ASTM D6035/D6035M-19
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Determining the Effect of Freeze-Thaw on Hydraulic Conductivity of Compacted or Intact Soil Specimens Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter
Standard Test Methods for Determining the Effect of Freeze-Thaw on Hydraulic Conductivity of Compacted or Intact Soil Specimens Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method identifies the changes in hydraulic conductivity as a result of freeze-thaw on natural soils only.
4.2 It is the user's responsibility when using this test method to determine the appropriate water content of the laboratory-compacted specimens (that is, dry, wet, or at optimum water content) (Note 2).
Note 2: It is common practice to construct clay liners and covers at optimum or greater than optimum water content. Specimens compacted dry of optimum water content typically do not contain larger pore sizes as a result of freeze-thaw because the effects of freeze-thaw are minimized by the lack of water in the sample. Therefore, the effect of freeze-thaw on the hydraulic conductivity is minimal, or the hydraulic conductivity may increase slightly.3
4.3 The requestor must provide information regarding the effective stresses to be applied during testing, especially for determining the final hydraulic conductivity. Using high effective stresses (that is, 35 kPa [5 psi] as allowed by Test Method D5084) can decrease an already increased hydraulic conductivity resulting in lower final hydraulic conductivity values. The long-term effect of freeze-thaw on the hydraulic conductivity of compacted soils is unknown. The increased hydraulic conductivity caused by freeze-thaw may be temporary. For example, the overburden pressure imparted by the waste placed on a soil liner in a landfill after being subjected to freeze-thaw may reduce the size of the cracks and pores that cause the increase in hydraulic conductivity. It is not known if the pressure would overcome the macroscopically increased hydraulic conductivity sufficiently to return the soil to its original hydraulic conductivity (prior to freeze-thaw). For cases such as landfill covers, where the overburden pressure is low, the increase in hydraulic conductivity due to freeze-thaw will likely be permanent. Thus, the requestor must take the application of the test method into account when establishi...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover laboratory measurement of the effect of freeze-thaw on the hydraulic conductivity of compacted or intact soil specimens using Test Method D5084 and a flexible wall permeameter to determine hydraulic conductivity. These test methods do not provide steps to perform sampling of, or testing of, in situ soils that have already been subjected to freeze-thaw conditions. Test Method A uses a specimen for each hydraulic conductivity determination that is subjected to freeze/thaw while Test Method B uses one specimen for the entire test method (that is, the same specimen is used for each hydraulic conductivity).
1.2 These test methods may be used with intact specimens (block or thin-walled) or laboratory compacted specimens and shall be used for soils that have an initial hydraulic conductivity less than or equal to 1E-5 m/s [3.94 E-4 in./s] (1E-3 cm/s) (Note 1).
Note 1: The maximum initial hydraulic conductivity is given as 1 E-5 m/s [3.94 E-4 in./s]. This should also apply to the final hydraulic conductivity. It is expected that if the initial hydraulic conductivity is 1 E-5 m/s (3.94 E-4 in./s), then the final hydraulic conductivity will not change (increase) significantly (that is, greater than 1 E-5 m/s) (3.94 E-4 in./s).
1.3 Soil specimens tested using this test method can be subjected to three-dimensional freeze-thaw (herein referred to as 3-d) or one-dimensional freeze-thaw (herein referred to as 1-d). (For a discussion of one-dimensional freezing versus three-dimensional freezing, refer to Zimmie and LaPlante or Othman, et al.2, 3)
1.4 Soil specimens tested using this test method can be tested in a closed system (that is, no access to an external supply of water during freezing) or an open system.
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how da...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6035/D6035M − 19
Standard Test Methods for
Determining the Effect of Freeze-Thaw on Hydraulic
Conductivity of Compacted or Intact Soil Specimens Using
1
a Flexible Wall Permeameter
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6035/D6035M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.4 Soil specimens tested using this test method can be
tested in a closed system (that is, no access to an external
1.1 Thesetestmethodscoverlaboratorymeasurementofthe
supply of water during freezing) or an open system.
effect of freeze-thaw on the hydraulic conductivity of com-
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
pacted or intact soil specimens using Test Method D5084 and
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
a flexible wall permeameter to determine hydraulic conductiv-
Practice D6026.
ity. These test methods do not provide steps to perform
1.5.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
sampling of, or testing of, in situ soils that have already been
recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the
subjected to freeze-thaw conditions. Test Method A uses a
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
specimen for each hydraulic conductivity determination that is
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
subjected to freeze/thaw while Test Method B uses one
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
specimenfortheentiretestmethod(thatis,thesamespecimen
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
is used for each hydraulic conductivity).
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
1.2 These test methods may be used with intact specimens
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
(block or thin-walled) or laboratory compacted specimens and
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
shall be used for soils that have an initial hydraulic conduc-
of the test methods ro consider significant digits used in
tivitylessthanorequalto1E-5m/s[3.94E-4in./s](1E-3cm/s)
analysis methods for engineering data.
(Note 1).
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units
NOTE 1—The maximum initial hydraulic conductivity is given as 1 E-5
(presented in brackets) are to be regarded separately as
m/s [3.94 E-4 in./s]. This should also apply to the final hydraulic
standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact
conductivity. It is expected that if the initial hydraulic conductivity is 1
equivalents;therefore,eachsystemshallbeusedindependently
E-5 m/s (3.94 E-4 in./s), then the final hydraulic conductivity will not
of the other. Combining values from the two systems may
change (increase) significantly (that is, greater than 1 E-5 m/s) (3.94 E-4
result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of test
in./s).
results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as noncon-
1.3 Soil specimens tested using this test method can be
formance with this test method.
subjected to three-dimensional freeze-thaw (herein referred to
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
as 3-d) or one-dimensional freeze-thaw (herein referred to as
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1-d). (For a discussion of one-dimensional freezing versus
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
three-dimensional freezing, refer to Zimmie and LaPlante or
2,3
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Othman, et al. )
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.19 on Frozen Soils and
Rock.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2019. Published November 2019. Originally
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D6035–13. DOI:
3
10.1520/D6035_D6035M-19. Othman, M. A., Benson, C. H., Chamberlain, E. J., and Zimmie, T. F.,
2
Zimmie, T. F., and La Plante, C., “The Effect of Freeze/Thaw Cycles on the “Laboratory Testing to Evaluate Changes in Hydraulic Conductivity of Compacted
Permeability of a Fine-Grained Soil,” Hazardous and Industrial Wastes, Proceed- Clays Caused by Freeze-Thaw: State-of-th
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D6035/D6035M − 13 D6035/D6035M − 19
Standard Test MethodMethods for
Determining the Effect of Freeze-Thaw on Hydraulic
Conductivity of Compacted or Intact Soil Specimens Using
1
a Flexible Wall Permeameter
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6035/D6035M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 ThisThese test method coversmethods cover laboratory measurement of the effect of freeze-thaw on the hydraulic
conductivity of compacted or intact soil specimens using Test Method D5084 and a flexible wall permeameter to determine
hydraulic conductivity. ThisThese test method doesmethods do not provide steps to perform sampling of, or testing of, in situ soils
that have already been subjected to freeze-thaw conditions. Test Method A uses a specimen for each hydraulic conductivity
determination that is subjected to freeze/thaw while Test Method B uses one specimen for the entire test method (that is, the same
specimen is used for each hydraulic conductivity).
1.2 ThisThese test methodmethods may be used with intact specimens (block or thin-walled) or laboratory compacted
specimens and shall be used for soils that have an initial hydraulic conductivity less than or equal to 1E-5 m/s [3.94 E-4 in./s] (1E-3
cm/s) (Note 1).
NOTE 1—The maximum initial hydraulic conductivity is given as 1 E-5 m/s [3.94 E-4 in./s]. This should also apply to the final hydraulic conductivity.
It is expected that if the initial hydraulic conductivity is 1 E-5 m/s (3.94 E-4 in./s), then the final hydraulic conductivity will not change (increase)
significantly (that is, greater than 1 E-5 m/s) (3.94 E-4 in./s).
1.3 Soil specimens tested using this test method can be subjected to three-dimensional freeze-thaw (herein referred to as 3-d)
or one-dimensional freeze-thaw (herein referred to as 1-d). (For a discussion of one-dimensional freezing versus three-dimensional
2,3
freezing, refer to Zimmie and LaPlante or Othman.Othman, et al. )
1.4 Soil specimens tested using this test method can be tested in a closed system (that is, no access to an external supply of water
during freezing) or an open system.
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives;
and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.
It is beyond the scope of the test methods ro consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units (presented in brackets) are to be regarded separately as standard.
The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.
Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other
than SI shall not be regarded as conconformancenonconformance with this test method.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.19 on Frozen Soils and Rock.
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2013Nov. 1, 2019. Published September 2013November 2019. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20082013
as D6035 – 08.D6035 – 13. DOI: 10.1520/D6035_D6035M-13.10.1520/D6035_D6035M-19.
2
Zimmie, T. F., and La Plante, C., “The Effect of Freeze/Thaw Cycles on the Permeability of a Fine-Grained Soil,” Hazardous and Industrial Wastes, Proceedings of the
Twenty-Second Mid-
...
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