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ASTM D2573-94

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Field Vane Shear Test in Cohesive Soil

Standard Test Method for Field Vane Shear Test in Cohesive Soil

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the field vane test in saturated clay and silt soils for determination of undrained shear strength. Knowledge of the nature of the soil in which each vane test is to be made is necessary for assessment of the applicability and interpretation of the test. The test is not applicable for sandy soils which may allow drainage during the test.
1.2 This test method addresses testing on land and for testing in drill holes or by self drilling or continuous push methods from the ground surface. This method does not address marine testing where special test requirements or variations in equipment may be required. The user is referred to ASTM STP 1014 for additional information on in-place vane shear testing.
1.3 This method is often used in conjunction with fluid rotary drilling (D 5783) or hollow-stem augers (D 6151). Some apparatuses have the vane retracted in protective shoe for advancement and incremental testing. Sampling, such as with thin wall tubes (D 1587) is often combined with vane testing. Subsurface geotechnical explorations are reported in accordance with practice (D 5434).
1.4 Undrained shear strength and sensitivity of cohesive soils can also be measured in Unconfined Compression D 2166 and Laboratory Vane Test (D 4648).
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. English (Imperial) units are given in parentheses.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-2001
ICS
93.020 - Earthworks. Excavations. Foundation construction. Underground works
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.02 - Sampling and Related Field Testing for Soil Evaluations
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D2573-01e1 - Standard Test Method for Field Vane Shear Test in Cohesive Soil
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D4648/D4648M-16 - Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Miniature Vane Shear Test for Saturated<brk/>Fine-Grained Clayey Soil
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D6151/D6151M-15 - Standard Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geotechnical Exploration and Soil Sampling (Withdrawn 2024)
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001

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ASTM D2573-94 - Standard Test Method for Field Vane Shear Test in Cohesive SoilASTM D2573-94 - Standard Test Method for Field Vane Shear Test in Cohesive Soil
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ASTM D2573-94 - Standard Test Method for Field Vane Shear Test in Cohesive Soil
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 2573 – 94
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Field Vane Shear Test in Cohesive Soil
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2573; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope * geotechnical explorations, such as in cases where a sample for
laboratory testing cannot be obtained.
1.1 This test method covers the field vane test in soft,
saturated, cohesive soils. Knowledge of the nature of the soil in
4. Apparatus
which each vane test is to be made is necessary for assessment
4.1 The vane shall consist of a four-bladed vane as illus-
of the applicability and interpretation of the test.
trated in Fig. 1. The height of the vane shall be twice the
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
diameter. Vane dimensions shall be as specified in Table 1.
as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for
Sizes other than those specified in Table 1 shall be used only
information only.
with the permission of the engineer in charge of the boring
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
program. The ends of the vane may be tapered (see Fig. 1). The
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
penetrating edge of the vane blade shall be sharpened having
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
an included angle of 90°.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.2 The vane shall be connected to the surface by means of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
steel torque rods. These rods shall have sufficient diameter such
2. Summary of Test Method that their elastic limit is not exceeded when the vane is stressed
to its capacity (Note 1). They shall be so coupled that the
2.1 The vane shear test basically consists of placing a
shoulders of the male and female ends shall meet to prevent
four-bladed vane in the undisturbed soil and rotating it from the
any possibility of the coupling tightening when the torque is
surface to determine the torsional force required to cause a
applied during the test. If a vane housing is used, the torque
cylindrical surface to be sheared by the vane; this force is then
rods shall be equipped with well-lubricated bearings where
converted to a unit shearing resistance of the cylindrical
they pass through the housing. These bearings shall be pro-
surface. It is of basic importance that the friction of the vane
vided with seals to prevent soil from entering them. The torque
rod and instrument be accounted for; otherwise, the friction
rods shall be guided so as to prevent friction from developing
would be improperly recorded as soil strength. Friction mea-
between the torque rods and the walls of casing or boring.
surements under no-load conditions (such as the use of a blank
stem in place of the vanes, or a vane that allows some free
NOTE 1—If torque versus rotation curves are to be determined, it is
rotation of the rod prior to loading) are satisfactory only essential that the torque rods be calibrated (prior to use in the field). The
amount of rod twist (if any) must be established in degrees per foot per
provided that the torque is applied by a balanced moment that
unit torque. This correction becomes progressively more important as the
does not result in a side thrust. As torsional forces become
depth of the test increases and the calibration must be made at least to the
greater during a test, a side thrust in the instrument will result
maximum depth of testing anticipated:
in an increase in friction that is not accounted for by initial
4.3 Torque shall be applied to the torque rods, thence to the
no-load readings. Instruments involving side thrust are not
vane. The accuracy of the torque reading should be such that it
recommended. The vane rod may be of sufficient rigidity that
will produce a variation not to exceed 625 lb/ft (1.20 kPa)
it does not twist under full load conditions; otherwise a
shear strength.
correction must be made for plotting torque-rotation curves.
4.4 It is preferable to apply torque to the vane with a geared
3. Significance and Use
drive. In the absence of a geared drive, it is acceptable to apply
the torque directly by hand with a torque wrench or equivalent.
3.1 This test method provides an indication of in-situ shear
The duration of the test should be controlled by the require-
strength.
ments of 5.3.
3.2 This test method is used extensively in a variety of
5. Procedure
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-18 on Soil
5.1 In the case where a vane housing is used, advance the
and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling and
Related Field Testing for Soil Investigations. housing to a depth which is at least five vane housing diameters
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 1994. Published November 1994. Originally
less than the desired depth of the vane tip. Where no vane
published as D 2573 – 67 T. Last previous edition D 2573 – 72 (1978).
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
D 2573
immediately after completion of rapid rotation and in all cases
within 1 min after the remoulding process.
5.5 In the case where soil is in contact with the torque rods,
determine the friction between the soil and the rod by means of
torque tests conducted on similar rods at similar depths with no
vane attached. Conduct the rod friction test at least once on
each site; this shall consist of a series of torque tests at varying
depths.
5.6 In apparatus in which the torque rod is completely
isolated from the soil, conduct a friction test with a blank rod
(Note 2) at least once on each site to determine the magnitude
of the friction of the bearings. In a properly functioning vane
apparatus, this friction should be negligible.
NOTE 2—In some cases it is not necessary to remove the vane for the
friction test. As long as the vane is not in contact with the soil, that is,
where it is retracted into a casing, the friction measu
...

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5.1 The miniature vane shear test may be used to obtain estimates of the undrained shear strength of fine-grained soils. The test provides a rapid determination of the undrained shear strength on undisturbed, or remolded or reconstituted soils.
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1.1 These test methods cover the miniature vane test in saturated fine-grained, cohesive clay and silt soils for the estimation of undrained shear strength. Knowledge of the nature of the soil in which each vane test is to be made is necessary for assessment of the applicability and interpretation of the test results. These test methods are not applicable to sandy soils or non-plastic silts, which may allow drainage during the test. These test methods are intended for soils which have an undrained shear strength less than 1.0 tsf [100 kPa].
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Sections  
Test Method A, using soil material passing a 4.75-mm [No. 4] sieve.
This method shall be used when 100 % of the soil sample passes the 4.75-mm [No. 4] sieve.  
7  
Test Method B, using soil material passing a 19.0 mm [0.75-in.] sieve.
This method shall be used when part of the soil sample is retained on the 4.75-mm [No. 4] sieve.
This test method may be used only on materials with 30 % or less retained on the 19.0-mm [0.75-in.] sieve.  
8  
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1.1 This practice presents a procedure for calculating the unit weights and water contents of soils containing oversize particles when the data are known for the soil fraction with the oversize particles removed.  
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5.1 By definition, the tensile strength is obtained by the direct tensile test. However, the direct tensile test is difficult and expensive for routine application. The splitting tensile test appears to offer a desirable alternative because it is much simpler and inexpensive. Furthermore, engineers involved in rock mechanics design usually deal with complex stress fields, including various combinations of compressive and tensile stress fields. Under such conditions, the tensile strength should be obtained with the presence of compressive stresses to be representative of the field conditions.  
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1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units, which are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method.  
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1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, the purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user's objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
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Standard Test Methods for Detecting Water Soluble Sulfates in Construction Soils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Where sulfates are suspected, subgrade soils should be tested as an integral part of a geotechnical evaluation because the possibility that sulfate induced heave may occur if calcium containing stabilizers are used to improve the soils and sulfate reactions may also cause deterioration in concrete structures. When planning to treat a soil used in construction with lime, testing the soil for water soluble sulfates prior to treatment becomes very important (Note 2).  
5.2 When sulfate containing cohesive soils are treated with calcium-based stabilizers for foundation improvements, sulfates and free alumina in natural soils react with calcium and free hydroxide to form crystalline minerals, such as ettringite and thaumasite.4 Thaumasite forms when ettringite undergoes changes in the presence of carbonates at low temperatures.5 The sulfate minerals expand considerably when they are hydrated.
Note 2: For more information on the effect of treating soils containing water soluble sulfates, refer to the following publication: Little, D.N., Stabilization of Pavement Subgrades and Base Course with Lime, Kendal/Hunt Publishing Co., Dubuque, IA, 1995.
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SCOPE
1.1 These methods determine the water soluble sulfate content of cohesive soils used in construction by using the colorimetric technique. Two methods are presented in this standard. Method A is for use in the field and Method B is for use in the laboratory. The colorimetric technique involves measuring the scattering of a light beam through a solution that contains suspended particulate matter. Measurements of sulfate concentrations in construction soils can be used to guide professionals in the selection of appropriate stabilization methods and to assist in assessment of potential deterioration in concrete structures.
Note 1: These test methods are partially based on the research conducted by Texas A & M University.  
1.2 The field method, Method A, is used as a screening test for the presence of sulfates and their concentration. The laboratory method, Method B, provides better resolution than the field method.  
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1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM D2850-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Unconsolidated-Undrained Triaxial Compression Test on Cohesive Soils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In this test method, the compressive strength of a soil is determined in terms of the total stress, therefore, the resulting strength depends on the pressure developed in the pore fluid during loading. In this test method, fluid flow is not permitted from or into the soil specimen as the load is applied, therefore the resulting pore pressure, and hence strength, differs from that developed in the case where drainage can occur.  
5.2 If the test specimens is 100 % saturated, consolidation cannot occur when the confining pressure is applied nor during the shear portion of the test since drainage is not permitted. Therefore, if several specimens of the same material are tested, and if they are all at approximately the same water content and void ratio when they are tested, they will have approximately the same unconsolidated-undrained shear strength.  
5.3 If the test specimens are partially saturated, or compacted/reconstituted specimens, where the degree of saturation is less than 100 %, consolidation may occur when the confining pressure is applied and during application of axial load, even though drainage is not permitted. Therefore, if several partially saturated specimens of the same material are tested at different confining stresses, they will not have the same unconsolidated-undrained shear strength.  
5.4 Mohr failure envelopes may be plotted from a series of unconsolidated undrained triaxial tests. The Mohr’s circles at failure based on total stresses are constructed by plotting a half circle with a radius of half the principal stress difference (deviator stress) beginning at the axial stress (major principal stress) and ending at the confining stress (minor principal stress) on a graph with principal stresses as the abscissa and shear stress as the ordinate and equal scale in both directions. The failure envelopes will usually be a horizontal line for saturated specimens and a curved line for partially saturated specimens.  
5.5 The unconsolidated-u...
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1.1 This test method covers determination of the strength and stress-strain relationships of a cylindrical specimen of either intact, compacted, or remolded cohesive soil. Specimens are subjected to a confining fluid pressure in a triaxial chamber. No drainage of the specimen is permitted during the application of the confining fluid pressure or during the compression phase of the test. The specimen is axially loaded at a constant rate of axial deformation (strain controlled).  
1.2 This test method provides data for determining undrained strength properties and stress-strain relations for soils. This test method provides for the measurement of the total stresses applied to the specimen, that is, the stresses are not corrected for pore-water pressure.
Note 1: The determination of the unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soils is covered by Test Method D2166/D2166M.
Note 2: The determination of the consolidated, undrained strength of cohesive soils with pore pressure measurement is covered by Test Method D4767.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathemat...

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ASTM
ASTM D4381/D4381M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Sand Content by Volume of Construction Slurries

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the percentage of sand by volume in construction slurry. The significance of this test method mainly relates to construction slurries used for concrete wall and drilled piers construction. The range of measurement is too limited for use in applications where the sand content is intended to be greater than 20 %, such as in the cases of cement bentonite or soil bentonite walls.  
5.2 A high sand content in the construction slurry is abrasive for construction plant such as pumps, and is furthermore adverse to the formation of a filter cake in applications where bentonite fluid is used to stabilize an excavation.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard depends on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities being used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the sand content of bentonitic slurries used in slurry construction techniques. This test method has been modified from API Recommended Practice 13B.  
1.2 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Except, the sieve designation is identified using the “alternative” system in accordance with Practice E11 instead of the “standard system,” such that the sieve used is referred to as a No. 200 sieve, instead of a 75 µm sieve.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D4452/D4452M-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for X-Ray Radiography of Soil Samples

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many geotechnical tests require the utilization of intact, representative samples of soil. The quality of these samples depends on many factors. Many of the samples obtained by intact sampling methods have inherent anomalies. Sampling procedures cause disturbances of varying types and intensities. These anomalies and disturbances, however, are not always readily detectable by visual inspection of the intact samples before or after testing. Often test results would be enhanced if the presence and the extent of these anomalies and disturbances are known before testing or before destruction of the sample by testing. Such determinations assist the user in detecting flaws in sampling methods, the presence of natural or induced shear planes, and the presence of natural intrusions, such as gravels or shells at critical regions in the samples, the presence of sand and silt seams, and the intensity of disturbances caused by sampling.  
5.2 X-ray radiography provides the user with a picture of the internal massive structure of the soil sample, regardless of whether the soil is X-rayed within or without the sampling tube. X-ray radiography assists the user in identifying the following:  
5.2.1 Appropriateness of sampling methods used.  
5.2.2 Effects of sampling in terms of the disturbances caused by the turning of the edges of various thin layers in varved soils, large disturbances caused in soft soils, shear planes induced by sampling, or extrusion, or both, effects of overdriving of samplers, the presence of cuttings in sampling tubes, or the effects of using bent, corroded, or nonstandard tubes for sampling.  
5.2.3 Naturally occurring fissures, shear planes, etc.  
5.2.4 The presence of intrusions within the sample, such as calcareous nodules, gravel, or shells.  
5.2.5 Sand and silt seams, organic matter, large voids, and channels developed by natural or artificial leaching of soil components.
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard is de...
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1.1 This practice covers the determination of the quality of soil samples in thin wall tubes or of extruded soil cores by X-ray radiography.  
1.2 This practice enables the user to determine the effects of sampling and natural variations within samples as identified by the extent of the relative penetration of X-rays through soil samples.  
1.3 This practice can be used to X-ray soil cores (or observe their features on a fluoroscope) in thin wall tubes or liners ranging from approximately 50 to 150 mm [2 to 6 in.] in diameter. X-rays of samples in the larger diameter tubes provide a radiograph of major features of soils and disturbances, such as large scale bending of edges of varved clays, shear planes, the presence of large concretions, silt and sand seams thicker than 6 mm [1/4 in.], large lumps of organic matter, and voids or other types of intrusions. X-rays of the smaller diameter cores provide higher resolution of soil features and disturbances, such as small concretions (3 mm [1/8 in.] diameter or larger), solution channels, slight bending of edges of varved clays, thin silt or sand seams, narrow solution channels, plant root structures, and organic matter. The X-raying of samples in thin wall tubes or liners requires minimal preparation.  
1.4 Greater detail and resolution of various features of the soil can be obtained by X-raying extruded soil cores, as compared to samples in metal tubes. The method used for X-raying soil cores is the same as that for tubes and liners, except that extruded cores have to be handled with extreme care and have to be placed in sample troughs (similar to Fig. 2) before X-raying. This practice should be used only when natural water content or other intact soil characteristics are irrelevant to the end use of the sample.  
1.4.1 Often it is necessary to obtain greater resolution of features to determine the propriety of sampling methods, the representative nature of soil samples,...

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ASTM
ASTM D4219-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Short-Term Unconfined Compressive Strength Index of Chemically Grouted Soils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this test method is to obtain values for comparison with other test values to verify uniformity of materials or the effects of controllable variables, in grout-soil compositions.  
5.2 This test method is similar, in principle, to Test Method D2166/D2166M, but is not intended for determination of strength parameters to be used in design. Such values are more properly obtained from long-term triaxial tests.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the short-term unconfined compressive strength index of chemically grouted soils, using displacement-controlled application of test load.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.2.1 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This practice implicitly combines two separate systems of units; the absolute and the gravitational systems. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug unit of mass. However, the use of balances and scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft3 shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.  
1.3.1 For purposes of comparing a measured or calculated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal of significant digits in the specified limit.  
1.3.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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