ASTM E1116-98(2008)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Emulsification Characteristics of Pesticide Emulsifiable Concentrates
Standard Test Method for Emulsification Characteristics of Pesticide Emulsifiable Concentrates
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides a guide for evaluating emulsification characteristics of pesticide emulsifiable concentrates. It defines the stability of emulsified particles in water. Although not absolute, the test method is a measure of expected emulsion stability in agricultural application equipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a general procedure for the determination of emulsification spontaneity and the emulsion stability characteristics of pesticide emulsifiable concentrates when diluted with water.
1.2 Proper safety and hygiene precautions must be taken when working with pesticide formulations to prevent skin or eye contact, vapor inhalation, and environmental contamination. Read and follow all handling instructions for the specific formulation and conduct the test in accordance with good laboratory practice.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:E1116 −98(Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Emulsification Characteristics of Pesticide Emulsifiable
Concentrates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1116; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ward to near the bottom of the water, with no visible oil or
cream droplets reaching the bottom of the test cylinder. For
1.1 This test method describes a general procedure for the
products of density less than the water used, a rating of
determination of emulsification spontaneity and the emulsion
excellent is given if bloom occurs near the top of the water and
stability characteristics of pesticide emulsifiable concentrates
no free oil is present. Spontaneity descriptions between excel-
when diluted with water.
lent and nil (no emulsion formed, only free oil) are assigned
1.2 Proper safety and hygiene precautions must be taken
very-good, fair, and poor on a subjective basis.
when working with pesticide formulations to prevent skin or
3.1.2 emulsion quality—a subjective evaluation of the emul-
eye contact, vapor inhalation, and environmental contamina-
sion appearance. A rating of excellent (homogeneous), very
tion. Read and follow all handling instructions for the specific
good, good, fair, and poor (nonhomogeneous) is assigned.
formulation and conduct the test in accordance with good
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Cream and oil separation may coexist.
laboratory practice.
Normally, oil is located at either the extreme top or bottom of
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
the liquid with cream between it and the rest of the emulsion.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
On rare occasions, separation occurs at both top and bottom of
standard.
the liquid (because of partition and solubility properties) and
care must be taken to so note and record.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 Separation:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.1 separation, cream—a discrete, opaque layer of con-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
centrated emulsion occurring at either the top or the bottom of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the liquid.
3.2.2 separation, oil—a discrete layer of nonemulsified
2. Referenced Documents
liquid occurring at either the top or the bottom of the liquid.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1126 Test Method for Hardness in Water
4. Summary of Test Method
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
4.1 In this test method, emulsifiable pesticide concentrates
3. Terminology
are added to water of a given hardness and at a specified
temperature to form an oil-in-water emulsion. Performance of
3.1 Definitions:
the formulation is measured in terms of emulsion spontaneity,
3.1.1 emulsification spontaneity——the rapid formation of
emulsion stability under static conditions, and re-
an emulsion in the test water from agitation provided only by
emulsification of the coalesced phase.
the gravity addition of the product. For products of density
greater than the water used, an excellent spontaneity rating is
5. Significance and Use
assigned when the emulsion bloom (billowing) extends down-
5.1 This test method provides a guide for evaluating emul-
sification characteristics of pesticide emulsifiable concentrates.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E35 on
Itdefinesthestabilityofemulsifiedparticlesinwater.Although
Pesticides, Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Agentsand is the direct respon-
notabsolute,thetestmethodisameasureofexpectedemulsion
sibility of Subcommittee E35.22 on Pesticide Formulations and Delivery Systems.
Current edition approvedOct. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally
stability in agricultural application equipment.
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E1116 – 98(2002).
DOI: 10.1520/E1116-98R08.
6. Apparatus
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
6.1 Analytical Balance, accurate to 0.01 g.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. 6.2 Burets, 50 and 100-mL capacity.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1116−98 (2008)
6.3 Graduated Cylinders, flat bottom, 100-mL capacity, hard water stock by buret to a 1000-mL volumetric flask and
glass stoppered, volume divisions from 1 to 100 mL in 1-mL dilute to volume with water at 20°C. Mix this solution
increments, having an overall length of 300 6 15 mm and a thoroughly (Note 2).
head space between 50 and 75 mm. 7.3.3 Extra-hard Water, equivalent to a total hardness of
1000 ppm as calcium carbonate (CaCO ). Transfer 73.0 mL of
6.4 Pipets, graduated serological, various delivery volumes.
synthetic hard water stock by buret to a 1000-mL volumetric
6.5 Pipet Filler, bulb-type or equivalent.
flaskanddilutetovolumewithwaterat20°C.Mixthissolution
6.6 Thermometer,graduatedin1°Cincrementsandhavinga thoroughly (Note 2).
7.3.4 Other Test Waters—Other synthetic waters can be
minimum range from 0 to 50°C.
prepared by using the following calculation:
6.7 Volumetric Flasks, 1000-mL capacity calibrated at
Desired Water Hardness113.6805
20°C.
@millilitres of synthetic hard water stock at 20 ° C to be diluted
6.8 Constant Temperature (61°C) Device, of minimum
volumetrically to 1000 mL with water at 20 ° C. #
vibration for housing graduated cylinders. This may be a
NOTE 3—Soft
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:E1116–86 (Reapproved 1990) Designation: E 1116 – 98 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Method for
Emulsification Characteristics of Pesticide Emulsifiable
Concentrates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1116; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—New Section 10 on keywords was added editorially in July 1990.
1. Scope
1.1 Thistestmethoddescribesageneralprocedureforthedeterminationofemulsificationspontaneityandtheemulsionstability
characteristics of pesticide emulsifiable concentrates when diluted with water.
1.2 Proper safety and hygiene precautions must be taken when working with pesticide formulations to prevent skin or eye
contact, vapor inhalation, and environmental contamination. Read and follow all handling instructions for the specific formulation
and conduct the test in accordance with good laboratory practice.
1.3This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior
to use.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 1126 Test MethodsMethod for Hardness in Water
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
3. Terminology
3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions::
3.1.1 emulsification spontaneity—thespontaneity—the rapid formation of an emulsion in the test water from agitation provided
only by the gravity addition of the product. For products of density greater than the water used, an excellent spontaneity rating
is assigned when the emulsion bloom (billowing) extends downward to near the bottom of the water, with no visible oil or cream
droplets reaching the bottom of the test cylinder. For products of density less than the water used, a rating of excellent is given
ifbloomoccursnearthetopofthewaterandnofreeoilispresent.Spontaneitydescriptionsbetweenexcellentandnil(noemulsion
formed, only free oil) are assigned very-good, fair, and poor on a subjective basis.
3.1.2 emulsion quality—aquality—a subjective evaluation of the emulsion appearance. A rating of excellent (homogeneous),
very good, good, fair, and poor (nonhomogeneous) is assigned.
3.1.2.13.1.3 Discussion—Cream and oil separation may coexist. Normally, oil is located at either the extreme top or bottom of
the liquid with cream between it and the rest of the emulsion. On rare occasions, separation occurs at both top and bottom of the
liquid (because of partition and solubility properties) and care must be taken to so note and record.
3.1.3separation:
3.1.4 Separation:
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E-35 on Pesticides and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E35.22 on Pesticide Formulation and
Application Systems.
Current edition approved June 27, 1986. Published August 1986.
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E35 on Pesticides andAlternative ControlAgents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E35.22
on Pesticide Formulations and Delivery Systems.
Current edition approvedOct. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 1116 – 98(2002).
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 11.01.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 1116 – 98 (2008)
3.1.4.1 separation, cream—acream—a discrete, opaque layer of concentrated emulsion occurring at either the top or the bottom
of the liquid.
3.1.53.1.4.2 separation, oil—aoil—a discrete layer of nonemulsified liquid occurring at either the top or the bottom of the
liquid.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 In this test method, emulsifiable pesticide concentrates are added to water of a given hardness and at a specified temperature
to form an oil-in-water emulsion. Performance of the formulation is measured in terms of emulsion spontaneity, emulsion stability
under static conditions, and re-emulsification of the coalesced phase.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method provides a guide for evaluating emulsification characteristics of pesticide emulsifiable concentrates. It
defines the stability of emulsified particles in water. Although not absolute, the test method is a measure of expected emulsion
stability in agricultural application equipment.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Analytical Balance, accurate to 0.01 g.
6.2 Burets, 50 and 100-mL capacity.
6.3 Graduated Cylinders, flat bottom, 100-mL capacity, glass stoppered, volume divisions from 1 to 100 mL in 1-mL
increments, having an overall length of 300 6 15 mm and a head space between 50 and 75 mm.
6.4 Pipets, graduated serological, various delivery volumes.
6.5 Pipet Filler, bulb-type or equivalent.
6.6 Thermometer, graduated in 1°C increments and having a minimum range from 0 to 50°C.
6.7 Volumetric Flasks, 1000-mL capacity calibrated at 20°C.
6.8 Constant Temperature (61°C) Device, of minimum vibration for housing graduated cylinders. This may be a controlled
room, incubator, or a water bath of sufficient depth to allow immersion of graduated cylinders to above the 100-mL mark.
7. Reagents
7.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all
reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society where
such specifications
...
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