ASTM D1143/D1143M-07(2013)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Deep Foundations Under Static Axial Compressive Load
Standard Test Methods for Deep Foundations Under Static Axial Compressive Load
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Field tests provide the most reliable relationship between the axial load applied to a deep foundation and the resulting axial movement. Test results may also provide information used to assess the distribution of side shear resistance along the pile shaft, the amount of end bearing developed at the pile toe, and the long-term load-deflection behavior. A foundation designer may evaluate the test results to determine if, after applying an appropriate factor of safety, the pile or pile group has an ultimate static capacity and a deflection at service load satisfactory to support a specific foundation. When performed as part of a multiple-pile test program, the designer may also use the results to assess the viability of different piling types and the variability of the test site.
4.2 If feasible, without exceeding the safe structural load on the pile(s) or pile cap, the maximum load applied should reach a failure load from which the Engineer may determine the ultimate axial static compressive load capacity of the pile(s). Tests that achieve a failure load may help the designer improve the efficiency of the foundation by reducing the piling length, quantity, or size.
4.3 If deemed impractical to apply axial test loads to an inclined pile, the Engineer may elect to use axial test results from a nearby vertical pile to evaluate the axial capacity of the inclined pile.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/ inspection/etc. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 The test methods described in this standard measure the axial deflection of a vertical or inclined deep foundation when loaded in static axial compression. These methods apply to all deep foundations, referred to herein as piles, that function in a manner similar to driven piles or cast-in-place piles, regardless of their method of installation, and may be used for testing single piles or pile groups. The test results may not represent the long-term performance of a deep foundation.
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for testing deep foundations under static axial compressive load. Plans, specifications, and/or provisions prepared by a qualified engineer may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. The engineer in responsible charge of the foundation design, referred to herein as the Engineer, shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this standard.
1.3 This standard allows the following test procedures:
Procedure A
Quick Test
8.1.2
Procedure B
Maintained Test (Optional)
8.1.3
Procedure C
Loading in Excess of Maintained Test (Optional)
8.1.4
Procedure D
Constant Time Interval Test (Optional)
8.1.5
Procedure E
Constant Rate of Penetration Test (Optional)
8.1.6
Procedure F
Constant Movement Increment Test (Optional)
8.1.7
Procedure G
Cyclic Loading Test (Optional)
8.1.8
1.4 Apparatus and procedures herein designated “optional” may produce different test results and may be used only when approved by the Engineer. The word “shall” indicates a mandatory provision, and the word “should” indicates a recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences indicate mandatory provisions.
1.5 A qualified geotechnical engineer should interpret the test results obtained from the procedures of this standard so as to predict the actual performance and adequacy of piles used...
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´1
Designation: D1143/D1143M − 07 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Methods for
Deep Foundations Under Static Axial Compressive Load
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1143/D1143M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ε NOTE—Editorially corrected the title of Figure 2 in June 2018.
1. Scope the constructed foundation. See Appendix X1 for comments
regarding some of the factors influencing the interpretation of
1.1 The test methods described in this standard measure the
test results.
axial deflection of a vertical or inclined deep foundation when
loaded in static axial compression. These methods apply to all
1.6 A qualified engineer shall design and approve all load-
deep foundations, referred to herein as piles, that function in a
ing apparatus, loaded members, support frames, and test
manner similar to driven piles or cast-in-place piles, regardless
procedures. The text of this standard references notes and
of their method of installation, and may be used for testing
footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and
single piles or pile groups. The test results may not represent
footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be
the long-term performance of a deep foundation.
considered as requirements of the standard. This standard also
includes illustrations and appendices intended only for ex-
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for test-
planatory or advisory use.
ing deep foundations under static axial compressive load.
Plans, specifications, and/or provisions prepared by a qualified
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
engineer may provide additional requirements and procedures
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program.
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
The engineer in responsible charge of the foundation design,
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
referred to herein as the Engineer, shall approve any
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this
with the standard.
standard.
1.8 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used
1.3 This standard allows the following test procedures:
when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound
Procedure A Quick Test 8.1.2
[lbf] represents a unit of force [weight], while the unit for mass
Procedure B Maintained Test (Optional) 8.1.3
isslugs.Therationalizedslugunitisnotgiven,unlessdynamic
Procedure C Loading in Excess of Maintained Test (Optional) 8.1.4
Procedure D Constant Time Interval Test (Optional) 8.1.5
[F=ma] calculations are involved.
Procedure E Constant Rate of Penetration Test (Optional) 8.1.6
Procedure F Constant Movement Increment Test (Optional) 8.1.7
1.9 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
Procedure G Cyclic Loading Test (Optional) 8.1.8
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
1.4 Apparatus and procedures herein designated “optional”
Practice D6026.
may produce different test results and may be used only when
1.10 The method used to specify how data are collected,
approved by the Engineer. The word “shall” indicates a
calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to
mandatory provision, and the word “should” indicates a
theaccuracytowhichthedatacanbeappliedindesignorother
recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences
uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this
indicate mandatory provisions.
standard is beyond its scope.
1.5 A qualified geotechnical engineer should interpret the
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the
test results obtained from the procedures of this standard so as
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
to predict the actual performance and adequacy of piles used in
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
RockandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD18.11onDeepFoundations.
1.12 This international standard was developed in accor-
Current edition approved June 15, 2013. Published July 2013. Originally
ε1
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
approved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D1143 – 07 . DOI:
10.1520/D1143_D1143M-07R13E01. ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D1143/D1143M − 07 (2013)
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- 4. Significance and Use
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4.1 Field tests provide the most reliable relationship be-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
tween the axial load applied to a deep foundation and the
resulting axial movement. Test results may also provide
2. Referenced Documents
information used to assess the distribution of side shear
2.1 ASTM Standards:
resistance along the pile shaft, the amount of end bearing
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
developed at the pile toe, and the long-term load-deflection
Fluids
behavior.Afoundationdesignermayevaluatethetestresultsto
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
determine if, after applying an appropriate factor of safety, the
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
pile or pile group has an ultimate static capacity and a
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
deflection at service load satisfactory to support a specific
D5882 Test Method for Low Strain Impact Integrity Testing
foundation. When performed as part of a multiple-pile test
of Deep Foundations
program, the designer may also use the results to assess the
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
viability of different piling types and the variability of the test
Data
site.
D6760 Test Method for Integrity Testing of Concrete Deep
4.2 If feasible, without exceeding the safe structural load on
Foundations by Ultrasonic Crosshole Testing
the pile(s) or pile cap, the maximum load applied should reach
2.2 American National Standards:
a failure load from which the Engineer may determine the
ASME B30.1 Jacks
ultimate axial static compressive load capacity of the pile(s).
ASME B40.100 Pressure Gages and Gauge Attachments
Tests that achieve a failure load may help the designer improve
ASME B89.1.10.M Dial Indicators (For Linear Measure-
the efficiency of the foundation by reducing the piling length,
ments)
quantity, or size.
3. Terminology
4.3 If deemed impractical to apply axial test loads to an
3.1 Definitions—For common definitions of terms used in inclined pile, the Engineer may elect to use axial test results
this standard, see Terminology D653. from a nearby vertical pile to evaluate the axial capacity of the
inclined pile.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 cast in-place pile, n—a deep foundation unit made of
NOTE 1—The quality of the result produced by this test method is
dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the
cement grout or concrete and constructed in its final location,
suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the
for example, drilled shafts, bored piles, caissons, auger cast
criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent
piles, pressure-injected footings, etc
and objective testing/sampling/ inspection/etc. Users of this test method
3.2.2 deep foundation, n— a relatively slender structural are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself
assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice
element that transmits some or all of the load it supports to soil
D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
or rock well below the ground surface, such as a steel pipe pile
or concrete drilled shaft
5. Test Foundation Preparation
3.2.3 driven pile, n—a deep foundation unit made of pre-
5.1 Excavateoraddfilltothegroundsurfacearoundthetest
formed material with a predetermined shape and size and
pile or pile group to the final design elevation unless otherwise
typicallyinstalledbyimpacthammering,vibrating,or pushing.
approved by the Engineer.
3.2.4 failureload,n—forthepurposeofterminatinganaxial
5.2 Cut off or build up the test pile as necessary to permit
compressive load test, the test load at which rapid continuing,
construction of the load-application apparatus, placement of
progressive movement occurs, or at which the total axial
the necessary testing and instrumentation equipment, and
movement exceeds 15 % of the pile diameter or width, or as
observation of the instrumentation. Remove any damaged or
specified by the engineer.
unsound material from the pile top and prepare the surface so
3.2.5 telltale rod, n—an unstrained metal rod extended
thatitisperpendiculartothepileaxiswithminimalirregularity
through the test pile from a specific point to be used as a
to provide a good bearing surface for a test plate.
reference from which to measure the change in the length of
the loaded pile. 5.3 For tests of single piles, install a solid steel test plate at
least 25 mm [1 in.] thick perpendicular to the long axis of the
3.2.6 wireline, n—a steel wire mounted with a constant
test pile that covers the complete pile top area. The test plate
tensionforcebetweentwosupportsandusedasareferenceline
shall span across and between any unbraced flanges on the test
to read a scale indicating movement of the test pile.
pile.
2 5.4 For tests on pile groups, cap the pile group with
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
steel-reinforced concrete or a steel load frame designed for the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standardsvolume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
anticipated loads. Provide a clear space beneath the pile cap as
the ASTM website.
specified by the Engineer to eliminate any bearing on the
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
underlying ground surface. For each loading point on the pile
International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
www.asme.org. cap, provide a solid steel test plate oriented perpendicular to
´1
D1143/D1143M − 07 (2013)
the axis of the pile group with a minimum thickness of 25 mm 6.1.5 Unless otherwise specified, provide steel bearing
[1 in.], as needed to safely apply load to the pile cap. Center a platesthathaveatotalthicknessadequatetospreadthebearing
single bearing plate on the centroid of the pile group. Locate load between the outer perimeters of loaded surfaces at a
multiple bearing plates symmetrically about the centroid of the maximum angle of 45 ° to the loaded axis. For center hole
pile group. Boxes and beams may bear directly on the pile cap
jacks and center hole load cells, also provide steel plates
when designed to bear uniformly along their contact surface adequate to spread the load from their inner diameter to the
with the cap.
their central axis at a maximum angle of 45 °, or per manu-
facturer recommendations. Bearing plates shall extend the full
5.5 To minimize stress concentrations due to minor irregu-
width of the test beam(s) or any steel reaction members so as
larities of the pile top surface, set test plates bearing on the top
to provide full bearing and distribution of the load.
of precast or cast-in-place concrete piles in a thin layer of
6.1.6 A qualified engineer shall design and approve all
quick-setting, non-shrink grout, less than 6 mm [0.25 in.] thick
loading apparatus, loaded members, support frames, and load-
and having a compressive strength greater than the test pile at
ing procedures. The test beam(s), load platforms, and support
the time of the test. Set test plates, boxes, and beams designed
structures shall have sufficient size, strength, and stiffness to
to bear on a concrete pile cap in a thin layer of quick-setting,
prevent excessive deflection and instability up to the maximum
non-shrink grout, less than 6 mm [0.25 in.] thick and having a
anticipated test load.
compressivestrengthgreaterthanthepilecapatthetimeofthe
test. For tests on steel piles, or a steel load frame, weld the test
NOTE 3—Rotations and lateral displacements of the test pile or pile cap
plate to the pile or load frame. For tests on individual timber
may occur during loading, especially for piles extending above the soil
piles,setthetestplatedirectlyonthecleanlycuttopofthepile,
surface or through weak soils. Design and construct the support reactions
or in grout as described for concrete piles. to resist any undesirable rotations or lateral displacements
NOTE 2—Deep foundations sometimes include hidden defects that may 6.2 Hydraulic Jacks, Gages, Transducers, and Load Cells:
go unnoticed prior to the static testing. Low strain integrity tests as
6.2.1 The hydraulic jack(s) and their operation shall con-
described in D5882 and ultrasonic crosshole integrity tests as described in
form to ASME B30.1 Jacks and shall have a nominal load
D6760 may provide a useful pre-test evaluation of the test foundation.
capacity exceeding the maximum anticipated jack load by at
least 20 %. The jack, pump, and any hoses, pipes, fittings,
6. Apparatus for Applying and Measuring Loads
gages, or transducers used to pressurize it shall be rated to a
6.1 General:
safe pressure corresponding to the nominal jack capacity.
6.1.1 The apparatus for applying compressive loads to a test
6.2.2 The hydraulic jack ram(s) shall have a travel greater
pile or pile group shall conform to one of the methods
than the sum of the anticipated maximum axial movement of
described in 6.3–6.6 Unless otherwise specified by the
the pile plus the deflection of the test beam and the elongation
Engineer, the apparatus for applying and measuring loads
andmovementofanyanchoringsystem,butnotlessthan15%
described in this section shall be capable of safely applying at
of the average pile diameter or width. Use a single high-
least 120 % of the maximum anticipated test load. Use the
capacity ja
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1143/D1143M − 07 (Reapproved 2013) D1143/D1143M − 07 (Reapproved
´1
2013)
Standard Test Methods for
Deep Foundations Under Static Axial Compressive Load
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1143/D1143M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ε NOTE—Editorially corrected the title of Figure 2 in June 2018.
1. Scope
1.1 The test methods described in this standard measure the axial deflection of a vertical or inclined deep foundation when
loaded in static axial compression. These methods apply to all deep foundations, referred to herein as piles, that function in a
manner similar to driven piles or cast-in-place piles, regardless of their method of installation, and may be used for testing single
piles or pile groups. The test results may not represent the long-term performance of a deep foundation.
1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for testing deep foundations under static axial compressive load. Plans,
specifications, and/or provisions prepared by a qualified engineer may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed
to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. The engineer in responsible charge of the foundation design, referred to herein
as the Engineer, shall approve any deviations, deletions, or additions to the requirements of this standard.
1.3 This standard allows the following test procedures:
Procedure A Quick Test 8.1.2
Procedure B Maintained Test (Optional) 8.1.3
Procedure C Loading in Excess of Maintained Test (Optional) 8.1.4
Procedure D Constant Time Interval Test (Optional) 8.1.5
Procedure E Constant Rate of Penetration Test (Optional) 8.1.6
Procedure F Constant Movement Increment Test (Optional) 8.1.7
Procedure G Cyclic Loading Test (Optional) 8.1.8
1.4 Apparatus and procedures herein designated “optional” may produce different test results and may be used only when
approved by the Engineer. The word “shall” indicates a mandatory provision, and the word “should” indicates a recommended or
advisory provision. Imperative sentences indicate mandatory provisions.
1.5 A qualified geotechnical engineer should interpret the test results obtained from the procedures of this standard so as to
predict the actual performance and adequacy of piles used in the constructed foundation. See Appendix X1 for comments regarding
some of the factors influencing the interpretation of test results.
1.6 A qualified engineer shall design and approve all loading apparatus, loaded members, support frames, and test procedures.
The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding
those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard. This standard also includes illustrations and
appendices intended only for explanatory or advisory use.
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.8 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound [lbf]
represents a unit of force [weight], while the unit for mass is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic [F=ma]
calculations are involved.
1.9 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.11 on Deep Foundations.
ε1
Current edition approved June 15, 2013. Published July 2013. Originally approved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D1143 – 07 . DOI:
10.1520/D1143_D1143M-07R13.10.1520/D1143_D1143M-07R13E01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D1143/D1143M − 07 (2013)
1.10 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the
accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard
is beyond its scope.
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D5882 Test Method for Low Strain Impact Integrity Testing of Deep Foundations
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
D6760 Test Method for Integrity Testing of Concrete Deep Foundations by Ultrasonic Crosshole Testing
2.2 American National Standards:
ASME B30.1 Jacks
ASME B40.100 Pressure Gages and Gauge Attachments
ASME B89.1.10.M Dial Indicators (For Linear Measurements)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For common definitions of terms used in this standard, see Terminology D653.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 cast in-place pile, n—a deep foundation unit made of cement grout or concrete and constructed in its final location, for
example, drilled shafts, bored piles, caissons, auger cast piles, pressure-injected footings, etc
3.2.2 deep foundation, n— a relatively slender structural element that transmits some or all of the load it supports to soil or rock
well below the ground surface, such as a steel pipe pile or concrete drilled shaft
3.2.3 driven pile, n—a deep foundation unit made of preformed material with a predetermined shape and size and typically
installed by impact hammering, vibrating, or pushing.
3.2.4 failure load, n—for the purpose of terminating an axial compressive load test, the test load at which rapid continuing,
progressive movement occurs, or at which the total axial movement exceeds 15 % of the pile diameter or width, or as specified
by the engineer.
3.2.5 telltale rod, n—an unstrained metal rod extended through the test pile from a specific point to be used as a reference from
which to measure the change in the length of the loaded pile.
3.2.6 wireline, n—a steel wire mounted with a constant tension force between two supports and used as a reference line to read
a scale indicating movement of the test pile.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Field tests provide the most reliable relationship between the axial load applied to a deep foundation and the resulting axial
movement. Test results may also provide information used to assess the distribution of side shear resistance along the pile shaft,
the amount of end bearing developed at the pile toe, and the long-term load-deflection behavior. A foundation designer may
evaluate the test results to determine if, after applying an appropriate factor of safety, the pile or pile group has an ultimate static
capacity and a deflection at service load satisfactory to support a specific foundation. When performed as part of a multiple-pile
test program, the designer may also use the results to assess the viability of different piling types and the variability of the test site.
4.2 If feasible, without exceeding the safe structural load on the pile(s) or pile cap, the maximum load applied should reach a
failure load from which the Engineer may determine the ultimate axial static compressive load capacity of the pile(s). Tests that
achieve a failure load may help the designer improve the efficiency of the foundation by reducing the piling length, quantity, or
size.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standardsvolume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
www.asme.org.
´1
D1143/D1143M − 07 (2013)
4.3 If deemed impractical to apply axial test loads to an inclined pile, the Engineer may elect to use axial test results from a
nearby vertical pile to evaluate the axial capacity of the inclined pile.
NOTE 1—The quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of
the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective
testing/sampling/ inspection/etc. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results.
Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
5. Test Foundation Preparation
5.1 Excavate or add fill to the ground surface around the test pile or pile group to the final design elevation unless otherwise
approved by the Engineer.
5.2 Cut off or build up the test pile as necessary to permit construction of the load-application apparatus, placement of the
necessary testing and instrumentation equipment, and observation of the instrumentation. Remove any damaged or unsound
material from the pile top and prepare the surface so that it is perpendicular to the pile axis with minimal irregularity to provide
a good bearing surface for a test plate.
5.3 For tests of single piles, install a solid steel test plate at least 25 mm [1 in.] thick perpendicular to the long axis of the test
pile that covers the complete pile top area. The test plate shall span across and between any unbraced flanges on the test pile.
5.4 For tests on pile groups, cap the pile group with steel-reinforced concrete or a steel load frame designed for the anticipated
loads. Provide a clear space beneath the pile cap as specified by the Engineer to eliminate any bearing on the underlying ground
surface. For each loading point on the pile cap, provide a solid steel test plate oriented perpendicular to the axis of the pile group
with a minimum thickness of 25 mm [1 in.], as needed to safely apply load to the pile cap. Center a single bearing plate on the
centroid of the pile group. Locate multiple bearing plates symmetrically about the centroid of the pile group. Boxes and beams
may bear directly on the pile cap when designed to bear uniformly along their contact surface with the cap.
5.5 To minimize stress concentrations due to minor irregularities of the pile top surface, set test plates bearing on the top of
precast or cast-in-place concrete piles in a thin layer of quick-setting, non-shrink grout, less than 6 mm [0.25 in.] thick and having
a compressive strength greater than the test pile at the time of the test. Set test plates, boxes, and beams designed to bear on a
concrete pile cap in a thin layer of quick-setting, non-shrink grout, less than 6 mm [0.25 in.] thick and having a compressive
strength greater than the pile cap at the time of the test. For tests on steel piles, or a steel load frame, weld the test plate to the
pile or load frame. For tests on individual timber piles, set the test plate directly on the cleanly cut top of the pile, or in grout as
described for concrete piles.
NOTE 2—Deep foundations sometimes include hidden defects that may go unnoticed prior to the static testing. Low strain integrity tests as described
in D5882 and ultrasonic crosshole integrity tests as described in D6760 may provide a useful pre-test evaluation of the test foundation.
6. Apparatus for Applying and Measuring Loads
6.1 General:
6.1.1 The apparatus for applying compressive loads to a test pile or pile group shall conform to one of the methods described
in 6.3–6.6 Unless otherwise specified by the Engineer, the apparatus for applying and measuring loads described in this section
shall be capable of safely applying at least 120 % of the maximum anticipated test load. Use the method described in 6.3 to apply
axial loads to either vertical or inclined piles or pile groups. Use the methods described in 6.4-6.6 to apply only vertical loads.
6.1.2 Align the test load apparatus with the longitudinal axis of the pile or pile group to minimize eccentric loading. When
necessary to prevent lateral deflection and buckling along the unsupported pile length, provide lateral braces that do not influence
the axial movement of the pile, or pile cap.
6.1.3 Each jack shall include a hemispherical bearing or similar device to minimize lateral loading of the pile or group. The
hemispherical bearing should include a locking mechanism for safe handling and setup. Center bearing plates, hydraulic jack(s),
load cell(s), and hemispherical bearings on the test beam(s), test pile, or test pile cap.
6.1.4 Provide bearing stiffeners as needed between the flanges of test and reaction beams. Provide steel bearing plates as needed
to spread the load from the outer perimeter of the jack(s), or the bearing surface of beams or boxes, to bear on the surface of the
test pile or pile cap. Also provide steel bearing plates to spread the load between the jack(s), load cells, and hemispherical bearings,
and to spread the load to the test beam(s), test pile, or pile cap. Bearing plates shall extend the full flange width of steel beams
and the complete top area of piles, or as specified by the Engineer, so as to provide full bearing and distributi
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