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ASTM E2685-15

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Steel Blades Used with the Photovoltaic Module Surface Cut Test

Standard Specification for Steel Blades Used with the Photovoltaic Module Surface Cut Test

SCOPE
1.1 This specification specifies the recommended physical characteristics of the steel blades required for the surface cut test described in ANSI/UL 1703 (Section 24) and IEC 61730-2 (Paragraph 10.3).  
1.2 ANSI/UL 1703 and IEC 61730-2 are standards for photovoltaic module safety testing.  
1.3 This standard provides additional fabrication details for the surface cut test blades that are not provided in ANSI/UL 1703 or IEC 61730-2. Surface cut test blades that have out-of-tolerance corner radii or burrs are known to cause erroneous test results, either passes or failures.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jan-2015
ICS
27.160 - Solar energy engineering
Technical Committee
E44 - Solar, Geothermal and Other Alternative Energy Sources
Drafting Committee
E44.09 - Photovoltaic Electric Power Conversion
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2685-09 - Standard Specification for Steel Blades Used with the Photovoltaic Module Surface Cut Test
Effective Date
01-Feb-2015
Replaced By
ASTM E2685-15(2019) - Standard Specification for Steel Blades Used with the Photovoltaic Module Surface Cut Test
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019

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REDLINE ASTM E2685-15 - Standard Specification for Steel Blades Used with the Photovoltaic Module Surface Cut TestREDLINE ASTM E2685-15 - Standard Specification for Steel Blades Used with the Photovoltaic Module Surface Cut Test
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E2685 −15 An American National Standard
Standard Specification for
Steel Blades Used with the Photovoltaic Module Surface Cut
1
Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2685; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope A684/A684M Specification for Steel, Strip, High-Carbon,
Cold-Rolled
1.1 This specification specifies the recommended physical
E772 Terminology of Solar Energy Conversion
characteristics of the steel blades required for the surface cut
3
2.2 International Electrotechnical Commission Standards
test described inANSI/UL1703 (Section 24) and IEC 61730-2
IEC 61730-2 Photovoltaic (PV) Module Safety Qualifica-
(Paragraph 10.3).
tion – Part 2: Requirements for Testing
1.2 ANSI/UL 1703 and IEC 61730-2 are standards for 4
2.3 American National Standard:
photovoltaic module safety testing.
ANSI/UL 1703 Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Modules and Panels
1.3 This standard provides additional fabrication details for
3. Terminology
the surface cut test blades that are not provided in ANSI/UL
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms used in this specifica-
1703 or IEC 61730-2. Surface cut test blades that have
tion may be found in A506, A684/A684M, E772, ANSI/UL
out-of-tolerance corner radii or burrs are known to cause
1703, and IEC 61730-2.
erroneous test results, either passes or failures.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
4. Materials and Manufacture
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
4.1 Surface cut test blades are fabricated from hardened
standard.
steel strips. The minimum hardness of the steel is 24 as
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
measured using the Rockwell scale. Fully hardened and tem-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
pered steel of at least 0.50 weight percent carbon as specified
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
in Specifications E772 or A506 will meet this requirement.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
4.2 Other materials besides hardened steel may be used
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
provided they have sufficient hardness.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
NOTE 1—Steel hacksaw blades commonly available at hardware stores
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
are acceptable materials of the correct thickness and hardness.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
5. Dimensions and Permissible Variations
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
5.1 Blade thickness: 0.64 6 0.05 mm.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5.2 Corner angle: 90 6 2° (see Fig. 1)
2. Referenced Documents 5.3 Corner radius: 0.115 6 0.025 mm (see Fig. 1)
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
6. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
A506 Specification for Alloy and Structural Alloy Steel,
6.1 The corner contact area of the blade is intended to be a
Sheet and Strip, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled
cylindrical surface of the required radius; any
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2685 − 09 E2685 − 15
Standard Specification for
Steel Blades Used with the Photovoltaic Module Surface Cut
1
Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2685; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification specifies the recommended physical characteristics of the steel blades required for the surface cut test
described in ANSI/UL 1703 (Section 24) and IEC 61730-2 (Paragraph 10.3).
1.2 ANSI/UL 1703 and IEC 61730-2 are standards for photovoltaic module safety testing.
1.3 This standard provides additional fabrication details for the surface cut test blades that are not provided in ANSI/UL 1703
or IEC 61730-2. Surface cut test blades that have out-of-tolerance corner radii or burrs are known to cause erroneous test results,
either passes or failures.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A506 Specification for Alloy and Structural Alloy Steel, Sheet and Strip, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled
A684/A684M Specification for Steel, Strip, High-Carbon, Cold-Rolled
E1328E772 Terminology Relating to Photovoltaic of Solar Energy Conversion (Withdrawn 2012)
3
2.2 International Electrotechnical Commission Standards
IEC 61730-2 Photovoltaic (PV) Module Safety Qualification – Part 2: Requirements for Testing
4
2.3 American National Standard:
ANSI/UL 1703 Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Modules and Panels
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms used in this specification may be found in A506, A684/A684M, E1328E772, ANSI/UL
1703, and IEC 61730-2.
4. Materials and Manufacture
4.1 Surface cut test blades are fabricated from hardened steel strips. The minimum hardness of the steel is 24 as measured using
the Rockwell scale. Fully hardened and tempered steel of at least 0.50 weight percent carbon as specified in Specifications
A684/A684ME772 or A506 will meet this requirement.
4.2 Other materials besides hardened steel may be used provided they have sufficient hardness.
NOTE 1—Steel hacksaw blades commonly available at hardware stores are acceptable materials of the correct thickness and hardness.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar, Geothermal and Other Alternative Energy Sources and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E44.09 on Photovoltaic Electric Power Conversion.
Current edition approved April 1, 2009Feb. 1, 2015. Published May 2009March 2015. Originally approved in 2009 Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E2685–09.
DOI: 10.1520/E2685-09.10.1
...

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4.1 Although this practice is intended for evaluating solar absorber materials and coatings used in flat-plate collectors, no single procedure can duplicate the wide range of temperatures and environmental conditions to which these materials may be exposed during in-service conditions.  
4.2 This practice is intended as a screening test for absorber materials and coatings. All conditions are chosen to be representative of those encountered in solar collectors with single cover plates and with no added means of limiting the temperature during stagnation conditions.  
4.3 This practice uses exposure in a simulated collector with a single cover plate. Although collectors with additional cover plates will produce higher temperatures at stagnation, this procedure is considered to provide adequate thermal testing for most applications.
Note 1: Mathematical modeling has shown that a selective absorber, single glazed flat-plate solar collector can attain absorber plate stagnation temperatures as high as 226 °C (437 °F) with an ambient temperature of 37.8 °C (100 °F) and zero wind velocity, and a double glazed one as high as 245 °C (482 °F) under these conditions. The same configuration solar collector with a nonselective absorber can attain absorber stagnation temperatures as high as 146 °C (284 °F) if single glazed, and 185 °C (360 °F) if double glazed, with the same environmental conditions (see “Performance Criteria for Solar Heating and Cooling Systems in Commercial Buildings,” NBS Technical Note 1187).4  
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4.5 This practice differentiates between the testing of spectrally selective absorbers and nonselective absorbers.  
4.5.1 Testing Spectrally Selective...
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1.1 This practice covers a test procedure for evaluating absorptive solar receiver materials and coatings when exposed to sunlight under cover plate(s) for long durations. This practice is intended to evaluate the exposure resistance of absorber materials and coatings used in flat-plate collectors where maximum non-operational stagnation temperatures will be approximately 200 °C (392 °F).  
1.2 This practice shall not apply to receiver materials used in solar collectors without covers (unglazed) or in evacuated collectors, that is, those that use a vacuum to suppress convective and conductive thermal losses.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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2.2 This practice describes a standard procedure for mounting the test specimen, conducting the impact test, and reporting the effects.  
2.2.1 The procedures for mounting cover plate materials and collectors are provided to ensure that they are tested in a configuration that relates to their use in a solar collector.  
2.2.2 The corner locations of the four impacts are chosen to represent vulnerable sites on the cover plate. Impacts near corner supports are more critical than impacts elsewhere. Only a single impact is specified at each of the impact locations. For test control purposes, multiple impacts in a single location are not permitted because a subcritical impact may still cause damage that would alter the response to subsequent impacts.  
2.2.3 Resultant velocity is used to simulate the velocity that may be reached by hail accompanied by wind. The resultant velocity used in this practice is determined by vector addition of a 20 m/s (45 mph) horizontal velocity to the vertical terminal velocity.  
2.2.4 Ice balls are used in this practice to simulate hailstones because natural hailstones are not readily available to use, and ice balls closely approximate hailstones. However, no direct relationship has been established between the effect of impact of ice balls and hailstones. Hailstones are highly variable in properties such as shape, density, and frangibility.2 These properties affect factors such as the kinetic energy delivered to the cover plate, the period during ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for determining the ability of cover plates for flat-plate solar collectors to withstand impact forces of falling hail. Propelled ice balls are used to simulate falling hailstones. This practice is not intended to apply to photovoltaic cells or arrays.  
1.2 This practice defines two types of test specimens, describes methods for mounting specimens, specifies impact locations on each test specimen, provides an equation for determining the velocity of any size ice ball, provides a method for impacting the test specimens with ice balls, and specifies parameters that must be recorded and reported.  
1.3 This practice does not establish pass or fail levels. The determination of acceptable or unacceptable levels of ice-ball impact resistance is beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.4 The size of ice ball to be used in conducting this test is not specified in this practice. This practice can be used with various sizes of ice balls.  
1.5 The categories of solar collector cover plate materials to which this practice may be applied cover the range of:  
1.5.1 Brittle sheet, such as glass,  
1.5.2 Semirigid sheet, such as plastic, and  
1.5.3 Flexible membrane, such as plastic film.  
1.6 Solar collector cover materials should be tested as:  
1.6.1 Part of an assembled collector (Type 1 specimen), or  
1.6.2 Mounted on a separate test frame cover plate holder (Type 2 specimen).  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internatio...

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ASTM
ASTM E881-92(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Exposure of Solar Collector Cover Materials to Natural Weathering Under Conditions Simulating Stagnation Mode

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice describes a weathering box test fixture and establishes limits for the heat loss coefficients. Uniform exposure guidelines are provided to minimize the variables encountered during outdoor exposure testing.  
4.2 Since the combination of elevated temperature and solar radiation may cause some solar collector cover materials to degrade more rapidly than either exposure alone, a weathering box that elevates the temperature of the cover materials is used.  
4.3 This practice may be used to assist in the evaluation of solar collector cover materials in the stagnation mode. No single temperature or procedure can duplicate the range of temperatures and environmental conditions to which cover materials may be exposed during stagnation conditions. To assist in evaluation of solar collector cover materials in the operational mode, Practice E782 should be used. Insufficient data exist to obtain exact correlation between the behavior of materials exposed in accordance with this practice and actual in-service performance.  
4.4 This practice may also be useful in comparing the performance of different materials at one site or the performance of the same material at different sites, or both.  
4.5 Means of evaluating the effects of weathering are provided in Practice E765, and in other ASTM test methods that evaluate material properties.  
4.6 Exposures of the type described in this practice may be used to evaluate the stability of solar collector cover materials when exposed outdoors to the varied influences that comprise weather. Exposure conditions are complex and changeable. Important factors are material temperature, climate, time of year, presence of industrial pollution, etc. Generally, because it is difficult to define or measure precisely the factors influencing degradation due to weathering, results of outdoor exposure tests must be taken as indicative only. Repeated exposure testing at different seasons over a period of more than one year is req...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the exposure of solar collector cover materials to the natural weather environment at elevated temperatures that approximate stagnation conditions in solar collectors having a combined back and edge loss coefficient of less than 1.5 W/(m2·°C).  
1.2 This practice is suitable for exposure of both glass and plastic solar collector cover materials. Provisions are made for exposure of single and double cover assemblies to accommodate the need for exposure of both inner and outer solar collector cover materials.  
1.3 This practice does not apply to cover materials for evacuated collectors, photovoltaic cells, flat-plate collectors having a combined back and edge loss coefficient greater than 1.5 W/(m2·°C), or flat-plate collectors whose design incorporates means for limiting temperatures during stagnation.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E782-95(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Exposure of Cover Materials for Solar Collectors to Natural Weathering Under Conditions Simulating Operational Mode

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice describes a weathering box test fixture and provides uniform exposure guidelines to minimize the variables encountered during outdoor exposure testing.  
3.2 This practice may be useful in comparing the performance of different materials at one site or the performance of the same material at different sites, or both.  
3.3 Since the combination of elevated temperature and solar radiation may cause some solar collector cover materials to degrade more rapidly than either alone, a weathering box that elevates the temperature of the cover materials is used.  
3.4 This practice is intended to assist in the evaluation of solar collector cover materials in the operational, not stagnation mode. Insufficient data exist to obtain exact correlation between the behavior of materials exposed according to this practice and actual in-service performance.  
3.5 Means of evaluation of effects of weathering are provided in Practice E781, and in other ASTM test methods that evaluate material properties.  
3.6 Tests of the type described in this practice may be used to evaluate the stability of solar collector cover materials when exposed outdoors to the varied influences which comprise weather. Exposure conditions are complex and changeable. Important factors are solar radiation, temperature, moisture, time of year, presence of pollutants, etc. These factors vary from site to site and should be considered in selecting locations for exposure. Control samples must always be used in weathering tests for comparative analysis. Outdoor exposure for at least two years is required to make evident changes, such as surface degradation without the use of sophisticated analytical equipment.  
3.7 Temperature conditions attained with this box may not exactly duplicate those that occur under operational conditions with fluid flow. Dependent on environmental exposure conditions, the cover plate temperatures obtained with this box may be higher or lower than those obtained und...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a procedure for the exposure of cover materials for flat-plate solar collectors to the natural weather environment at temperatures that are elevated to approximate operating conditions.  
1.2 This practice is suitable for exposure of both glass and plastic solar collector cover materials. Provisions are made for exposure of single and double cover assemblies to accommodate the need for exposure of both inner and outer solar collector cover materials.  
1.3 This practice does not apply to cover materials for evacuated collectors or photovoltaics.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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