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ASTM A473-01(2009)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings

Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service. The different solution heat treatment and annealing treatment received by the steel material are presented in details. The steel shall conform to the specified chemical composition and room temperature mechanical requirements. The forgings shall be produced with prolongations for testing, unless otherwise specified. The number of and procedure for tension test for forgings depending on their weight are presented. The tension test specimens shall be taken from the test prolongations or from the forgings.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2009
ICS
77.140.85 - Iron and steel forgings
Technical Committee
A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
Drafting Committee
A01.17 - Flat-Rolled and Wrought Stainless Steel
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A473-01 - Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings
Effective Date
01-May-2009
Replaced By
ASTM A473-13 - Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings
Effective Date
01-Nov-2013
Referred By
ASTM A788/A788M-23 - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
Effective Date
01-May-2009
Referred By
ASTM F621-12(2021)e1 - Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings for Surgical Implants
Effective Date
01-May-2009

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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:A473 −01(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Specification for
Stainless Steel Forgings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A473; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3.1.6 ASTM designation and date of issue.
3.1.7 Test for magnetic permeability if specified by cus-
1.1 This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic,
tomer purchase order when ordering Types 207 and 205.
ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use,
3.1.8 Special requirements.
and for low- or high-temperature service.
3.2 If possible the intended end use of the item should be
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical givenonthepurchaseorderespeciallywhentheitemisordered
for a specific end use or uses.
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
NOTE 1—A typical ordering description is as follows: 5 stainless steel
forgings, Type 410, Designation A, ASTM Specification A473 dated
2. Referenced Documents
———. End use: pump blocks for oil well equipment.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. General Requirements
A314 Specification for Stainless Steel Billets and Bars for
Forging
4.1 In addition to the requirements of this specification, all
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
requirements of the current edition of Specification A484/
of Steel Products
A484M shall apply. Failure to comply with the general
A484/A484M Specification for General Requirements for
requirements of Specification A484/A484M constitutes non-
Stainless Steel Bars, Billets, and Forgings
conformance with this specification.
A751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-
cal Analysis of Steel Products
5. Manufacture
E527 Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys in the
5.1 Material for forgings shall consist of ingots or blooms,
Unified Numbering System (UNS)
billets, slabs, or bars, either forged or rolled from an ingot, and
cut to the required length by a suitable process. This material,
3. Ordering Information
except for ingots, may be specified to Specification A314.
3.1 It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify all
requirements that are necessary for material ordered under this 5.2 The material shall be forged by hammering, pressing,
specification. Such requirements may include, but are not rolling, extruding, or upsetting. It shall be brought as nearly as
limited to, the following: possible to the finished shape and size by hot-working; and
3.1.1 Quantity (weight or number of pieces), shall be processed, if practicable, so as to cause metal-flow
3.1.2 Dimensions, including prints or sketches, during the hot-working operation in the direction most favor-
3.1.3 Name of material (stainless steel forgings), able for resisting the stresses encountered in service as may be
3.1.4 Type or UNS designation (Table 1), indicated to the manufacturer by the purchaser.
3.1.5 Condition (Table 2), and
5.3 When specified on the order, a sample forging may be
sectioned and etched to show flow lines and the condition as
regards internal imperfections. When so specified, the question
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
of acceptable and unacceptable metal-flow shall be subject to
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.17 on Flat-Rolled and Wrought Stainless Steel.
agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser prior to
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published May 2009. Originally
order entry.
approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as A473 – 01. DOI:
10.1520/A0473-01R09.
5.4 When specified on the order, the manufacturer shall
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
submit for approval of the purchaser a sketch showing the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
shape of the rough forging before machining, or before heat
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. treating for mechanical properties.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A473−01 (2009)
A
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
Phos-
UNS Type Manga- Other
Carbon, pho- Sulfur, Silicon, Chromium, Nickel, Molyb- Nitro-
Desig- Num- nese, Elements,
% rus, % % % % denum, % gen, %
B
nation ber % %
%
Austenitic Grades
S20100 201 0.15 5.5–7.5 0.060 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 3.5–5.5 . . . 0.25
S20200 202 0.15 7.5–10.0 0.060 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 4.0–6.0 . . . 0.25
S20500 205 0.12–0.25 14.0–15.5 0.060 0.030 1.00 16.5–18.0 1.00–1.75 . . . 0.32–0.40
S21900 XM-10 0.08 8.0–10.0 0.060 0.030 1.00 19.0–21.5 5.5–7.5 . . . 0.15–0.40
S21904 XM-11 0.04 8.0–10.0 0.060 0.030 1.00 19.0–21.5 5.5–7.5 . . . 0.15–0.40
S28200 . . . 0.15 17.0–19.0 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 . . . 0.75–1.25 0.40–0.60 Cu 0.75–1.25
S30200 302 0.15 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 8.0–10.0 . . . 0.10
S30215 302B 0.15 2.00 0.045 0.030 2.00–3.00 17.0–19.0 8.0–10.0 . . . . . .
C
S30300 303 0.15 2.00 0.20 0.15 min 1.00 17.0–19.0 8.0–10.0 0.60 .
S30323 303 Se 0.15 2.00 0.20 0.06 1.00 17.0–19.0 8.0–10.0 . . . . . . Se 0.15 min
S30400 304 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0–20.0 8.0–10.5 . . . 0.10
S30403 304L 0.030 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0–20.0 8.0–12.0 . . . 0.10
S30500 305 0.12 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 10.5–13.0 . . . . . .
S30800 308 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 19.0–21.0 10.0–12.0 . . . . . .
S30815 . . . 0.10 0.80 0.040 0.030 1.40–2.00 20.0–22.0 10.0–12.0 . . . 0.14–0.20 Ce 0.03–0.08
S30900 309 0.20 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 22.0–24.0 12.0–15.0 . . . . . .
S30908 309S 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 22.0–24.0 12.0–15.0 . . . . . .
S31000 310 0.25 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.50 24.0–26.0 19.0–22.0 . . . . . .
S31008 310S 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.50 24.0–26.0 19.0–22.0 . . . . . .
S31254 . . . 0.020 1.00 0.030 0.010 0.80 19.5–20.5 17.5–18.5 6.0–6.5 0.18–0.22 Cu 0.50–1.00
S31400 314 0.25 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.50–3.00 23.0–26.0 19.0–22.0 . . . . . .
S31600 316 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 10.0–14.0 2.00–3.00 0.10
S31603 316L 0.030 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 10.0–14.0 2.00–3.00 0.10
S31700 317 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0–20.0 11.0–15.0 3.0–4.0 0.10
S32100 321 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 9.0–12.0 . . . . . . Ti 5×C min
S34700 347 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 9.0–13.0 . . . . . . Cb+Ta 10×C,
min
S34800 348 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 9.0–13.0 . . . . . . Cb+Ta 10×C,
min
Ta 0.10
Co 0.20
Austenitic-Ferritic Grades
D
S32550 . . . 0.04 1.50 0.040 0.030 1.00 24.0-27.0 4.5-6.5 2.9-3.9 0.10-0.25 Cu 1.50–2.50
D
S32760 . . . 0.030 1.00 0.030 0.010 1.00 24.0–26.0 6.0–8.0 3.0–4.0 0.20–0.30 Cu 0.50–1.00
W 0.50–1.00
S32950 . . . 0.03 2.00 0.035 0.010 0.60 26.0–29.0 3.5–5.2 1.00–2.50 0.15–0.35
Ferritic Grades
S40500 405 0.08 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 11.5–14.5 0.60 . . . . . . A1 0.10–0.30
S42900 429 0.12 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 14.0–16.0 0.75 . . . . . .
S43000 430 0.12 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 0.75 . . . . . .
C
S43020 430F 0.12 1.25 0.06 0.15 min 1.00 16.0–18.0 0.75 0.60 .
S43023 430F Se 0.12 1.25 0.06 0.06 1.00 16.0–18.0 0.75 . . Se 0.15 min
S44600 446 0.20 1.50 0.040 0.030 1.00 23.0–27.0 0.75 . 0.25
Martensitic Grades
S40300 403 0.15 1.00 0.040 0.030 0.50 11.5–13.0 . . . . . . . . . . . .
S41000 410 0.15 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 11.5–13.5 0.75 . . . . . . . . .
S41008 410S 0.08 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 11.5–13.5 0.75 . . . . . . . . .
S41400 414 0.15 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 11.5–13.5 1.25–2.50 . . . . . . . . .
S41425 . . . 0.05 0.50–1.00 0.020 0.005 0.50 12.0–15.0 4.0–7.0 1.50–2.00 0.06–0.12 Cu 0.30
E
S41500 0.05 0.5–1.0 0.030 0.030 0.60 11.5–14.0 3.5–5.5 0.40–0.80 . . .
C
S41600 416 0.15 1.25 0.06 0.15 min 1.00 12.0–14.0 . . . 0.60 .
S41623 416 Se 0.15 1.25 0.06 0.06 1.00 12.0–14.0 . . . . . . . . . Se 0.15 min
S42000 420 Over 0.15 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 12.0–14.0 . . . . . . . . . . . .
S43100 431 0.20 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 15.0–17.0 1.25–2.50 . . . . . . . . .
S44002 440A 0.60–0.75 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 . . . 0.75 . . .
S44003 440B 0.75–0.95 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 . . . 0.75 . . .
S44004 440C 0.95–1.20 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 . . . 0.75 . . .
A
Maximum, unless range or minimum is indicated.
B
New designation established in accordance with Practice E527 and SAE J 1086.
C
At manufacturer’s option; reported only when intentionally added.
D
%Cr + 3.3×% Mo + 16×%N$ 40.
E
Wrought version of CA6NM.
A473−01 (2009)
TABLE 2 Mechanical Property Requirements
Elongation Brinell
Yield Strength, Tensile Strength, Reduction
in 2 in. Hardness
Type Condition min, ksi min, ksi of Area,
(50 mm) or Number,
A
(MPa) (MPa) min, %
4D, min % max
Austenitic Grades
201, 302, 302B, 303, 303SE, 305, 308, 309, A 30 (205) 75 (515) 40 50 . . .
309S, 310, 310S, 314, 317, 321, 347, 348
202 A 45 (310) 90 (620) 40 50 . . .
205 A 50 (345) 90 (620) 40 50 . . .
304 and 316, Sections 5 in. (127 mm) and A 30 (205) 75 (515) 40 50 . . .
Under
304 and 316, Sections Over 5 in. (127 mm) A 30 (205) 70 (485) 40 50 . . .
304L and 316L A 25 (170) 65 (450) 40 50 . . .
XM-10 and XM-11 A 50 (345) 90 (620) 45 60 . . .
S28200 A 60 (415) 110 (760) 40 55 . . .
S30815 A 45 (310) 87 (600) 40 50 . . .
S31254 A 44 (300) 95 (650) 35 50 . . .
Austenitic-Ferritic Grades
S32550 A 80 (550) 109 (750) 25.0 . . . 290
S32950 A 70 (480) 100 (690) 15 . .
...


This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:A 473–99 Designation: A 473 – 01 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Specification for
Stainless Steel Forgings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 473; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and
for low- or high-temperature service.
1.2The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A 314 Specification for Stainless Steel Billets and Bars for Forging
A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
A 484/A 484M Specification for General Requirements for Stainless Steel Bars, Billets, and Forgings
A 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel Products
E 527 Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys (UNS) Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys in the Unified Numbering
System (UNS)
3. Ordering Information
3.1 It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify all requirements that are necessary for material ordered under this
specification. Such requirements may include, but are not limited to, the following:
3.1.1 Quantity (weight or number of pieces),
3.1.2 Dimensions, including prints or sketches,
3.1.3 Name of material (stainless steel forgings),
3.1.4 Type or UNS designation (Table 1),
3.1.5 Condition (Table 2), and
3.1.6 ASTM designation and date of issue.
3.1.7 Test for magnetic permeability if specified by customer purchase order when ordering Types 207 and 205.
3.1.8 Special requirements.
3.2 If possible the intended end use of the item should be given on the purchase order especially when the item is ordered for
a specific end use or uses.
NOTE 1—A typical ordering description is as follows: 5 stainless steel forgings, Type 410, Designation A, ASTM Specification A 473 dated ———.
End use: pump blocks for oil well equipment.
4. General Requirements
4.1 In addition to the requirements of this specification, all requirements of the current edition of SpecificationA 484/A 484M/
A484M shall apply. Failure to comply with the general requirements of SpecificationA 484/A 484M constitutes nonconformance
with this specification.
ThisspecificationisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeA-1A01onSteel,StainlessSteel,SteelandRelatedAlloysandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
A01.17 on Flat Stainless Steel Products.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1999. Published November 1999. Originally published as A473–62T. Last previous edition A473–98.on Flat-Rolled and Wrought
Stainless Steel.
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published May 2009. Originally approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as A 473 – 01.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
, Vol 01.05.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
A 473 – 01 (2009)
A
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
Phos-
UNS Type Manga- Other
Carbon, pho- Sulfur, Silicon, Chromium, Nickel, Molyb- Nitro-
Desig- Num- nese, Elements,
% rus, % % % % denum, % gen, %
B
nation ber % %
%
Austenitic Grades
S20100 201 0.15 5.5–7.5 0.060 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 3.5–5.5 . . . 0.25
S20200 202 0.15 7.5–10.0 0.060 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 4.0–6.0 . . . 0.25
S20500 205 0.12–0.25 14.0–15.5 0.060 0.030 1.00 16.5–18.0 1.00–1.75 . . . 0.32–0.40
S21900 XM-10 0.08 8.0–10.0 0.060 0.030 1.00 19.0–21.5 5.5–7.5 . . . 0.15–0.40
S21904 XM-11 0.04 8.0–10.0 0.060 0.030 1.00 19.0–21.5 5.5–7.5 . . . 0.15–0.40
S28200 . . . 0.15 17.0–19.0 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 . . . 0.75–1.25 0.40–0.60 Cu 0.75–1.25
S30200 302 0.15 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 8.0–10.0 . . . 0.10
S30215 302B 0.15 2.00 0.045 0.030 2.00–3.00 17.0–19.0 8.0–10.0 . . . . . .
C
S30300 303 0.15 2.00 0.20 0.15 min 1.00 17.0–19.0 8.0–10.0 0.60 .
S30323 303 Se 0.15 2.00 0.20 0.06 1.00 17.0–19.0 8.0–10.0 . . . . . . Se 0.15 min
S30400 304 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0–20.0 8.0–10.5 . . . 0.10
S30403 304L 0.030 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0–20.0 8.0–12.0 . . . 0.10
S30500 305 0.12 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 10.5–13.0 . . . . . .
S30800 308 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 19.0–21.0 10.0–12.0 . . . . . .
S30815 . . . 0.10 0.80 0.040 0.030 1.40–2.00 20.0–22.0 10.0–12.0 . . . 0.14–0.20 Ce 0.03–0.08
S30900 309 0.20 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 22.0–24.0 12.0–15.0 . . . . . .
S30908 309S 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 22.0–24.0 12.0–15.0 . . . . . .
S31000 310 0.25 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.50 24.0–26.0 19.0–22.0 . . . . . .
S31008 310S 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.50 24.0–26.0 19.0–22.0 . . . . . .
S31254 . . . 0.020 1.00 0.030 0.010 0.80 19.5–20.5 17.5–18.5 6.0–6.5 0.18–0.22 Cu 0.50–1.00
S31400 314 0.25 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.50–3.00 23.0–26.0 19.0–22.0 . . . . . .
S31600 316 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 10.0–14.0 2.00–3.00 0.10
S31603 316L 0.030 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 10.0–14.0 2.00–3.00 0.10
S31700 317 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0–20.0 11.0–15.0 3.0–4.0 0.10
S32100 321 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 9.0–12.0 . . . . . . Ti 53Cmin
S34700 347 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 9.0–13.0 . . . . . . Cb+Ta 103C,
min
S34800 348 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 9.0–13.0 . . . . . . Cb+Ta 103C,
min
Ta 0.10
Co 0.20
Austenitic-Ferritic Grades
D
S32550 . . . 0.04 1.50 0.040 0.030 1.00 24.0-27.0 4.5-6.5 2.9-3.9 0.10-0.25 Cu 1.50–2.50
D
S32760 . . . 0.030 1.00 0.030 0.010 1.00 24.0–26.0 6.0–8.0 3.0–4.0 0.20–0.30 Cu 0.50–1.00
W 0.50–1.00
S32950 . . . 0.03 2.00 0.035 0.010 0.60 26.0–29.0 3.5–5.2 1.00–2.50 0.15–0.35
Ferritic Grades
S40500 405 0.08 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 11.5–14.5 0.60 . . . . . . A1 0.10–0.30
S42900 429 0.12 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 14.0–16.0 0.75 . . . . . .
S43000 430 0.12 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 0.75 . . . . . .
C
S43020 430F 0.12 1.25 0.06 0.15 min 1.00 16.0–18.0 0.75 0.60 .
S43023 430F Se 0.12 1.25 0.06 0.06 1.00 16.0–18.0 0.75 . . Se 0.15 min
S44600 446 0.20 1.50 0.040 0.030 1.00 23.0–27.0 0.75 . 0.25
Martensitic Grades
S40300 403 0.15 1.00 0.040 0.030 0.50 11.5–13.0 . . . . . . . . . . . .
S41000 410 0.15 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 11.5–13.5 0.75 . . . . . . . . .
S41008 410S 0.08 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 11.5–13.5 0.75 . . . . . . . . .
S41400 414 0.15 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 11.5–13.5 1.25–2.50 . . . . . . . . .
S41425 . . . 0.05 0.50–1.00 0.020 0.005 0.50 12.0–15.0 4.0–7.0 1.50–2.00 0.06–0.12 Cu 0.30
E
S41500 0.05 0.5–1.0 0.030 0.030 0.60 11.5–14.0 3.5–5.5 0.40–0.80 . . .
C
S41600 416 0.15 1.25 0.06 0.15 min 1.00 12.0–14.0 . . . 0.60 .
S41623 416 Se 0.15 1.25 0.06 0.06 1.00 12.0–14.0 . . . . . . . . . Se 0.15 min
S42000 420 Over 0.15 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 12.0–14.0 . . . . . . . . . . . .
S43100 431 0.20 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 15.0–17.0 1.25–2.50 . . . . . . . . .
S44002 440A 0.60–0.75 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 . . . 0.75 . . .
S44003 440B 0.75–0.95 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 . . . 0.75 . . .
S44004 440C 0.95–1.20 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 . . . 0.75 . . .
S50100 501 Over 0.10 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 4.0–6.0 . 0.40–0.65 .
... 501A 0.15 0.30–0.60 0.030 0.030 0.50–1.00 6.0–8.0 ... 0.45–0.65 ...
... 501B 0.15 0.30–0.60 0.030 0.030 0.50–1.00 8.0–10.0 ... 0.90–1.10 ...
S50200 502 0.10 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 4.0–6.0 . 0.40–0.65 .
A
Maximum, unless range or minimum is indicated.
B
New designation established in accordance with Practice E 527 and SAE J 1086.
C
At manufacturer’s option; reported only when intentionally added.
D
%Cr + 3.3 3%Mo+16 3 %N$ 40.
E
Wrought version of CA6NM.
A 473 – 01 (2009)
TABLE 2 Mechanical Property Requirements
Elongation Brinell
Yield Strength, Tensile Strength, Reduction
in 2 in. Hardness
Type Condition min, ksi min, ksi of Area,
(50 mm) or Number,
A
(MPa) (MPa) min, %
4D, min % max
Austenitic Grades
201, 302, 302B, 303, 303SE, 305, 308, 309, A 30 (205) 75 (515) 40 50 . . .
309S, 310, 310S, 314, 317, 321, 347, 348
202 A 45 (310) 90 (620) 40 50 . . .
205 A 50 (345) 90 (620) 40 50 . . .
304 and 316, Sections 5 in. (127 mm) and A 30 (205) 75 (515) 40 50 . . .
Under
304 and 316, Sections Over 5 in. (127 mm) A 30 (205) 70 (485) 40 50 . . .
304L and 316L A 25 (170) 65 (450) 40 50 . . .
XM-10 and XM-11 A 50 (345) 90 (620) 45 60 . . .
S28200 A 60 (415) 110 (760) 40 55 . . .
S30815 A 45 (310) 87 (600) 40 50 . . .
S31254 A 44 (300) 95 (650) 35 50 . . .
Austenitic-Ferritic Grades
S32550 A 80 (550) 109 (750) 25.0 . . . 290
S32950 A 70 (480) 100 (690) 15 . . . 293
S32760 A 80 (550) 109 (750) 25 . . . 290
Ferritic Grades
430F, 430FSE, 446 A 40 (275) 70 (485) 20 45 223
405 A 30 (205) 60 (415) 20 45 207
429 A 35 (240) 65 (450) 23 45 207
430 A 35 (240) 70 (485) 20 45 217
Martensitic Grades
403, 410, 416, 416SE A 40 (275) 70 (485) 20 45 223
410S A 35 (240) 65 (450) 22 45 217
414 A . . . . . . 298
T 90 (620) 115 (795) 15 45 321
H 100 (690) 125 (860) 15 45 321
S41425 T 120 (825) 95 (655) 15 45 321
S41500 normalized and tempered 90 (620) 115 (795) 15 45 295
420 A . . . . . . 223
B
431 A . . . . . . 277
T 90 (620) 115 (795) 15 . . . 321
H 135 (930) 175 (1210) 13 . . . 440
440A, 440B, 440C A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
501, 501A, 501B, 502 A 30 (205) 60 (415) 20 50 201
501 and 501A T 65 (450)
...


This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:A 473–01 Designation: A 473 – 01 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Specification for
Stainless Steel Forgings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 473; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and
for low- or high-temperature service.
1.2The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A 314 Specification for Stainless Steel Billets and Bars for Forging
A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
A 484/A 484M Specification for General Requirements for Stainless Steel Bars, Billets, and Forgings
A 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel Products
E 527 Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys (UNS) Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys in the Unified Numbering
System (UNS)
3. Ordering Information
3.1 It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify all requirements that are necessary for material ordered under this
specification. Such requirements may include, but are not limited to, the following:
3.1.1 Quantity (weight or number of pieces),
3.1.2 Dimensions, including prints or sketches,
3.1.3 Name of material (stainless steel forgings),
3.1.4 Type or UNS designation (Table 1),
3.1.5 Condition (Table 2), and
3.1.6 ASTM designation and date of issue.
3.1.7 Test for magnetic permeability if specified by customer purchase order when ordering Types 207 and 205.
3.1.8 Special requirements.
3.2 If possible the intended end use of the item should be given on the purchase order especially when the item is ordered for
a specific end use or uses.
NOTE 1—A typical ordering description is as follows: 5 stainless steel forgings, Type 410, Designation A, ASTM Specification A 473 dated ———.
End use: pump blocks for oil well equipment.
4. General Requirements
4.1 In addition to the requirements of this specification, all requirements of the current edition of SpecificationA 484/A 484M/
A484M shall apply. Failure to comply with the general requirements of SpecificationA 484/A 484M constitutes nonconformance
with this specification.
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM CommitteeA01 on Steel, Stainless Steel,Steel and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.17 on Flat Stainless Steel Products.
Current edition approved Mar. 10, 2001. Published April 2001. Originally published as A473–62T. Last previous edition A473–99.on Flat-Rolled and Wrought Stainless
Steel.
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published May 2009. Originally approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as A 473 – 01.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
, Vol 01.05.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
A 473 – 01 (2009)
A
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
Phos-
UNS Type Manga- Other
Carbon, pho- Sulfur, Silicon, Chromium, Nickel, Molyb- Nitro-
Desig- Num- nese, Elements,
% rus, % % % % denum, % gen, %
B
nation ber % %
%
Austenitic Grades
S20100 201 0.15 5.5–7.5 0.060 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 3.5–5.5 . . . 0.25
S20200 202 0.15 7.5–10.0 0.060 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 4.0–6.0 . . . 0.25
S20500 205 0.12–0.25 14.0–15.5 0.060 0.030 1.00 16.5–18.0 1.00–1.75 . . . 0.32–0.40
S21900 XM-10 0.08 8.0–10.0 0.060 0.030 1.00 19.0–21.5 5.5–7.5 . . . 0.15–0.40
S21904 XM-11 0.04 8.0–10.0 0.060 0.030 1.00 19.0–21.5 5.5–7.5 . . . 0.15–0.40
S28200 . . . 0.15 17.0–19.0 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 . . . 0.75–1.25 0.40–0.60 Cu 0.75–1.25
S30200 302 0.15 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 8.0–10.0 . . . 0.10
S30215 302B 0.15 2.00 0.045 0.030 2.00–3.00 17.0–19.0 8.0–10.0 . . . . . .
C
S30300 303 0.15 2.00 0.20 0.15 min 1.00 17.0–19.0 8.0–10.0 0.60 .
S30323 303 Se 0.15 2.00 0.20 0.06 1.00 17.0–19.0 8.0–10.0 . . . . . . Se 0.15 min
S30400 304 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0–20.0 8.0–10.5 . . . 0.10
S30403 304L 0.030 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0–20.0 8.0–12.0 . . . 0.10
S30500 305 0.12 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 10.5–13.0 . . . . . .
S30800 308 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 19.0–21.0 10.0–12.0 . . . . . .
S30815 . . . 0.10 0.80 0.040 0.030 1.40–2.00 20.0–22.0 10.0–12.0 . . . 0.14–0.20 Ce 0.03–0.08
S30900 309 0.20 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 22.0–24.0 12.0–15.0 . . . . . .
S30908 309S 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 22.0–24.0 12.0–15.0 . . . . . .
S31000 310 0.25 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.50 24.0–26.0 19.0–22.0 . . . . . .
S31008 310S 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.50 24.0–26.0 19.0–22.0 . . . . . .
S31254 . . . 0.020 1.00 0.030 0.010 0.80 19.5–20.5 17.5–18.5 6.0–6.5 0.18–0.22 Cu 0.50–1.00
S31400 314 0.25 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.50–3.00 23.0–26.0 19.0–22.0 . . . . . .
S31600 316 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 10.0–14.0 2.00–3.00 0.10
S31603 316L 0.030 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 10.0–14.0 2.00–3.00 0.10
S31700 317 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 18.0–20.0 11.0–15.0 3.0–4.0 0.10
S32100 321 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 9.0–12.0 . . . . . . Ti 53Cmin
S34700 347 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 9.0–13.0 . . . . . . Cb+Ta 103C,
min
S34800 348 0.08 2.00 0.045 0.030 1.00 17.0–19.0 9.0–13.0 . . . . . . Cb+Ta 103C,
min
Ta 0.10
Co 0.20
Austenitic-Ferritic Grades
D
S32550 . . . 0.04 1.50 0.040 0.030 1.00 24.0-27.0 4.5-6.5 2.9-3.9 0.10-0.25 Cu 1.50–2.50
D
S32760 . . . 0.030 1.00 0.030 0.010 1.00 24.0–26.0 6.0–8.0 3.0–4.0 0.20–0.30 Cu 0.50–1.00
W 0.50–1.00
S32950 . . . 0.03 2.00 0.035 0.010 0.60 26.0–29.0 3.5–5.2 1.00–2.50 0.15–0.35
Ferritic Grades
S40500 405 0.08 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 11.5–14.5 0.60 . . . . . . A1 0.10–0.30
S42900 429 0.12 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 14.0–16.0 0.75 . . . . . .
S43000 430 0.12 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 0.75 . . . . . .
C
S43020 430F 0.12 1.25 0.06 0.15 min 1.00 16.0–18.0 0.75 0.60 .
S43023 430F Se 0.12 1.25 0.06 0.06 1.00 16.0–18.0 0.75 . . Se 0.15 min
S44600 446 0.20 1.50 0.040 0.030 1.00 23.0–27.0 0.75 . 0.25
Martensitic Grades
S40300 403 0.15 1.00 0.040 0.030 0.50 11.5–13.0 . . . . . . . . . . . .
S41000 410 0.15 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 11.5–13.5 0.75 . . . . . . . . .
S41008 410S 0.08 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 11.5–13.5 0.75 . . . . . . . . .
S41400 414 0.15 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 11.5–13.5 1.25–2.50 . . . . . . . . .
S41425 . . . 0.05 0.50–1.00 0.020 0.005 0.50 12.0–15.0 4.0–7.0 1.50–2.00 0.06–0.12 Cu 0.30
E
S41500 0.05 0.5–1.0 0.030 0.030 0.60 11.5–14.0 3.5–5.5 0.40–0.80 . . .
C
S41600 416 0.15 1.25 0.06 0.15 min 1.00 12.0–14.0 . . . 0.60 .
S41623 416 Se 0.15 1.25 0.06 0.06 1.00 12.0–14.0 . . . . . . . . . Se 0.15 min
S42000 420 Over 0.15 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 12.0–14.0 . . . . . . . . . . . .
S43100 431 0.20 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 15.0–17.0 1.25–2.50 . . . . . . . . .
S44002 440A 0.60–0.75 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 . . . 0.75 . . .
S44003 440B 0.75–0.95 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 . . . 0.75 . . .
S44004 440C 0.95–1.20 1.00 0.040 0.030 1.00 16.0–18.0 . . . 0.75 . . .
A
Maximum, unless range or minimum is indicated.
B
New designation established in accordance with Practice E 527 and SAE J 1086.
C
At manufacturer’s option; reported only when intentionally added.
D
%Cr + 3.3 3%Mo+16 3 %N$ 40.
E
Wrought version of CA6NM.
5. Manufacture
5.1 Material for forgings shall consist of ingots or blooms, billets, slabs, or bars, either forged or rolled from an ingot, and cut
to the required length by a suitable process. This material, except for ingots, may be specified to Specification A 314.
A 473 – 01 (2009)
TABLE 2 Mechanical Property Requirements
Elongation Brinell
Yield Strength, Tensile Strength, Reduction
in 2 in. Hardness
Type Condition min, ksi min, ksi of Area,
(50 mm) or Number,
A
(MPa) (MPa) min, %
4D, min % max
Austenitic Grades
201, 302, 302B, 303, 303SE, 305, 308, 309, A 30 (205) 75 (515) 40 50 . . .
309S, 310, 310S, 314, 317, 321, 347, 348
202 A 45 (310) 90 (620) 40 50 . . .
205 A 50 (345) 90 (620) 40 50 . . .
304 and 316, Sections 5 in. (127 mm) and A 30 (205) 75 (515) 40 50 . . .
Under
304 and 316, Sections Over 5 in. (127 mm) A 30 (205) 70 (485) 40 50 . . .
304L and 316L A 25 (170) 65 (450) 40 50 . . .
XM-10 and XM-11 A 50 (345) 90 (620) 45 60 . . .
S28200 A 60 (415) 110 (760) 40 55 . . .
S30815 A 45 (310) 87 (600) 40 50 . . .
S31254 A 44 (300) 95 (650) 35 50 . . .
Austenitic-Ferritic Grades
S32550 A 80 (550) 109 (750) 25.0 . . . 290
S32950 A 70 (480) 100 (690) 15 . . . 293
S32760 A 80 (550) 109 (750) 25 . . . 290
Ferritic Grades
430F, 430FSE, 446 A 40 (275) 70 (485) 20 45 223
405 A 30 (205) 60 (415) 20 45 207
429 A 35 (240) 65 (450) 23 45 207
430 A 35 (240) 70 (485) 20 45 217
Martensitic Grades
403, 410, 416, 416SE A 40 (275) 70 (485) 20 45 223
410S A 35 (240) 65 (450) 22 45 217
414 A . . . . . . 298
T 90 (620) 115 (795) 15 45 321
H 100 (690) 125 (860) 15 45 321
S41425 T 120 (825) 95 (655) 15 45 321
S41500 normalized and tempered 90 (620) 115 (795) 15 45 295
420 A . . . . . . 223
B
431 A . . . . . . 277
T 90
...

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ABSTRACT
This test method deals with the acceptance criteria for the magnetic particle examination of forged steel crankshafts and forgings having large main bearing journal or crankpin diameters. Covered here are three classes of forgings, which shall be evaluated under two areas of inspection, namely: major critical areas, and minor critical areas. During inspection, magnetic particle indications shall be classified as: surface indications, which include nonmetallic inclusions or stringers, open or twist cracks, flakes, or pipes; open or pinpoint indications; and non-open indications. Procedures for dimpling, depressing, inspection, and product marking are also mentioned.
SCOPE
1.1 This is an acceptance specification for the magnetic particle inspection of forged steel crankshafts having main bearing journals or crankpins 4 in. [200 mm] or larger in diameter.  
1.2 There are three classes, with acceptance standards of increasing severity:  
1.2.1 Class 1.  
1.2.2 Class 2 (originally the sole acceptance standard of this specification).  
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Note 1: Specification A668/A668M is a product specification which may be used for slab-forged crankshaft forgings that are usually twisted in order to set the crankpin angles, or for barrel forged crankshafts where the crankpins are machined in the appropriate configuration from a cylindrical forging.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch units.  
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Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Turbine and Generator Steel Rotor Forgings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
4.2 The acceptance criteria shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice for ultrasonic examination covers turbine and generator steel rotor forgings covered by Specifications A469/A469M, A470/A470M, A768/A768M, and A940/A940M. This practice shall be used for contact testing only.  
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1.3 This practice is intended to provide a means of inspecting cylindrical forgings so that the inspection sensitivity at the forging center line or bore surface is constant, independent of the forging or bore diameter. To this end, inspection sensitivity multiplication factors have been computed from theoretical analysis, with experimental verification. These are plotted in Fig. 1 (bored rotors) and Fig. 2 (solid rotors), for a true inspection frequency of 2.25 MHz, and an acoustic velocity of 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s]. Means of converting to other sensitivity levels are provided in Fig. 3. (Sensitivity multiplication factors for other frequencies may be derived in accordance with X1.1 and X1.2 of Appendix X1.)  
FIG. 1 Bored Forgings
Note 1: Sensitivity multiplication factor such that a 10 % indication at the forging bore surface will be equivalent to a 1/8 in. [3 mm] diameter flat bottom hole. Inspection frequency: 2.0 MHz or 2.25 MHz. Material velocity: 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s].
FIG. 2 Solid Forgings
Note 1: Sensitivity multiplication factor such that a 10 % indication at the forging centerline surface will be equivalent to a 1/8 in. [3 mm] diameter flat bottom hole. Inspection frequency: 2.0 MHz or 2.25 MHz. Material velocity: 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s].
FIG. 3 Conversion Factors to Be Used in Conjunction with Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 if a Change in the Reference Reflector Diameter is Required
1.4 Considerable verification data for this method have been generated which indicate that even under controlled conditions very significant uncertainties may exist in estimating natural discontinuities in terms of minimum equivalent size flat-bottom holes. The possibility exists that the estimated minimum areas of natural discontinuities in terms of minimum areas of the comparison flat-bottom holes may differ by 20 dB (factor of 10) in terms of actual areas of natural discontinuities. This magnitude of inaccuracy does not apply to all results but should be recognized as a possibility. Rigid control of the actual frequency used, the coil bandpass width if tuned instruments are used, and so forth, tend to reduce the overall inaccuracy which is apt to develop.  
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers standards for forged carbon steel piping components, that is, flanges, fittings, valves, and similar parts, for use in pressure systems at ambient and higher-temperature service conditions. Materials shall be subjected to heat treatment (annealing, normalizing, tempering, or quenching). Material shall conform to carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium contents. The forgings shall be subjected to tension, hardness and hydrostatic tests, with the latter applicable when required. Material shall adhere to tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, and hardness requirements. Guidelines for retreatment, repair by welding, and product marking are given.
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers high-strength, low-alloy steel ring and hollow forgings intended primarily for use as base plates in welded tubular structures for power transmission applications. However, use of this specification is not restricted to such applications and it may be used in other applications for which the attributes of the materials, as defined by this specification, are appropriate.  
1.2 The atmospheric corrosion resistance of Grades A, B, and C in most environments is substantially better than that of carbon structural steel with or without copper addition (see Note 1). When exposed to the atmosphere, these grades are suitable for many applications in the bare (unpainted) condition.
Note 1: See Guide G101 for methods of estimating the atmospheric corrosion resistance of low-alloy steels.  
1.3 The thickness of forgings is limited only by the capacity of the composition to meet the specified mechanical property requirements; however, current practice normally limits the thickness of forgings furnished under this specification to a range of 2 in. to 6 in. [51 mm to 152 mm].
Note 2: When the steel is to be welded, a welding procedure suitable for the grade of steel and intended use or service should be used. See Appendix X3 of Specification A6/A6M for information on weldability.  
1.4 The text of this specification contains notes, footnotes, or both, that provide explanatory material. Such notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, do not contain any mandatory requirements.  
1.5 Supplementary requirements are available but shall apply only when specified by the purchaser at the time of ordering.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A471/A471M-19(2024)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Vacuum-Treated Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and Wheels

ABSTRACT
This specification covers vacuum-treated alloy steel forgings intended for use as turbine rotor disks and wheels. The steel shall be made by the basic electric-furnace process. The molten steel shall be vacuum treated using either the vacuum stream degassing process, vacuum-lift process or ladle degassing process prior to or during the pouring of the ingot in order to remove objectionable gases, particularly hydrogen. The forgings shall receive their hot mechanical work under a press, hammer, or mill of sufficient power to work the metal throughout its section. Before reheating for heat treatment, the forging shall be allowed to cool in a manner to prevent damage and to accomplish transformation. The forgings shall be heated to a suitable temperature for a sufficient length of time for complete austenitization and shall be tempered to develop the specified properties. The forgings shall be preliminarily machined on all surfaces prior to heat treatment and shall be stress relieved after machining. To measure some mechanical properties, the specimens shall be subjected to tension test, impact test, and hardness test. A non-destructive test like an ultrasonic inspection shall be made on all available surfaces to demonstrate freedom from detrimental internal indications.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers vacuum-treated alloy steel forgings intended for use as turbine rotor disks and wheels.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A388/A388M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heavy steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. An ultrasonic, pulsed, reflection type of instrument shall be used and shall provide linear presentation for at least 75% of the screen height. The 5% linearity referred to is descriptive of the screen presentation of amplitude. The electronic apparatus shall contain an attenuator, search units, transducers, couplants, reference blocks, and DGS scales. The forging shall be machined to provide cylindrical surfaces for radial examination in the case of round forgings. The ends of the forgings shall be machined perpendicular to the axis of the forging for the axial examination. Faces of disk and rectangular forgings shall be machined flat and parallel to one another. The procedures to be performed are as follows: ultrasonic examination of the forgings; straight-beam examination with establishment of the instrument sensitivity and calibration either by the reflection, reference-block technique, or DGS method; and angle-beam examination used for rings and hollow forgings.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
4.2 The ultrasonic quality level shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. The straight beam techniques include utilization of the DGS (Distance Gain-Size) method. See Appendix X3.  
1.2 This practice is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that forgings are to be subject to ultrasonic examination in accordance with Practice A388/A388M.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A472/A472M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Heat Stability of Steam Turbine Shafts and Rotor Forgings

ABSTRACT
This measurement method covers the procedures for the standard practice of determining the heat stability of steam turbine and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. Surface and test band preparation, and heating and cooling procedures prior to stability measurements are detailed. Interpretation of the results of cold and hot measurements is also described.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the determination of heat stability of steam turbine shafts and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. This specification is not ordinarily applicable to generator rotor forgings.  
1.2 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the specification, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A336/A336M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with ferritic alloy steel forgings for high-pressure and high-temperature parts, such as boilers, pressure vessels, and associated equipment. The steel grades covered here include the following: Grade F1; Grade F11, Classes 1, 2, and 3; Grade F12; Grade F5; Grade F5A; Grade F9; Grade F6; Grades F21 and F22, Classes 1 and 3; Grade F91, Grade F3V; and Grade F22V. Other steel grades may also be treated under this specification. Alloy steels shall be melted, forged, and rough machined at stipulated conditions. Except as permitted for Grade F22V, steel forgings shall be annealed or normalized and tempered, but may alternatively be liquid quenched and tempered as well. Impact and Charpy V-notch tests shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to specified mechanical requirements such as notch toughness, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Materials shall also undergo heat and product analyses and conform to specified chemical requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers ferritic steel forgings for boilers, pressure vessels, high-temperature parts, and associated equipment.  
1.2 Forgings made of steel grades listed in Specification A335/A335M may also be ordered under this specification. The chemical, tensile, heat treatment, and marking requirements of Specification A335/A335M shall apply, except the forging shall conform to the chemical requirements of Tables 1 and 2 of Specification A335/A335M only with respect to heat analysis. On product analysis they may deviate from these limits to the extent permitted in Table 1 of this specification.  
1.3 Supplementary Requirements S1 to S10 are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.  
1.4 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.  
1.5 Specification A336/A336M formerly included austenitic steel forgings, which are now found in Specification A965/A965M.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A275/A275M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the procedures for the standard practice of performing magnetic particle examination on steel forgings. The inspection medium shall consist of finely divided ferromagnetic particles, whose size, shape and magnetic properties, both individually and collectively, shall be taken into account. Forgings may be magnetized in the longitudinal or circular direction by employing the surge or continuous current flow methods. Magnetization may be applied by passing current through the piece or by inducing a magnetic field by means of a central conductor, such as a prod or yoke, or by coils. While the material is properly magnetized, the magnetic particles may be applied by either the dry method, wet method, or fluorescent method. The parts shall also be sufficiently demagnetized after inspection so that residual or leakage fields will not interfere with future operations to which the steel forgings shall be used for. Indications to be evaluated are grouped into three broad classes, namely: surface defects, which include laminar defects, forging laps and folds, flakes (thermal ruptures caused by entrapped hydrogen), heat-treating cracks, shrinkage cracks, grinding cracks, and etching or plating cracks; subsurface defects, which include stringers of nonmetallic inclusions, large nonmetallics, cracks in underbeads of welds, and forging bursts; and nonrelevant or false indications, which include magnetic writing, changes in section, edge of weld, and flow lines.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 For ferromagnetic materials, magnetic particle examination is widely specified for the detection of surface and near surface discontinuities such as cracks, laps, seams, and linearly oriented nonmetallic inclusions. Such examinations are included as mandatory requirements in some forging standards such as Specification A508/A508M.  
4.2 Use of direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current as the power source for magnetic particle examination allows detection of subsurface discontinuities.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers a procedure for magnetic particle examination of steel forgings. The procedure will produce consistent results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This practice does not contain acceptance standards or recommended quality levels.  
1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current shall be used as the electric power source for any of the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permitted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is very limited and therefore unsuitable.  
1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.
Note 1: Guide E709 may be utilized for magnetic particle examination in the field for machinery components originally manufactured from steel forgings.  
1.3 The minimum requirements for magnetic particle examination shall conform to practice standards of Practice E1444/E1444M. If the requirements of this practice are in conflict with the requirements of Practice E1444/E1444M, the requirements of this practice shall prevail.  
1.4 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices ...

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ASTM A473-23a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service. The different solution heat treatment and annealing treatment received by the steel material are presented in details. The steel shall conform to the specified chemical composition and room temperature mechanical requirements. The forgings shall be produced with prolongations for testing, unless otherwise specified. The number of and procedure for tension test for forgings depending on their weight are presented. The tension test specimens shall be taken from the test prolongations or from the forgings.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements from Specification A788/A788M may be specified when additional testing, inspection, or processing is required.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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