E35.22 - Pesticide Formulations and Delivery Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Extensional viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a liquid to stretching forces, such as those occurring during the disruption of liquid films and the formation of sprays used in agriculture and other purposes including painting operations or metal working. This method for measurement of a Screen Factor, gives a relative value for extensional viscosity, which may be used:  
4.1.1 To compare the potential for drift control of different polymers.  
4.1.2 To compare the relative extensional viscosity component of different spray tank mixtures.  
4.1.3 To determine the extent of breakdown of polymer solutions used as drift control additives during the recirculation of the solutions through pumps and screens.  
4.1.4 To use as a parameter in the Spray Drift Task Force Models for droplet size prediction.  
4.2 It should also be noted that many drift control polymers are irreversibly destroyed during the recirculation of spray mixes by pumping with high shear pumps such as gear or centrifugal pumps. It is advisable to subject the test mixture to similar pumping regimes to simulate practical conditions before carrying out the extensional viscosity test. Measurements of extensional viscosity are the only presently known method of determining the extent of this breakdown properties of dilute polymer solutions.  
4.3 This method is intended to produce a relative value for extensional viscosity. The purpose of the method is to compare the extensional viscosity produced by different polymer types or concentrations of polymer in spray tank mixes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative extensional viscosity or Screen Factor (SF) of dilute agricultural spray mixes.  
1.2 The test can be used for tank mixes containing dissolved, emulsified or dispersed materials, or mixtures.  
1.3 Results may be affected by the quality of the water used. Make-up water quality should therefore be specified in the presentation of results.  
1.4 Proper safety and hygiene precautions must be taken when working with pesticide formulations to prevent skin or eye contact, vapor inhalation, and environmental contamination. Read and follow all handling instructions for the specific formulation and conduct the test in accordance with good laboratory practice.
Note 1: References to the development of extensional viscosity from dissolved polymers, extensional viscosity effects on the droplet size distribution of sprays, and measurements of screen factor on recirculated spray mixes containing polymers are available.2,3  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method was designed principally for clay granular carriers and clay-based granular formulations, but need not be limited to these materials.  
4.2 This procedure is applicable to granules in the range from 6 to 80 mesh (3.36 to 0.17 mm).  
4.3 The sieve sizes used to calculate total particle count will be called the desired range and should be specified as part of the test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the number of particles per pound of granular carriers and granular pesticide formulations.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This guide provides information on the calibration of boom-type field sprayers used for broadcast, band, or row applications. It is easily adapted to boomless and air-carrier type sprayers for broadcast applications and to rotary atomizers such as spinning disks. A single calibration procedure that is applicable in all situations is not feasible because of the nature of the variables involved in pesticide application. Electronic controllers and other aids should be calibrated by one of these methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is for those who prepare field sprayer calibration procedures. The purpose is to encourage methods that will improve uniformity, accuracy, and safety of pesticide application with field sprayers.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific hazard statements see Section 4.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this terminology standard is to establish uniformity in terms used in the field of agricultural chemical application. Terms are adopted from related fields and where applicable from Terminology E609.  
1.2 The terms are appropriate to any agricultural chemical application. Units in parenthesis following a definition are meant as typical and are not exhaustive of all units available for the term.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed specifically for emulsions of pesticide emulsifiable concentrates.  
5.2 This test method provides information on the absorption/adsorption of solvents by simulated organic soil and inorganic soil impacted by pesticide EC emulsion applications.  
5.3 The amount of solvent lost by volatilization at 40 °C as determined by this method is an indirect measure of the atmospheric availability of the solvent to potentially react with nitrogen oxides to form tropospheric ozone, a major air pollutant.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method simulates the application of an emulsion of a pesticide emulsifiable concentrate (EC) to soil with high organic matter (corn cob granules) and to soil with high inorganic matter (clay granules) and determines the amount of solvent retained by the granules, and withheld from the atmosphere, before and after exposure to 40 ºC in a vented oven. The granules simulate two extremes of soil composition, and the 40 ºC exposure simulates high temperature weathering. Solvent loss from organic substrates other than corn cob may also be determined by repeating the 40 °C exposure tests with the chosen substrate replacing corn cob. The results with corn cob, however, are a reference that must be reported with the alternate substrate results. The difference in solvent content of the granules before and after weathering is an indication of the emission of the solvent from soil impacted by emulsions or solutions during pesticide applications using common practices such as spraying and drip irrigating. Analysis of the granules for solvent content is by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), or other methods tested and proven to be accurate and reproducible.
Note 1: Since it evaluates soil surface sorption, this test method will underestimate soil sorption from pesticide applications made below the soil surface. Sub-soil surface treatments may include, but are not limited to, mechanical soil injection and soil incorporation applications. In these cases, the increased depth of the sub-soil treatments reduce the soil surface exposure and facilitate increased levels of soil sorption.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is designed specifically for dry formulations.  
4.2 This test method may not be applicable to all dry formulations such as those containing water soluble or liquid technicals/pesticides or ingredients that rise to the top upon separation.  
4.3 This test method may not be applicable to those technicals that decompose below the drying temperature.  
4.4 This test method should be run in duplicate.  
4.5 Products containing water soluble or volatile components may result in errors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the percent dispersibility of dry pesticide formulations.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific precautionary statements see Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This procedure was designed principally for clay, corncob, nut shell, paper, or sand granular carriers and granular pesticide products, but need not be limited to these materials. There may be more appropriate test methods for other types of granular carriers and products.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the particle size distribution of granular carriers and granular pesticides.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use in quality control, material screening, and related problem solving where a nonvolatile content is desired or a comparison can be made with a known material of the same type.  
5.2 The parameters described may be altered to suit a particular analysis, provided the changes are noted in the report.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the non-volatile matter of agricultural tank mix adjuvant solutions by thermogravimetry.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is designed specifically for dry formulations, but need not be restricted to these materials.  
4.2 Either option of this test method (see Section 8) may be used to determine the percent suspensibility.  
4.3 This test method may not be applicable to all dry formulations such as those containing liquid or soluble technical/pesticides or ingredients that rise to the top upon separation.  
4.4 This test method may not be applicable to formulations containing ingredients that decompose under the test conditions.  
4.5 This test method may not give reproducible results if flocculation occurs.  
4.6 This test method should be run in duplicate.  
4.7 Products containing water soluble or volatile components may result in errors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the percent suspensibility of dry pesticide formulations.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This procedure was designed principally for clay, corncob, nut shell, or sand granular carriers and granular pesticide products but need not be limited to these materials. There may be more appropriate sampling methods for other types of granular carriers and products.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method presents general procedures for sampling and sampling practice for granular carriers and granular pesticides.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 5.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a simple approach for determining the transmission properties of film membranes and sheeting over a range of permeability exceeding four orders of magnitude. This test method is described here to measure the permeability of films used in soil fumigation, but it is also appropriate for other gases and membranes if the analytical methods are appropriately modified.  
5.2 This test method can be used for single or mixed compounds. This test method uses small quantities of test chemicals in vapor form, and microgram to milligram quantities of each chemical may produce a sufficient amount of vapor for each test depending on the analytical methods.  
5.3 Interlaboratory testing showed that the MTC estimated by this test method is relatively insensitive to the laboratory procedures. The interlaboratory testing involved measuring the MTC for several soil fumigant compounds and a wide range of film permeability. Analysts with prior experience handling and analyzing gaseous fumigant compounds had lower coefficients of variation (10 % to 20 %) compared to less experienced analysts (20 % to 50 %) based on triplicate tests. The coefficient of variation between laboratories was higher for less permeable film materials than for films with high MTC. This was attributed to the additional length of the experiments and potential for increased leakage from the apparatus and was most pronounced for less experienced analysts.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the transmission of a gas through plastic membranes, sheeting, films, and fabric materials using a static sealed diffusion chamber. The test method monitors gas diffusion across a film membrane and provides measurements of (1) gas concentrations on each side of the film membrane and (2) estimates of the mass transfer coefficient (MTC) for the tested gas and film material. The MTC represents the film permeability and is independent of the concentration gradient used during testing, which simplifies some aspects of the experimental design.  
1.2 This test method permits the loading of mixed vapors and simultaneous determination of the permeability of one film to various gases.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended for products sold as tank mix adjuvants for use with agricultural products.  
4.2 Part A provides a determination of whether the pH modification characteristics of the adjuvant tested meet the definition of an acidifier, alkalinity agent, or a basic blend in Terminology E1519. Part B provides a measure of the buffer capacity of the adjuvant. This can be used to estimate the amount of a buffer that will be required to keep a spray solution at the desired pH.  
4.3 Other pH standards can be used (see Test Method E70) as long as the pHs measured are not outside the range of the standards used.  
4.4 If samples of the material to be used in a particular application are available, the first method can be used to determine what adjuvant rate is required to obtain the desired pH. The ability of an adjuvant to adjust the pH of a particular system will depend on the initial pH before addition.  
4.5 The second method can be used to determine the amount of an adjuvant required to change the pH of a quantity of spray solution to the required value (see Note 1).
Note 1: Many acidifiers and basic blends also are buffers, so the pH change does not provide a useful measure of buffer capacity.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover determining if an adjuvant meets the definitions of an acidifier, a basic blend, alkalinity agent, or buffer in Terminology E1519.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods were designed principally for clay, corncob, nut shell, paper-based or sand granular carriers, and granular pesticide products, but need not be limited to these materials. There may be more appropriate test methods for other types of granular carriers or pesticide products. The differences in the following test methods are slight, but they offer a choice of a recognized test procedure.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are used to determine bulk density of granular carriers and granular pesticides by measuring either free-fall bulk density (Test Method A) or loose-fill bulk density (Test Method B).  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 4.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This procedure was designed principally with granular clay, corncob, nut shell, or sand carriers and granular pesticide products, but need not be limited to these materials. There may be more appropriate test methods for other types of granular carriers and pesticide products.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the resistance to attrition of granular carriers and granular pesticides.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 6.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is used or is likely to be used in test methods, specifications, guides, and practices related to agricultural tank mix adjuvants.  
1.2 These definitions are written to ensure that standards related to agricultural tank mix adjuvants are properly understood and interpreted.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This guide covers the calibration of row, band, and broadcast applicators. Attainment of accurate and more uniform application can reduce the quantity of active ingredient required for a given degree of control, thus improving environmental quality and safety at a more economical cost. A single-calibration procedure applicable in all situations is not feasible because of the nature of the variables involved in chemical applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is for those who prepare granular pesticide ground applicator calibration procedures. The purpose is to encourage methods that will improve uniformity and accuracy of application with granular applicators.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 4.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method has been designed principally for granular carriers with LHC greater than 5.0 %. The incremental amount of suitable fluid added can be adjusted down as needed for carriers with LHC less than 5.0 %.  
3.2 This test method has been designed principally for granular carriers with a relatively rapid absorption of liquid. Some materials may absorb liquids more slowly than the described times in the method. If such is the case, the time limit of two (2) min. may be extended.  
3.3 This test method is applicable to granules in the range from 4 to 100 mesh (4.75 to 0.150 mm).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the liquid holding capacity (LHC) of granular carriers.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 5.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed specifically for granular pesticide formulations.  
5.2 This test method helps provide information on health hazards likely to arise from exposures by the inhalation route. It can be of use in selecting dose levels for chronic studies and for establishing safety criteria for human exposure.  
5.3 The amount of fines determined by this method is a measure of potential inhalation and respiration toxicity because the hazards of inhaled solid substances are influenced by physical factors such as particle size.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the amount and particle size distribution curve of particles with diameter 106 micrometers or smaller resulting from the attrition of granular pesticides.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statement, see Section 8.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a guide for evaluating emulsification characteristics of pesticide emulsifiable concentrates. It defines the stability of emulsified particles in water. Although not absolute, the test method is a measure of expected emulsion stability in agricultural application equipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a general procedure for the determination of emulsification spontaneity and the emulsion stability characteristics of pesticide emulsifiable concentrates when diluted with water.  
1.2 Proper safety and hygiene precautions must be taken when working with pesticide formulations to prevent skin or eye contact, vapor inhalation, and environmental contamination. Read and follow all handling instructions for the specific formulation and conduct the test in accordance with good laboratory practice.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is designed for researchers, applicators, and end users of pesticides where one or more ingredients are being mixed into an aqueous spray system. The practice is useful in determining physical compatibility of aqueous spray mixtures of pesticides and/or fertilizers.  
4.2 The practice is not designed to determine physical compatibility of non-aqueous based spray mixtures.  
4.3 The results or the testing should be used to determine the compatibility of the mixture ingredients in dynamic applications. Interpolation of static results to the expectations of the results of this test is not encouraged.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the method for the evaluation of the physical compatibility and stability of pesticide tank mixtures diluted for aqueous application. This practice may also be adapted to use with liquid fertilizers in replacement of the water diluent.  
1.2 Tank mix compatibility can be affected by many variables. Care should be taken to duplicate test conditions. This practice addresses the standard variables such as time, temperature, water hardness, method of agitation, and degree of agitation.  
1.3 Compatibility is complex and can be affected by other variables such as order of addition, pH of the dilution water, pumping shear, etc. Under the parameters of this practice, the results will define whether the pesticide mixture is or is not compatible in the laboratory. Compatibility or incompatibility should be confirmed under field spray conditions.  
1.4 Proper safety and hygiene precautions must be taken when working with pesticide formulations to prevent skin or eye contact, vapor inhalation, and environmental contamination.  
1.5 Read and follow all handling instructions for the specific formulation and conduct the test in accordance with good laboratory practice.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Pesticide regulations for the minimization of drift during pesticide application often require active ingredient (a.i.) product use under defined droplet size conditions. Spray performance with respect to transport and deposition of droplets and particles at target surfaces and product efficacy for desired applications are also affected by droplet size spectra. The effect of drift reduction adjuvants on droplet size spectra should be understood in this context. The present test method describes standard tests that can be conducted to investigate the performance of pesticide spray drift reduction adjuvants under simulated field use conditions for drift management decisions in the context of the entire spraying process. The measured reduction in driftable fines and shift in spray droplet size distribution can be used to reduce the buffer zones mandated by regulatory agencies.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to characterize the performance of pesticide spray drift reduction adjuvants with respect to spray droplet size spectra, volume of fines, and other use parameters under simulated field ground application conditions. This test method does not include any procedures to evaluate if pump shear degrades the performance of the spray drift reduction adjuvant.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: This method uses industry-standard units. The following conversions to SI units are provided for convenience: 1 mph = 1.61 kph; 1 in = 2.54 cm; 1 gal/acre = 9.36 L/hectare.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice covers uniform procedures for determining and reporting application rates and distribution patterns from agricultural aircraft. The procedures covered deal with both fixed and rotary-wing aircraft equipped with either liquid or dry material distribution systems. The physical characteristics of the liquid or dry material have an effect on the application rate and the distribution patterns. If inert test solutions for materials are substituted for the materials to be applied, they shall have physical characteristics similar to those of the material to be applied. If toxic materials are used in the tests, all safety precautions prescribed. A complete procedure shall consist of five parts: the first part is the determination of the output rate from the aircraft system, the second part involves the determination of the swath distribution pattern by recovery of the applied materials from suitable collectors, the third part covers the determination of usable swath width for field applications, the fourth part discusses the determination of the rate of application of the spray mixture or dry material, and the fifth and last part is the determination of the uniformity of distribution of several swaths.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers uniform procedures for determining and reporting application rates and distribution patterns from agricultural aircraft. This practice should not be used for making biological performance tests.  
1.2 The procedures covered deal with both fixed and rotary-wing aircraft equipped with either liquid or dry material distribution systems.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to provide a rapid means of determining the relative ability of a liquid agricultural spray mixture to spread on a test substrate.  
5.2 This test method was validated using Parafilm M3 as a test substrate. It is the user's responsibility for determining the validity of this test method for alternative test surfaces. While it may be generally agreed upon that there is no perfect model for the variety of surfaces for which spreading information would be useful, this test method does not limit users to any one surface. Further consideration must also be given to the potential effect that the liquid droplet may have on the chemical composition and morphology of the test surface. While this does not restrict the test method, an understanding of this potential can help in the interpretation of test data.  
5.3 This test method will determine the relative spread of radii of water, fertilizers, oils, and mixtures of these carriers with surfactants. It is the user's responsibility to determine the validity of the test method with alternative liquids.  
5.4 This test method will determine the relative spread radii of droplets over 30 s, 60 s, and 5 min. It is the user's responsibility to determine the validity of the test method at alternative spreading times.  
5.5 This test method is appropriate for relative humidities within the range of 40 to 70 %. It is the user's responsibility to determine the validity of the test method at alternate relative humidities.  
5.6 This test method is appropriate for temperatures within the range of 18 to 22 °C. It is the user's responsibility to determine the validity of the test method at alternate temperatures.  
5.7 This test method will determine the relative spread radii for droplets of 10 and 20 μL. It is the user's responsibility to determine the validity of the test method at alternate droplet sizes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the visual evaluation of the relative spread radius of liquid spray mixture droplets.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is used in test methods, specifications, guides, and practices related to biorationals comprising biologically-derived materials or, if synthesized, the material must be structurally similar and functionally identical to a biologically occurring material with minor differences between the stereochemical isomer ratios. These definitions are written to ensure that standards related to these materials and their uses are properly understood and interpreted. Terms included in this standard cover materials or products derived from animals, plants, microorganisms, or minerals and focus on functional or marketing claims, or both.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This procedure was designed principally for clay, corncob, nut shell, or sand granular carriers and granular pesticide products but need not be limited to these materials. There may be more appropriate sampling methods for other types of granular carriers and products.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method presents general procedures for sampling and sampling practice for granular carriers and granular pesticides.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 5.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This guide provides information on the calibration of boom-type field sprayers used for broadcast, band, or row applications. It is easily adapted to boomless and air-carrier type sprayers for broadcast applications and to rotary atomizers such as spinning disks. A single calibration procedure that is applicable in all situations is not feasible because of the nature of the variables involved in pesticide application. Electronic controllers and other aids should be calibrated by one of these methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is for those who prepare field sprayer calibration procedures. The purpose is to encourage methods that will improve uniformity, accuracy, and safety of pesticide application with field sprayers.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 4.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use in quality control, material screening, and related problem solving where a nonvolatile content is desired or a comparison can be made with a known material of the same type.  
5.2 The parameters described may be altered to suit a particular analysis, provided the changes are noted in the report.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the non-volatile matter of agricultural tank mix adjuvant solutions by thermogravimetry.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is designed specifically for dry formulations, but need not be restricted to these materials.  
4.2 Either option of this test method (see Section 8) may be used to determine the percent suspensibility.  
4.3 This test method may not be applicable to all dry formulations such as those containing either liquids or ingredients that rise to the top upon separation.  
4.4 This test method may not be applicable to formulations containing ingredients that decompose under the test conditions.  
4.5 This test method may not give reproducible results if flocculation occurs.  
4.6 This test method should be run in duplicate.  
4.7 Products containing water soluble or volatile components may result in errors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the percent suspensibility of dry pesticide formulations.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is designed specifically for dry formulations.  
4.2 This test method may not be applicable to all dry formulations such as those containing either liquid technicals or ingredients that rise to the top upon separation.  
4.3 This test method may not be applicable to those technicals that decompose below the drying temperature.  
4.4 This test method should be run in duplicate.  
4.5 Products containing water soluble or volatile components may result in errors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the percent dispersibility of dry pesticide formulations.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific precautionary statements see Section 7.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is used or is likely to be used in test methods, specifications, guides, and practices related to agricultural tank mix adjuvants.  
1.2 These definitions are written to ensure that standards related to agricultural tank mix adjuvants are properly understood and interpreted.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is used in test methods, specifications, guides, and practices related to biorationals comprising biologically-derived materials or, if synthesized, the material must be structurally similar and functionally identical to a biologically occurring material with minor differences between the stereochemical isomer ratios. These definitions are written to ensure that standards related to these materials and their uses are properly understood and interpreted. Terms included in this standard cover materials or products derived from animals, plants, microorganisms, or minerals and focus on functional or marketing claims, or both.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is used in test methods, specifications, guides, and practices related to biorationals comprising biologically-derived materials or, if synthesized, the material must be structurally similar and functionally identical to a biologically occurring material with minor differences between the stereochemical isomer ratios. These definitions are written to ensure that standards related to these materials and their uses are properly understood and interpreted. Terms included in this standard cover materials or products derived from animals, plants, microorganisms, or minerals and focus on functional or marketing claims, or both.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Extensional viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a liquid to stretching forces, such as those occurring during the disruption of liquid films and the formation of sprays used in agriculture and other purposes including painting operations or metal working. This method for measurement of a Screen Factor, gives a relative value for extensional viscosity, which may be used:  
4.1.1 To compare the potential for drift control of different polymers.  
4.1.2 To compare the relative extensional viscosity component of different spray tank mixtures.  
4.1.3 To determine the extent of breakdown of polymer solutions used as drift control additives during the recirculation of the solutions through pumps and screens.  
4.1.4 To use as a parameter in the Spray Drift Task Force Models for droplet size prediction.  
4.2 It should also be noted that many drift control polymers are irreversibly destroyed during the recirculation of spray mixes by pumping with high shear pumps such as gear or centrifugal pumps. It is advisable to subject the test mixture to similar pumping regimes to simulate practical conditions before carrying out the extensional viscosity test. Measurements of extensional viscosity are the only presently known method of determining the extent of this breakdown properties of dilute polymer solutions.  
4.3 This method is intended to produce a relative value for extensional viscosity. The purpose of the method is to compare the extensional viscosity produced by different polymer types or concentrations of polymer in spray tank mixes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative extensional viscosity or Screen Factor (SF) of dilute agricultural spray mixes.  
1.2 The test can be used for tank mixes containing dissolved, emulsified or dispersed materials, or mixtures.  
1.3 Results may be affected by the quality of the water used. Make-up water quality should therefore be specified in the presentation of results.  
1.4 Proper safety and hygiene precautions must be taken when working with pesticide formulations to prevent skin or eye contact, vapor inhalation, and environmental contamination. Read and follow all handling instructions for the specific formulation and conduct the test in accordance with good laboratory practice.
Note 1: References to the development of extensional viscosity from dissolved polymers, extensional viscosity effects on the droplet size distribution of sprays, and measurements of screen factor on recirculated spray mixes containing polymers are available.2,3  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method was designed principally for clay granular carriers and clay-based granular formulations, but need not be limited to these materials.  
4.2 This procedure is applicable to granules in the range from 8 to 60 mesh (2.36 to 0.25 mm).  
4.3 The sieve sizes used to calculate total particle count will be called the desired range and should be specified as part of the test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the number of particles per pound of granular carriers and granular pesticide formulations.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This procedure was designed principally for clay, corncob, nut shell, paper, or sand granular carriers and granular pesticide products, but need not be limited to these materials. There may be more appropriate test methods for other types of granular carriers and products.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the particle size distribution of granular carriers and granular pesticides.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed specifically for emulsions of pesticide emulsifiable concentrates.  
5.2 This test method provides information on the absorption/adsorption of solvents by simulated organic soil and inorganic soil impacted by pesticide EC emulsion applications.  
5.3 The amount of solvent lost by volatilization at 40ºC as determined by this method is an indirect measure of the atmospheric availability of the solvent to potentially react with nitrogen oxides to form tropospheric ozone, a major air pollutant.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method simulates the application of an emulsion of a pesticide emulsifiable concentrate (EC) to soil with high organic matter (corn cob granules) and to soil with high inorganic matter (clay granules) and determines the amount of solvent retained by the granules, and withheld from the atmosphere, before and after exposure to 40ºC in a vented oven. The granules simulate two extremes of soil composition, and the 40ºC exposure simulates high temperature weathering. Solvent loss from organic substrates other than corn cob may also be determined by repeating the 40°C exposure tests with the chosen substrate replacing corn cob. The results with corn cob, however, are a reference that must be reported with the alternate substrate results. The difference in solvent content of the granules before and after weathering is an indication of the emission of the solvent from soil impacted by emulsions or solutions during pesticide applications using common practices such as spraying and drip irrigating. Analysis of the granules for solvent content is by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), or other methods tested and proven to be accurate and reproducible.
Note 1: Since it evaluates soil surface sorption, this test method will underestimate soil sorption from pesticide applications made below the soil surface. Sub-soil surface treatments may include, but are not limited to, mechanical soil injection and soil incorporation applications. In these cases, the increased depth of the sub-soil treatments reduce the soil surface exposure and facilitate increased levels of soil sorption.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended for products sold as tank mix adjuvants for use with agricultural products.  
4.2 Part A provides a determination of whether the pH modification characteristics of the adjuvant tested meet the definition of an acidifier, alkalinity agent, or a basic blend in Terminology E1519. Part B provides a measure of the buffer capacity of the adjuvant. This can be used to estimate the amount of a buffer that will be required to keep a spray solution at the desired pH.  
4.3 Other pH standards can be used (see Test Method E70) as long as the pHs measured are not outside the range of the standards used.  
4.4 If samples of the material to be used in a particular application are available, the first method can be used to determine what adjuvant rate is required to obtain the desired pH. The ability of an adjuvant to adjust the pH of a particular system will depend on the initial pH before addition.  
4.5 The second method can be used to determine the amount of an adjuvant required to change the pH of a quantity of spray solution to the required value (see Note 1).
Note 1: Many acidifiers and basic blends also are buffers, so the pH change does not provide a useful measure of buffer capacity.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover determining if an adjuvant meets the definitions of an acidifier, a basic blend, alkalinity agent, or buffer in Terminology E1519.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this terminology standard is to establish uniformity in terms used in the field of agricultural chemical application. Terms are adopted from related fields and where applicable from Terminology E609.  
1.2 The terms are appropriate to any agricultural chemical application. Units in parenthesis following a definition are meant as typical and are not exhaustive of all units available for the term.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is used or is likely to be used in test methods, specifications, guides, and practices related to agricultural tank mix adjuvants.  
1.2 These definitions are written to ensure that standards related to agricultural tank mix adjuvants are properly understood and interpreted.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This procedure was designed principally with granular clay, corncob, nut shell, or sand carriers and granular pesticide products, but need not be limited to these materials. There may be more appropriate test methods for other types of granular carriers and pesticide products.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the resistance to attrition of granular carriers and granular pesticides.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 6.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is used or is likely to be used in test methods, specifications, guides, and practices related to agricultural tank mix adjuvants.  
1.2 These definitions are written to ensure that standards related to agricultural tank mix adjuvants are properly understood and interpreted.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is used or is likely to be used in test methods, specifications, guides, and practices related to agricultural tank mix adjuvants.  
1.2 These definitions are written to ensure that standards related to agricultural tank mix adjuvants are properly understood and interpreted.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This guide provides information on the calibration of boom-type field sprayers used for broadcast, band, or row applications. It is easily adapted to boomless and air-carrier type sprayers for broadcast applications and to rotary atomizers such as spinning disks. A single calibration procedure that is applicable in all situations is not feasible because of the nature of the variables involved in pesticide application. Electronic controllers and other aids should be calibrated by one of these methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is for those who prepare field sprayer calibration procedures. The purpose is to encourage methods that will improve uniformity, accuracy, and safety of pesticide application with field sprayers.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific hazard statements see Section 4.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a guide for evaluating emulsification characteristics of pesticide emulsifiable concentrates. It defines the stability of emulsified particles in water. Although not absolute, the test method is a measure of expected emulsion stability in agricultural application equipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a general procedure for the determination of emulsification spontaneity and the emulsion stability characteristics of pesticide emulsifiable concentrates when diluted with water.  
1.2 Proper safety and hygiene precautions must be taken when working with pesticide formulations to prevent skin or eye contact, vapor inhalation, and environmental contamination. Read and follow all handling instructions for the specific formulation and conduct the test in accordance with good laboratory practice.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.