 10 Up to 4 in. incl.
min, but not more than 1 h, cool [100 mm] (L)
rapidly to room temperature. Cool
within 24 h to minus 100 ±
...


This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:A 705/A 705M–95 (Reapproved 2004) Designation: A705/A705M – 95
(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Specification for
Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Forgings
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA705/A705M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers age-hardening stainless steel forgings for general use.
1.2The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI (metric) units are to be regarded separately as standards; within the text
and tables, the SI units are shown in [brackets]. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
must be used independent of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
specification.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 Unless the order specifies an “M” designation, the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.
NOTE1—Bar products are covered by Specification A 564A 564/A 564M/A 564M. 1—Bar products are covered by Specification A564/A564M.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
A484/A484M Specification for General Requirements for Stainless Steel Bars, Billets, and Forgings
A564/A564M Specification for Hot-Rolled and Cold-Finished Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes
A751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel Products
E527 Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys (UNS) Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys in the Unified Numbering
System (UNS)
2.2 Other Documents:
SAE J 1086 Recommended Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys (UNS)
3. Ordering Information
3.1 It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify all requirements that are necessary for material ordered under this
specification. Such requirements may include but are not limited to the following:
3.1.1 Quantity (weight or number of pieces),
3.1.2 Name of material (age-hardening stainless steel forgings),
3.1.3 Dimensions, including prints or sketches,
3.1.4 Type or UNS designation (Table 1),
3.1.5 Heat-treated condition (Section 5),
3.1.6 Transverse properties when required (7.4),
3.1.7 ASTM designation and date of issue, and
3.1.8 Special requirements (5.3, 5.4).
3.2 If possible, the intended end use of the item should be given on the purchase order, especially when the item is ordered for
a specific end use or uses.
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM CommitteeA01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys,Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.17 on Flat-Rolled and Wrought Stainless Steel.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2004. Published September 2004. Originally approved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as A 705/A 705M–95 (2000).
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originally approved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as A705/A705M – 95 (2004). DOI:
10.1520/A0705_A0705M-95R09.
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specification SA-705/SA-705M in Section II of that Code.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
A705/A705M – 95 (2009)
A
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
Composition, %
UNS Type Carbon Manganese Phospho- Sul- Sili- Chromium Nickel Alumi- Molyb- Tita- Copper Other
B
Designation rus fur con num denum nium Elements
C
S17400 630 0.07 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 15.00–17.50 3.00–5.00 . . . 3.00–5.00
S17700 631 0.09 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 16.00–18.00 6.50–7.75 0.75–1.50 . . . .
S15700 632 0.09 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 14.00–16.00 6.50–7.75 0.75–1.50 2.00–3.00 . . .
D
S35500 634 0.10–0.15 0.50–1.25 0.040 0.030 0.50 15.00–16.00 4.00–5.00 . 2.50–3.25 . .
S17600 635 0.08 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 16.00–17.50 6.00–7.50 0.40 . 0.40–1.20 . .
C
S15500 XM-12 0.07 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 14.00–15.50 3.50–5.50 . . . 2.50–4.50
E
S13800 XM-13 0.05 0.20 0.010 0.008 0.10 12.25–13.25 7.50–8.50 0.90–1.35 2.00–2.50 . .
F
S45500 XM-16 0.03 0.50 0.015 0.015 0.50 11.00–12.50 7.50–9.50 . 0.50 0.90–1.40 1.50–2.50
F
S45503 . 0.010 0.50 0.010 0.010 0.20 11.00–12.50 7.50–9.50 . 0.50 1.00–1.35 1.50–2.50
G
S45000 XM-25 0.05 1.00 0.030 0.030 1.00 14.00–16.00 5.00–7.00 . 0.50–1.00 . 1.25–1.75
A
Limits are in percent maximum unless shown as a range or stated otherwise.
B
New designation established in accordance with Practice E 527 E527 and SAEJ1086, Recommended Practice for Numbering Metals and alloys (UNS).
C
Columbium plus tantalum 0.15–0.45.
D
Nitrogen 0.07–0.13.
E
Nitrogen 0.01.
F
Columbium plus tantalum 0.10–0.50.
G
Columbium 8 times carbon minimum.
NOTE 2—Atypical ordering description is as follows: 5 age-hardening stainless steel forgings,Type 630, solution-annealed,ASTM SpecificationA705
dated __ . End use: pump blocks for oil well equipment.
4. General Requirements
4.1 In addition to the requirements of this specification, all requirements of the current edition of Specification A
484A484/A484M/A 484M shall apply. Failure to comply with the general requirements of Specification A 484A484/A484M/A
484M,, constitutes nonconformance with this specification.
5. Materials and Manufacture
5.1 Material for forgings shall consist of billets or bars, either forged, rolled or cast, or a section cut from an ingot. The cuts
shall be made to the required length by a suitable process. This material may be specified to Specification A 564A564/A564M/A
564M. .
5.2 The material shall be forged by hammering, pressing, rolling, extruding, or upsetting to produce a wrought structure
throughout and shall be brought as nearly as possible to the finished shape and size by hot working.
5.3 When specified on the order, sample forging may be sectioned and etched to show flow lines and the condition in regard
to internal imperfections. When so specified, the question of acceptable and unacceptable metal flow shall be subject to agreement
between the manufacturer and the purchaser prior to order entry.
5.4 When specified on the order, the manufacturer shall submit for approval of the purchaser a sketch showing the shape of the
rough forging before machining, or before heat treating for mechanical properties.
5.5 The grain size shall be as fine as practicable and precautions shall be taken to minimize grain growth.
5.6 Material of types other than XM-9 shall be furnished in the solution-annealed condition, or in the equalized and
over-tempered condition, as noted in Table 2, unless otherwise specified by the purchaser.
5.6.1 Types 630, XM-16, and XM-25 may be furnished in the solution-annealed or age-hardened condition.
6. Chemical Composition
6.1 The steel shall conform to the chemical composition limits specified in Table 1.
6.2 Methods and practices relating to chemical analysis required by this specification shall be in accordance withTest Methods,
Practices, and Terminology A 751A751.
7. Mechanical Properties
7.1 The material, as represented by mechanical test specimens, shall conform to the mechanical property requirements specified
in Table 2 and shall be capable of developing the properties in Table 3 when heat treated as specified in Table 3.
7.2 The yield strength shall be determined by the offset method as described in the current edition of Test Methods and
Definitions A 370A370. The limiting permanent offset shall be 0.2 % of the gage length of the specimen.
7.3 The impact strength shall be determined at 70 to 80°F [20 to 25°C], by Charpy V-notch specimen Type A as described in
Test Methods and Definitions A 370A370.
7.4 Material tensile tested and, when specified, impact tested in the transverse direction (perpendicular to the forging flow lines)
and meeting the requirements shown in Table 3 need not be tested in the longitudinal direction.
7.5 Samples cut from forging shall conform to the mechanical properties of Table 3 when heat treated as specified in Tables 2
and 3 and tested in accordance with Test Methods and Definitions A 370A370.
A705/A705M – 95 (2009)
TABLE 2 Solution Heat Treatment
A
Mechanical Test Requirements in Solution Treated Condition
B
Elongation
Tensile Strength, min Yield Strength, min Hardness
Condi- Reduction
Type Solution Treatment in 2 in. [50
tion of Area,
Rockwell C, Brinell,
mm] or 4D,
ksi [MPa] ksi [MPa]
minute %
max max
min. %
630 A 1900 6 25°F [1040 6 15°C] (cool . . . . . . 38 363
as required to below 90°F [32°C])
631 A 1900 6 25°F [1040 6 15°C] (water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rb89 229
quench)
C
632 A 1900 6 25°F [1040 6 15°C] (water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rb100 269
quench)
D D
634 A 1900 6 25°F [1040 6 15°C] . . . . . . . 363
quench, hold not less than3hat
minus 100°F or lower
635 A 1900 6 25°F [1040 6 15°C] (air 120 [825] 75 [515] 10 45 32 302
cool)
XM-12 A 1900 6 25°F [1040 6 15°C] (cool . . . . . . 38 363
as required to below 90°F [32°C])
XM-13 A 1700 6 25°F [925 6 15°C] (cool as . . . . . . 38 363
required to below 60°F [16°C])
XM-16 A 1525 6 25°F [830 6 15°C] (cool . . . . . . 36 331
rapidly)
S45503 A 1525 6 25°F [830 6 15°C] (cool . . . . . . 36 331
rapidly)
E
XM-25 A 1900 6 25°F [1040 6 15°C] (cool 125 [860] 95 [655] 10 40 33 311
rapidly)
A
See 6.1.
B
Either Rockwell C hardness or Brinell is permissible. On sizes of ⁄2 in. (12.70 mm) and smaller, Rockwell C is preferred.
C
321 BHN for rounds cold drawn after solution treating.
D
Equalization and over-tempering treatment 1425 6 50°F [775 6 30°C] for not less than 3 h, cool to room temperature, heat to 1075 6 25°F [580 6 15°C] for not less
than3h.
E
125 − 165 ksi [860 − 1140 MPa] for sizes up to ⁄2 in. [13 mm].
8. Prolongations for Tests
8.1 Subject to Section 7, the forgings shall be produced with prolongations for testing, unless otherwise specified.The producer
may elect to submit an extra forging to represent each test lot instead of prolongations, or the test specimens can be taken from
the forgings themselves.
9. Number of Tests
9.1 For all classes of forgings weighing from 5000 to 7000 lb [2300 to 3200 kg] each, at least one tension test shall be made
from each forging.
9.2 For all classes of forgings weighing more than 7000 lb [3200 kg] each, one tension test shall be made from each end of each
forging. In the case of ring forgings, the tension test specimen shall be removed from each of two locations on the periphery,
approximately 180° apart, or insofar as practicable, from opposite ends of the forging.
9.3 For forgings weighing less than 5000 lb [2300 kg] each, one tension test shall be made from each size classification for each
heat in each heat-treating charge. Where continuous heat-treating furnaces are used, tests shall be made on 10 % of the forgings
of each size classification from each heat subjected to the same heat-treatment practice.
10. Keywords
10.1 age-hardening stainless steel; precipitation hardening stainless steel; stainless steel forgings
A705/A705M – 95 (2009)
A
TABLE 3 Mechanical Test Requirements After Age Hardening Heat Treatment
Tensile Yield Impact
Elon-
Suggested Hardening or Aging
G
Strength, Strength, Hardness Charpy-V,
BCD gation Reduc-
Treatment, or both
F
Applicable
min min min
in2in. tion of
Condi- Thickness,
Type [50 area,
Rock-
tion in. and Test
Tem-
mm] or min,
E
Time, well Brinell,
Direction
perature, Quench ksi [MPa] ksi [MPa] ft·lbf J
4D, %
h C, min
°F [°C]
min. %
min
630 H900 900 [480] 1.0 air cool Up to 3 in. incl [75 190 [1310] 170 [1170] 10 40 40 388 . .
mm] (L)
630 H900 900 [480] 1.0 air cool Up to 3 in. incl [75 190 [1310] 170 [1170] 10 40 40 388 . .
mm] (L)
Over 3 in. [75 mm] 35
to 8 in. incl [200
mm] (L)
H925 925 [495] 4.0 air cool Up to 3 min. incl 170 [1170] 155 [1070] 10 44 38 375 5 6.8
[75 mm] (L)
Over 3 in. [75 mm] 38
to 8 in. incl [200
mm] (L)
H1025 1025 [550] 4.0 air cool 155 [1070] 145 [1000] 12 45 35 331 15 20
H1075 1075 [580] 4.0 air cool 145 [1000] 125 [860] 13 45 32 311 20 27
H1075 1075 [580] 4.0 air cool 145 [1000] 125 [860] 13 45 32 311 20 27
H1100 1100 [595] 4.0 air cool Up to 8 in. incl [200 140 [965] 115 [795] 14 45 31 302 25 34
mm] (L)
H1100 1100 [595] 4.0 air cool Up to 8 in. incl [200 140 [965] 115 [795] 14 45 31 302 25 34
mm] (L)
H1150 1150 [620] 4.0 air cool 135 [930] 105 [725] 16 50 28 277 30 41
H1150 1150 [620] 4.0 air cool 135 [930] 105 [725] 16 50 28 277 30 41
H1150M 1400 [760] for 2 h, air cool plus 115 [795] 75 [520] 18 55 24 255 55 75
1150 [620] for 4 h, air cool.
631 RH950 1750°F [955°C] for not less than 10 Up to 4 in. incl.
min, but not more than 1 h, cool [100 mm] (L)
rapidly to room temperature. Cool
within 24 h to minus 100 6 10°F
185 [1280] 150 [1030] 6 10 41 388 . .
[75°C], hold not less than 8 h.
Warm in air to room temperature.
Heat to 950°F [510°C], hold 1 h, air
cool.
631 RH950 1750°F [955°C] for not less than 10 Up to 4 in. incl.
min, but not more than 1 h, cool [100 mm] (L)
rapidly to room temperature. Cool
within 24 h to minus 100 6 10°F
185 [1280] 150 [1030] 6 10 41 388 . .
[75°C], hold not less than 8 h.
Warm in air to room temperature.
Heat to 950°F [510°C], hold 1 h, air
cool.
TH1050 Alternative treatment: 1400°F Up to 6 in. incl [150
[760°C] hold 90 min, cool to 55 6 mm] (L)
5°F [15 6 3°C] within 1 h. Hold not 170 [1170] 140 [965] 6 25 38 352 . .
less than 30 min, heat to 1050°F
[565°C] hold for 90 min, air cool.
TH1050 Alternative treatment: 1400°F Up to 6 in. incl [150
[760°C] hold 90 min, cool to 55
...

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ASTM A456/A456M-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft Forgings

ABSTRACT
This test method deals with the acceptance criteria for the magnetic particle examination of forged steel crankshafts and forgings having large main bearing journal or crankpin diameters. Covered here are three classes of forgings, which shall be evaluated under two areas of inspection, namely: major critical areas, and minor critical areas. During inspection, magnetic particle indications shall be classified as: surface indications, which include nonmetallic inclusions or stringers, open or twist cracks, flakes, or pipes; open or pinpoint indications; and non-open indications. Procedures for dimpling, depressing, inspection, and product marking are also mentioned.
SCOPE
1.1 This is an acceptance specification for the magnetic particle inspection of forged steel crankshafts having main bearing journals or crankpins 4 in. [200 mm] or larger in diameter.  
1.2 There are three classes, with acceptance standards of increasing severity:  
1.2.1 Class 1.  
1.2.2 Class 2 (originally the sole acceptance standard of this specification).  
1.2.3 Class 3 (formerly covered in Supplementary Requirement S1 of Specification A456 – 64 (1970)).  
1.3 This specification is not intended to cover continuous grain flow crankshafts (see Specification A983/A983M); however, Specification A986/A986M may be used for this purpose.
Note 1: Specification A668/A668M is a product specification which may be used for slab-forged crankshaft forgings that are usually twisted in order to set the crankpin angles, or for barrel forged crankshafts where the crankpins are machined in the appropriate configuration from a cylindrical forging.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch units.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A418/A418M-24(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Turbine and Generator Steel Rotor Forgings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
4.2 The acceptance criteria shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice for ultrasonic examination covers turbine and generator steel rotor forgings covered by Specifications A469/A469M, A470/A470M, A768/A768M, and A940/A940M. This practice shall be used for contact testing only.  
1.2 This practice describes a basic procedure of ultrasonically inspecting turbine and generator rotor forgings. It does not restrict the use of other ultrasonic methods such as reference block calibrations when required by the applicable procurement documents nor is it intended to restrict the use of new and improved ultrasonic test equipment and methods as they are developed.  
1.3 This practice is intended to provide a means of inspecting cylindrical forgings so that the inspection sensitivity at the forging center line or bore surface is constant, independent of the forging or bore diameter. To this end, inspection sensitivity multiplication factors have been computed from theoretical analysis, with experimental verification. These are plotted in Fig. 1 (bored rotors) and Fig. 2 (solid rotors), for a true inspection frequency of 2.25 MHz, and an acoustic velocity of 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s]. Means of converting to other sensitivity levels are provided in Fig. 3. (Sensitivity multiplication factors for other frequencies may be derived in accordance with X1.1 and X1.2 of Appendix X1.)  
FIG. 1 Bored Forgings
Note 1: Sensitivity multiplication factor such that a 10 % indication at the forging bore surface will be equivalent to a 1/8 in. [3 mm] diameter flat bottom hole. Inspection frequency: 2.0 MHz or 2.25 MHz. Material velocity: 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s].
FIG. 2 Solid Forgings
Note 1: Sensitivity multiplication factor such that a 10 % indication at the forging centerline surface will be equivalent to a 1/8 in. [3 mm] diameter flat bottom hole. Inspection frequency: 2.0 MHz or 2.25 MHz. Material velocity: 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s].
FIG. 3 Conversion Factors to Be Used in Conjunction with Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 if a Change in the Reference Reflector Diameter is Required
1.4 Considerable verification data for this method have been generated which indicate that even under controlled conditions very significant uncertainties may exist in estimating natural discontinuities in terms of minimum equivalent size flat-bottom holes. The possibility exists that the estimated minimum areas of natural discontinuities in terms of minimum areas of the comparison flat-bottom holes may differ by 20 dB (factor of 10) in terms of actual areas of natural discontinuities. This magnitude of inaccuracy does not apply to all results but should be recognized as a possibility. Rigid control of the actual frequency used, the coil bandpass width if tuned instruments are used, and so forth, tend to reduce the overall inaccuracy which is apt to develop.  
1.5 This practice for inspection applies to solid cylindrical forgings having outer diameters of not less than 2.5 in. [64 mm] nor greater than 100 in. [2540 mm]. It also applies to cylindrical forgings with concentric cylindrical bores having wall thicknesses of 2.5 [64 mm] in. or greater, within the same outer diameter limits as for solid cylinders. For solid sections less than 15 in. [380 mm] in diameter and for bored cylinders of less than 7.5 in. [190 mm] wall thickness the transducer used for the inspection will be different than the transducer used for larger sections.  
1.6 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the...

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ASTM A105/A105M-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications

ABSTRACT
This specification covers standards for forged carbon steel piping components, that is, flanges, fittings, valves, and similar parts, for use in pressure systems at ambient and higher-temperature service conditions. Materials shall be subjected to heat treatment (annealing, normalizing, tempering, or quenching). Material shall conform to carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium contents. The forgings shall be subjected to tension, hardness and hydrostatic tests, with the latter applicable when required. Material shall adhere to tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, and hardness requirements. Guidelines for retreatment, repair by welding, and product marking are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers forged carbon steel piping components for ambient- and higher-temperature service in pressure systems. Included are flanges, fittings, valves, and similar parts ordered either to dimensions specified by the purchaser or to dimensional standards such as the MSS, ASME, and API specifications referenced in Section 2. Forgings made to this specification are limited to a maximum weight of 10 000 lb [4540 kg]. Larger forgings may be ordered to Specification A266/A266M. Tubesheets and hollow cylindrical forgings for pressure vessel shells are not included within the scope of this specification. Although this specification covers some piping components machined from rolled bar and seamless tubular products (see 5.2), it does not cover raw material produced in these product forms.  
1.2 Supplementary requirements are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.  
1.3 Specification A266/A266M covers other steel forgings and Specifications A675/A675M and A696 cover other steel bars.  
1.4 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units. The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
Note 1: The dimensionless designator NPS (nominal pipe size) has been substituted in this standard for such traditional terms as “nominal diameter,” “size,” and “nominal size.”  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A1090/A1090M-19(2024)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Forged Rings and Hollows for Use as Base Plates in Power Transmission Structures

ABSTRACT
This specification is intended for high-strength, low-alloy forged rings and hollows produced from steels with atmospheric corrosion resistance for use as base plates in welded tubular structures. These steels have considerably better atmospheric corrosion resistance in most environments than carbon structural steel with or without copper addition, and are suitable for many applications in the bare (unpainted) condition when exposed to the atmosphere. The standard covers ordering information and general requirements for delivery, materials and manufacture, heat treatment, mechanical requirements, and the material's chemical composition.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers high-strength, low-alloy steel ring and hollow forgings intended primarily for use as base plates in welded tubular structures for power transmission applications. However, use of this specification is not restricted to such applications and it may be used in other applications for which the attributes of the materials, as defined by this specification, are appropriate.  
1.2 The atmospheric corrosion resistance of Grades A, B, and C in most environments is substantially better than that of carbon structural steel with or without copper addition (see Note 1). When exposed to the atmosphere, these grades are suitable for many applications in the bare (unpainted) condition.
Note 1: See Guide G101 for methods of estimating the atmospheric corrosion resistance of low-alloy steels.  
1.3 The thickness of forgings is limited only by the capacity of the composition to meet the specified mechanical property requirements; however, current practice normally limits the thickness of forgings furnished under this specification to a range of 2 in. to 6 in. [51 mm to 152 mm].
Note 2: When the steel is to be welded, a welding procedure suitable for the grade of steel and intended use or service should be used. See Appendix X3 of Specification A6/A6M for information on weldability.  
1.4 The text of this specification contains notes, footnotes, or both, that provide explanatory material. Such notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, do not contain any mandatory requirements.  
1.5 Supplementary requirements are available but shall apply only when specified by the purchaser at the time of ordering.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A471/A471M-19(2024)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Vacuum-Treated Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and Wheels

ABSTRACT
This specification covers vacuum-treated alloy steel forgings intended for use as turbine rotor disks and wheels. The steel shall be made by the basic electric-furnace process. The molten steel shall be vacuum treated using either the vacuum stream degassing process, vacuum-lift process or ladle degassing process prior to or during the pouring of the ingot in order to remove objectionable gases, particularly hydrogen. The forgings shall receive their hot mechanical work under a press, hammer, or mill of sufficient power to work the metal throughout its section. Before reheating for heat treatment, the forging shall be allowed to cool in a manner to prevent damage and to accomplish transformation. The forgings shall be heated to a suitable temperature for a sufficient length of time for complete austenitization and shall be tempered to develop the specified properties. The forgings shall be preliminarily machined on all surfaces prior to heat treatment and shall be stress relieved after machining. To measure some mechanical properties, the specimens shall be subjected to tension test, impact test, and hardness test. A non-destructive test like an ultrasonic inspection shall be made on all available surfaces to demonstrate freedom from detrimental internal indications.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers vacuum-treated alloy steel forgings intended for use as turbine rotor disks and wheels.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A388/A388M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heavy steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. An ultrasonic, pulsed, reflection type of instrument shall be used and shall provide linear presentation for at least 75% of the screen height. The 5% linearity referred to is descriptive of the screen presentation of amplitude. The electronic apparatus shall contain an attenuator, search units, transducers, couplants, reference blocks, and DGS scales. The forging shall be machined to provide cylindrical surfaces for radial examination in the case of round forgings. The ends of the forgings shall be machined perpendicular to the axis of the forging for the axial examination. Faces of disk and rectangular forgings shall be machined flat and parallel to one another. The procedures to be performed are as follows: ultrasonic examination of the forgings; straight-beam examination with establishment of the instrument sensitivity and calibration either by the reflection, reference-block technique, or DGS method; and angle-beam examination used for rings and hollow forgings.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
4.2 The ultrasonic quality level shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. The straight beam techniques include utilization of the DGS (Distance Gain-Size) method. See Appendix X3.  
1.2 This practice is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that forgings are to be subject to ultrasonic examination in accordance with Practice A388/A388M.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A472/A472M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Heat Stability of Steam Turbine Shafts and Rotor Forgings

ABSTRACT
This measurement method covers the procedures for the standard practice of determining the heat stability of steam turbine and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. Surface and test band preparation, and heating and cooling procedures prior to stability measurements are detailed. Interpretation of the results of cold and hot measurements is also described.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the determination of heat stability of steam turbine shafts and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. This specification is not ordinarily applicable to generator rotor forgings.  
1.2 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the specification, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A336/A336M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with ferritic alloy steel forgings for high-pressure and high-temperature parts, such as boilers, pressure vessels, and associated equipment. The steel grades covered here include the following: Grade F1; Grade F11, Classes 1, 2, and 3; Grade F12; Grade F5; Grade F5A; Grade F9; Grade F6; Grades F21 and F22, Classes 1 and 3; Grade F91, Grade F3V; and Grade F22V. Other steel grades may also be treated under this specification. Alloy steels shall be melted, forged, and rough machined at stipulated conditions. Except as permitted for Grade F22V, steel forgings shall be annealed or normalized and tempered, but may alternatively be liquid quenched and tempered as well. Impact and Charpy V-notch tests shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to specified mechanical requirements such as notch toughness, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Materials shall also undergo heat and product analyses and conform to specified chemical requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers ferritic steel forgings for boilers, pressure vessels, high-temperature parts, and associated equipment.  
1.2 Forgings made of steel grades listed in Specification A335/A335M may also be ordered under this specification. The chemical, tensile, heat treatment, and marking requirements of Specification A335/A335M shall apply, except the forging shall conform to the chemical requirements of Tables 1 and 2 of Specification A335/A335M only with respect to heat analysis. On product analysis they may deviate from these limits to the extent permitted in Table 1 of this specification.  
1.3 Supplementary Requirements S1 to S10 are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.  
1.4 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.  
1.5 Specification A336/A336M formerly included austenitic steel forgings, which are now found in Specification A965/A965M.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A275/A275M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the procedures for the standard practice of performing magnetic particle examination on steel forgings. The inspection medium shall consist of finely divided ferromagnetic particles, whose size, shape and magnetic properties, both individually and collectively, shall be taken into account. Forgings may be magnetized in the longitudinal or circular direction by employing the surge or continuous current flow methods. Magnetization may be applied by passing current through the piece or by inducing a magnetic field by means of a central conductor, such as a prod or yoke, or by coils. While the material is properly magnetized, the magnetic particles may be applied by either the dry method, wet method, or fluorescent method. The parts shall also be sufficiently demagnetized after inspection so that residual or leakage fields will not interfere with future operations to which the steel forgings shall be used for. Indications to be evaluated are grouped into three broad classes, namely: surface defects, which include laminar defects, forging laps and folds, flakes (thermal ruptures caused by entrapped hydrogen), heat-treating cracks, shrinkage cracks, grinding cracks, and etching or plating cracks; subsurface defects, which include stringers of nonmetallic inclusions, large nonmetallics, cracks in underbeads of welds, and forging bursts; and nonrelevant or false indications, which include magnetic writing, changes in section, edge of weld, and flow lines.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 For ferromagnetic materials, magnetic particle examination is widely specified for the detection of surface and near surface discontinuities such as cracks, laps, seams, and linearly oriented nonmetallic inclusions. Such examinations are included as mandatory requirements in some forging standards such as Specification A508/A508M.  
4.2 Use of direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current as the power source for magnetic particle examination allows detection of subsurface discontinuities.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers a procedure for magnetic particle examination of steel forgings. The procedure will produce consistent results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This practice does not contain acceptance standards or recommended quality levels.  
1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current shall be used as the electric power source for any of the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permitted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is very limited and therefore unsuitable.  
1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.
Note 1: Guide E709 may be utilized for magnetic particle examination in the field for machinery components originally manufactured from steel forgings.  
1.3 The minimum requirements for magnetic particle examination shall conform to practice standards of Practice E1444/E1444M. If the requirements of this practice are in conflict with the requirements of Practice E1444/E1444M, the requirements of this practice shall prevail.  
1.4 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices ...

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ASTM A473-23a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service. The different solution heat treatment and annealing treatment received by the steel material are presented in details. The steel shall conform to the specified chemical composition and room temperature mechanical requirements. The forgings shall be produced with prolongations for testing, unless otherwise specified. The number of and procedure for tension test for forgings depending on their weight are presented. The tension test specimens shall be taken from the test prolongations or from the forgings.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements from Specification A788/A788M may be specified when additional testing, inspection, or processing is required.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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