ASTM D5312/D5312M-21

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Under Freezing and Thawing Conditions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Rock for erosion control consists of individual pieces of natural stone. The ability of these individual pieces of stone to resist deterioration due to weathering action affects the stability of the integral placement of rock for erosion control and hence, the stability of construction projects, structures, shorelines, and stream banks.  
5.2 This test method is designed to determine the effects of freezing and thawing action on the individual pieces of rock for erosion control and the resistance of the rock to deterioration. This test method was developed to be used in conjunction with additional test methods listed in Practice D4992. This test method does not provide an absolute value but rather an indication of the resistance to freezing and thawing; therefore, the results of this test method are not to be used as the sole basis for the determination of rock durability.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent upon the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluation some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedures for evaluating the durability of rock for erosion control by evaluating the performance of slabs of rock when exposed to freezing and thawing conditions. This weathering test exposes the rock to freezing and thawing cycles similar to natural weather conditions. The rock slabs, prepared in accordance with procedures in Practice D5121, are intended to be representative of erosion control rock and its weaknesses. The test is appropriate for breakwater stone, armor stone, riprap, and gabion sized rock materials.  
1.2 The limitations of the test are twofold.  
1.2.1 First, the size of the cut rock slab specimens may eliminate some of the internal defects present in the rock structure. The test specimens may not be representative of the quality of the larger rock samples used in construction. Careful examination of the rock source and proper sampling are essential in minimizing this limitation.  
1.2.2 Second, the test requires the rock slabs to be exposed to up to 55 freezing-thawing cycles. The test is time intensive and the entire procedure including sample preparation, testing, and analysis may require in excess of two months if automated freezing-thawing equipment is available and in excess of 5 months if the manual method is used. This limitation makes this test most useful as an initial source approval type test and may limit its practical usefulness as a more frequent quality control test during construction.  
1.3 The use of reclaimed concrete and other such materials is beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The slug unit is not given unless dynamic (F=ma) calculations are involved.  
1.4.2 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This practice implicitly combines two separate systems of units; the absolute and the gravitational systems. It is scientifically undesira...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2021
• ICS: 93.020 - Earthworks. Excavations. Foundation construction. Underground works
• Technical Committee: D18 - Soil and Rock
• Drafting Committee: D18.17 - Rock for Erosion Control

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D4753-24 - Standard Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction Materials Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM D3740-23 - Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM D3740-19 - Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2019
• Refers: ASTM E145-19 - Standard Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2019
• Refers: ASTM D2216-19 - Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2019
• Refers: ASTM D4753-15 - Standard Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction Materials Testing
• Effective Date: 01-May-2015
• Refers: ASTM D653-14 - Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2014
• Refers: ASTM D4992-14 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be Used for Erosion Control
• Effective Date: 01-May-2014
• Refers: ASTM D3740-12a - Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
• Effective Date: 01-May-2012
• Refers: ASTM D3740-12 - Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2012
• Refers: ASTM E145-94(2011) - Standard Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2011
• Refers: ASTM D653-11 - Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2011
• Refers: ASTM D3740-11 - Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2011
• Refers: ASTM D2216-10 - Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2010
• Refers: ASTM D5121-10 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Rock Slabs for Durability Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2010

Overview

ASTM D5312/D5312M-21 is the international standard for evaluating the durability of rock used in erosion control applications under repeated freezing and thawing conditions. Published by ASTM International, this test method determines how rock specimens (such as riprap, breakwater stone, armor stone, and gabion fill) withstand deterioration caused by freeze-thaw cycles similar to those encountered in natural environments. The stability and longevity of erosion control structures-such as shorelines, stream banks, and breakwaters-depend heavily on the durability of the rock used, making this standard vital for civil engineering, geotechnical, and environmental projects.

Key Topics

• Purpose: Evaluates the resistance of natural rock pieces intended for erosion control to freeze-thaw weathering. The results help estimate how well the rock will perform in real-life climatic conditions.
• Test Method: Involves subjecting saw-cut rock slab specimens to up to 55 cycles of controlled freezing and thawing. Each cycle simulates environmental conditions that contribute to the breakdown of rock structure over time.
• Sample Preparation: Specimens are prepared according to ASTM D5121, ensuring consistent test units. Careful selection and cutting seek to represent the prevalent characteristics and weaknesses of the source rock.
• Data Collected: Mass loss and visible deterioration are quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated. Both the percent loss of mass and descriptive observations on deterioration (such as spalling and splitting) are reported.
• Limitations: The test procedure is time-consuming and best suited for source approval rather than routine quality control. Sizes of specimens may not always capture all internal defects, so representative sampling is crucial. The test is specifically designed for natural rock and not reclaimed concrete or other manufactured materials.

Applications

• Erosion Control Design: Used by engineers and designers to select rock materials for protection of rivers, coastal shorelines, and infrastructure.
• Riprap Selection: Helps identify rock types suitable for project-specific freeze-thaw environments, improving long-term stability of riprap and armor stone installations.
• Quality Assurance: Applied by project owners, regulatory agencies, and contractors for initial rock source approval for public and private projects subject to freeze-thaw stresses.
• Project Documentation: Essential for documenting compliance in technical submittals, particularly for projects requiring ASTM standard conformance.
• Geotechnical Investigations: Supports assessments in site characterization and material sourcing by outlining potential durability issues before construction.

Related Standards

• ASTM D4992 - Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be Used for Erosion Control: Provides additional procedures that should be used in conjunction with ASTM D5312/D5312M.
• ASTM D5121 - Practice for Preparation of Rock Slabs for Durability Testing: Details rock sample preparation procedures.
• ASTM D653 - Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids: Defines key terms used in the testing process.
• ASTM D3740 - Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing/Inspection of Soil and Rock: Addresses laboratory and personnel qualifications.
• ASTM D2216 - Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water Content of Soil and Rock by Mass: Provides procedures relevant to moisture determination.
• ASTM D4753 - Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Masses and Balances for Testing: Ensures accurate weighing during tests.
• ASTM E145 - Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens: Specifies oven requirements for drying and thawing cycles.

By implementing ASTM D5312/D5312M-21 in erosion control projects, practitioners ensure a higher degree of reliability and long-term performance of rock materials in freezing and thawing environments-critical to infrastructure sustainability and safety.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5312/D5312M − 21
Standard Test Method for
Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Under
Freezing and Thawing Conditions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5312/D5312M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.4.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used
when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound
1.1 This test method covers the procedures for evaluating
(lbf)representsaunitofforce(weight),whiletheunitformass
the durability of rock for erosion control by evaluating the
is slugs. The slug unit is not given unless dynamic (F=ma)
performance of slabs of rock when exposed to freezing and
calculations are involved.
thawing conditions. This weathering test exposes the rock to
1.4.2 It is common practice in the engineering/construction
freezing and thawing cycles similar to natural weather condi-
profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit
tions. The rock slabs, prepared in accordance with procedures
of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This practice implicitly
in Practice D5121, are intended to be representative of erosion
combines two separate systems of units; the absolute and the
control rock and its weaknesses. The test is appropriate for
gravitational systems. It is scientifically undesirable to com-
breakwater stone, armor stone, riprap, and gabion sized rock
bine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a
materials.
single standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravita-
1.2 The limitations of the test are twofold.
tional system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the
1.2.1 First, the size of the cut rock slab specimens may
slug unit of mass. However, the use of balances and scales
eliminate some of the internal defects present in the rock
recording pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft
structure. The test specimens may not be representative of the
3 shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
qualityofthelargerrocksamplesusedinconstruction.Careful
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
examination of the rock source and proper sampling are
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
essential in minimizing this limitation.
Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.
1.2.2 Second, the test requires the rock slabs to be exposed
1.5.1 For purposes of comparing measured or calculated
to up to 55 freezing-thawing cycles. The test is time intensive
value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated
and the entire procedure including sample preparation, testing,
value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant
andanalysismayrequireinexcessoftwomonthsifautomated
digits in the specified limits.
freezing-thawing equipment is available and in excess of 5
1.5.2 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
months if the manual method is used. This limitation makes
recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the
this test most useful as an initial source approval type test and
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
may limit its practical usefulness as a more frequent quality
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
control test during construction.
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
1.3 The use of reclaimed concrete and other such materials
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
is beyond the scope of this test method.
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
pound units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded sepa-
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
ratelyasstandard.Thevaluesstatedineachsystemmaynotbe
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical
exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used inde-
methods for engineering design.
pendentlyoftheother.Combiningvaluesfromthetwosystems
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
may result in non-conformance with the standard.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.17 on Rock for Erosion
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Control.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2021. Published November 2021. Originally
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D5312/D5312M–12
(2013). DOI: 10.1520/D5312_D5312M-21. ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5312/D5312M − 21
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- the percent loss by mass for each specimen is determined. A
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical visual examination of the slabs is performed throughout and at
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. the end of testing. The type of deterioration and changes to
previously noted planes of weakness are recorded.
2. Referenced Documents
5. Significance and Use
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
5.1 Rock for erosion control consists of individual pieces of
Fluids
natural stone. The ability of these individual pieces of stone to
D2216Test Methods for Laboratory Determination ofWater
resistdeteriorationduetoweatheringactionaffectsthestability
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
oftheintegralplacementofrockforerosioncontrolandhence,
D3740Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
thestabilityofconstructionprojects,structures,shorelines,and
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
stream banks.
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
5.2 This test method is designed to determine the effects of
D4753Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-
freezingandthawingactionontheindividualpiecesofrockfor
ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
erosion control and the resistance of the rock to deterioration.
Construction Materials Testing
Thistestmethodwasdevelopedtobeusedinconjunctionwith
D4992Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be Used for
additional test methods listed in Practice D4992. This test
Erosion Control
method does not provide an absolute value but rather an
D5121Practice for Preparation of Rock Slabs for Durability
indication of the resistance to freezing and thawing; therefore,
Testing
the results of this test method are not to be used as the sole
D6026Practice for Using Significant Digits and Data Re-
basis for the determination of rock durability.
cords in Geotechnical Data
NOTE 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is
E145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-
dependent upon the competence of the personnel performing it, and the
Ventilation Ovens
suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the
criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent
3. Terminology
and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are
cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure
3.1 Definitions—See Terminology D653 for general defini-
reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740
tions.
provides a means of evaluation some of those factors.
3.1.1 gabion-fill stone, n—in rock, stone generally less than
22 kg [50 lb] and placed in baskets of wire or other suitable
6. Apparatus
material that is tied together to form an integral structure
6.1 Rock Saw—A laboratory diamond saw used to cut
designed to resist erosion along stream banks and around
geological and concrete specimens, or a diamond saw used for
bridge piers as well as stabilize shorelines, stream banks or
lapidarypurposes,shallbeacceptable.Aminimumcutcapacity
slopes as well as retaining walls, noise barriers, temporary
of18cm[7in.]willbeneededtoobtaintherequiredslabsizes,
flood walls, silt filtration from runoff, for small or temporary/
and often a larger cut capacity will be required. In most cases,
permanent dams, or channel lining.
thebladewillbeacirculardiamondblade,butabandsawmay
3.1.2 slab, n—in rock, a section of rock having two smooth,
also be configured to perform the cutting operations.
approximatelyparallelfaces,producedbytwosawcutsspaced
6.1.1 The rock saw apparatus shall have a fixed or remov-
such that the thickness of the slab is generally less than the
able vise to hold the samples during the cutting process. An
other dimensions of the rock.
automatic feed (either gravity, hydraulic, or screwfeed oper-
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The slab will be the rock specimen
ated) that controls the cutting action is preferred; however, a
which will subsequently undergo durability tests. The words
manual feed is also acceptable. The saw shall have a platform
“slab” and “specimen” are interchangeable throughout the test
to prevent the cut slab from falling and shattering.
method.
6.2 Freeze-Thaw Chamber or Home Freezer—A timer-
4. Summary of Test Method
controlledfreeze-thawchamberspecificallydesignedfortimed
cyclingof16hoffreezingat–18 62.5°C[0 65°F]followed
4.1 Erosion control rock samples are trimmed into saw-cut
by a minimum of 8 h of thawing at 32 6 2.5 °C [90 6 5 °F]
slab specimens. Each slab is structurally examined macro-
on a daily basis is the most desirable option. This type of
scopically and under 20× magnification.After being immersed
apparatusiscommerciallyavailableandallowsforthecomple-
in an alcohol/water solution for a minimum of 12 h, the
tion of one freeze-thaw cycle every day including weekends
specimens are exposed to up to 55 freezing-thawing cycles.
and holidays.
Each cycle consists of the slab being frozen for a minimum of
12 h then thawed for 8 to 12 h. At the completion of the test, 6.2.1 If a timer-controlled freeze-thaw chamber is not
available, a standard chest-type home freezer capable of
reaching and maintaining the required freezing temperature
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
range in accordance with 6.2 may be used.
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
6.2.2 The limitations associated with this option are related
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. to the fact that the freeze-thaw cycling must be accomplished
D5312/D5312M − 21
manually. Typically only four cycles of freezing and thawing 8. Sampling and Sample Sets
may be accomplished during a normal work week.
8.1 Sampling for a source of rock shall be guided by the
6.3 Thawing Oven (if option 6.2.1 is used)—Vented, principles in Practice D4992.
thermostatically-controlled oven capable of maintaining a
8.2 Rock sources may be from mine, quarry, outcrop, or
constant temperature of 32 6 2.5 °C [90 6 5 °F] throughout
fieldboulders.Visualobservationofcolor,texture,mineralogy,
the drying chamber. These requirements typically require the
or some other feature, will be the key to proper representative
use of a forced-draft type oven. Preferably the oven should be
sampling.
vented outside the building.
8.2.1 Arocksourcethatismacroscopicallyuniformshallbe
6.4 Drying Oven—Vented, thermostatically-controlled oven
represented by a minimum of five pieces of the material
capable of maintaining a uniform temperature of 110 65°C
obtained from separate locations within the source area. This
[230 6 9 °F] throughout the drying chamber. These require-
group is considered as a sample set.
ments typically require the use of a forced-draft type oven.
8.2.2 A rock source that is macroscopically non-uniform
Preferably the oven should be vented outside the building.
shall be represented by a minimum of eight pieces of the
material obtained from separate locations within the source
NOTE 2—Asingle oven may be used in lieu of the thawing and drying
ovens if it meets the requirements of both 6.3 and 6.4.
area. This group is considered as a sample set.
8.2.3 Sample the rock types in their approximate proportion
6.5 Containers—Of sufficient size to hold the specimens
to the types that occur at the source.
partially immersed in an alcohol/water solution. It is advised
that these containers be non-reactive, resistant to breakage and
8.3 Planesofweaknesswillbeincludedineachsamplesuch
resistant to deformation and degradation when exposed to
that a determination may be made as to their durability and
temperatures encountered in this test method.
their effect on the overall durability of a rock mass that would
contain these planes of weakness.
6.6 Absorptive Pads—6-mm[ ⁄4in.]thickfeltpads,blotters,
synthetic fiber carpeting or similar absorptive material for
8.4 Each rock piece within the sample set shall be of
placing between specimens and the container bottom.
sufficient size to provide the finished size specimens described
in Section 9.
6.7 Balance—Abalance capable of determining the mass of
thespecimentothenearest0.1%ofthetotalmassmeetingthe
8.5 In all cases, the rock pieces selected for the sample set
requirements of Specification D4753.
shall be chosen to be representative of the majority of the rock
at the source. Rock pieces, as determined by their macroscopic
6.8 Camera—Adigital or film camera capable of producing
properties, which comprise less than 5 percent of the source
clear, color photographs for documenting specimen conditions
material,maybeignoredunlesstheirpresenceinasamplewill
before and after testing.
significantlyaffectthetestresultsandsubsequentproposeduse
6.9 Stereomicroscope—Amicroscopeorothersuitablemag-
of the rock.
nifying device, capable of at least 20× magnification for
8.6 Each rock piece will be of a size such that testing may
examination of the specimen prior to and after testing. Ideally,
proceed without further mechanical crushing; however, the
a camera bod
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5312/D5312M − 12 (Reapproved 2013) D5312/D5312M − 21
Standard Test Method for
Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Under
Freezing and Thawing Conditions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5312/D5312M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the procedures for evaluating the durability of rock for erosion control by evaluating the performance
of slabs of rock when exposed to freezing and thawing conditions. This weathering test exposes the rock to freezing and thawing
cycles similar to natural weather conditions. The rock slabs, prepared in accordance with procedures in Practice D5121, are
intended to be representative of erosion control rock and its weaknesses. The test is appropriate for breakwater stone, armor stone,
riprap, and gabion sized rock materials.
1.2 This test method covers the procedures for evaluating the durability of rock for erosion control when exposed to freezing and
thawing conditions on slabs of rock. This weathering test exposes the rock to freezing and thawing cycles similar to natural weather
conditions. The rock slabs, prepared in accordance with procedures in Practice D5121, are intended to be representative of erosion
control rock and its weaknesses. The test is appropriate for breakwater stone, armor stone, riprap, and gabion sized rock materials.
The limitations of the test are twofold. First the size of the cut rock slab specimens may eliminate some of the internal defects
present in the rock structure. The test specimens may not be representative of the quality of the larger rock samples used in
construction. Careful examination of the rock source and proper sampling are essential in minimizing this limitation. Secondly the
test requires the rock slabs to be exposed to up to 55 freezing-thawing cycles. The test is time intensive and may require up to two
or more months to complete the sample preparation, testing, and analysis portions of the procedure.
1.2.1 First, the size of the cut rock slab specimens may eliminate some of the internal defects present in the rock structure. The
test specimens may not be representative of the quality of the larger rock samples used in construction. Careful examination of
the rock source and proper sampling are essential in minimizing this limitation.
1.2.2 Second, the test requires the rock slabs to be exposed to up to 55 freezing-thawing cycles. The test is time intensive and the
entire procedure including sample preparation, testing, and analysis may require in excess of two months if automated
freezing-thawing equipment is available and in excess of 5 months if the manual method is used. This limitation makes this test
most useful as an initial source approval type test and may limit its practical usefulness as a more frequent quality control test
during construction.
1.3 The use of reclaimed concrete and other such materials is beyond the scope of this test method.
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded separately as
standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of
the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.17 on Rock for Erosion
Control.
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2013Nov. 1, 2021. Published February 2013November 2021. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 20122013
as D5312/D5312M – 12.D5312/D5312M – 12 (2013). DOI: 10.1520/D5312_D5312M-12R13.10.1520/D5312_D5312M-21.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5312/D5312M − 21
1.4.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf)
represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The slug unit is not given unless dynamic (F=ma) calculations
are involved.
1.4.2 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass
(lbm) and of force (lbf). This practice implicitly combines two separate systems of units; the absolute and the gravitational systems.
It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. As stated, this
standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug unit of mass. However, the use
of balances and scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft 3 shall not be regarded as nonconformance
with this standard.
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026, unless superseded by this standard.test method.
1.5.1 For purposes of comparing measured or calculated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shall
be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in the specified limits.
1.5.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives;
and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.
It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction
Materials Testing
D4992 Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be Used for Erosion Control
D5121 Practice for Preparation of Rock Slabs for Durability Testing
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits and Data Records in Geotechnical Data
E145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—See Terminology D653 for general definitions.
3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions— of TermsSee Terminology D653 Specific to This for general definitions.Standard:
3.1.1 rock saw,gabion-fill stone, n—a sawin rock, capable of cutting rock. The term “rock saw” shall include the blade which saws
the rock, any components that control or power the sawing process or both, and framework on which the blade and any other
associated components are mounted.stone generally less than 22 kg [50 lb] and placed in baskets of wire or other suitable material
that is tied together to form an integral structure designed to resist erosion along stream banks and around bridge piers as well as
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stabilize shorelines, stream banks or slopes as well as retaining walls, noise barriers, temporary flood walls, silt filtration from
runoff, for small or temporary/permanent dams, or channel lining.
3.1.2 slab, n—in rock, a section of rock having two smooth, approximately parallel faces, produced by two saw cuts. The cuts
spaced such that the thickness of the slab is generally less than the other dimensions of the rock. The slab will be the specimen
of a rock which will subsequently undergo durability tests. The words “slab” and “specimen” are interchangeable throughout the
test method.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
The slab will be the rock specimen which will subsequently undergo durability tests. The words “slab” and “specimen” are
interchangeable throughout the test method.
3.2.3 armor stone, n—stone generally 900 to 2,700 kg [one to three tons] resulting from blasting, cutting, or by other methods
placed along shorelines or in jetties to protect the shoreline from erosion due to the action of large waves.
3.2.4 breakwater stone, n—stone generally 2,700 to 18,000 kg [three to twenty tons] resulting from blasting, cutting, or by other
methods placed along shorelines or in jetties to protect the shoreline from erosion due to the action of large waves.
3.2.5 riprap stone, n—stone generally less than 1,800 kg [two tons] specially selected and graded, when properly placed prevents
erosion through minor wave action, or strong currents and thereby preserves the shape of a surface, slope, or underlying structure.
3.2.6 gabion-fill stone, n—stone generally less than 22 kg [50 lb] and placed in baskets of wire or other suitable material. These
baskets are then tied together to form an integral structure designed to resist erosion along stream banks and around bridge piers.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Erosion control rock samples are trimmed into saw-cut slab specimens. Each slab is structurally examined macroscopically
and under 20× magnification. The specimens are exposed to up to 55 freezing-thawing cycles. The trimmed slabs are initially After
being immersed in an alcohol/water solution for a minimum of 12 h. The slabs are thenh, the specimens are exposed to up to 55
freezing-thawing cycles. Each cycle consists of the slab being frozen for a minimum of 12 h then thawed for 8 to 12 h. At the
completion of the test, the percent loss by mass for each specimen set is determined. A visual examination of the slabs is performed
throughout and at the end of testing. The type of deterioration and changes to previously noted planes of weakness are recorded.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Rock for erosion control consists of individual pieces of natural stone. The ability of these individual pieces of stone to resist
deterioration due to weathering action affects the stability of the integral placement of rock for erosion control and hence, the
stability of construction projects, structures, shorelines, and stream banks.
5.2 This test method is designed to determine the effects of freezing and thawing action on the individual pieces of rock for erosion
control and the resistance of the rock to deterioration. This test method was developed to be used in conjunction with additional
test methods listed in Practice D4992. This test method does not provide an absolute value but rather an indication of the resistance
to freezing and thawing; therefore, the results of this test method are not to be used as the sole basis for the determination of rock
durability.
NOTE 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent upon the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the
equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective
testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable
results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluation some of those factors.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Rock Saw—A laboratory diamond saw used to cut geological and concrete specimens, or a diamond saw used for lapidary
purposes, shall be acceptable. A minimum blade diametercut capacity of 3618 cm [14[7 in.] will be needed to obtain the required
slab sizes (a larger one is preferable). The blade shallsizes, and often a larger cut capacity will be required. In most cases, the blade
will be a circular diamond blade.blade, but a band saw may also be configured to perform the cutting operations.
6.1.1 The rock saw apparatus shall have a fixed or removable vise to hold the samples during the cutting process. An automatic
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feed (either gravity, hydraulic, or screwfeed operated) that controls the cutting action is preferred; however, a manual feed is also
acceptable. The saw shall have a platform to prevent the cut slab from falling and shattering.
6.2 Freeze-Thaw Chamber or Home Freezer—A timer-controlled freeze-thaw chamber specifically designed for timed cycling of
16 h of freezing at -18–18 6 2.5 °C [0 6 5 °F] followed by a minimum of 8 h of thawing at 32 6 2.5 °C [90 6 5 °F] on a daily
basis is the most desirable option. This type of apparatus is commercially available and allows for the completion of one
freeze-thaw cycle every day including weekends and holidays.
6.2.1 If a timer-controlled freeze-thaw chamber is not available, a standard chest-type home freezer capable of reaching and
maintaining the required freezing temperature range in accordance with 6.2 may be used.
6.2.2 The limitations associated with this option are related to the fact that the freeze-thaw cycling must be accomplished
manually. Typically only four cycles of freezing and thawing may be accomplished during a normal work week.
6.3 Thawing Oven (if option 6.2.1 is used)—Thermostatically controlled oven meeting the requirements of Specification
used)—Vented, thermostatically-controlled oven E145 and capable of maintaining a constant temperature of 32 6 2.5 °C [90 6
5 °F]. °F] throughout the drying chamber. These requirements typically require the use of a forced-draft type oven. Preferably the
oven should be vented outside the building.
6.4 Drying Oven—Thermostatically controlled oven meeting the requirements of Specification Vented, thermostatically-controlled
oven E145 and capable of maintaining a uniform temperature of 110 6 5 °C [230 6 9 °F] throughout the drying chamber. These
requirements typically require the use of a forced-draft type oven. Preferably the oven should be vented outside the building.
6.4.1 A single oven may be used in lieu of the thawing and drying ovens if it meets the requirements of both 6.3 and 6.4.
NOTE 2—A single oven may be used in lieu of the thawing and drying ovens if it meets the requirements of both 6.3 and 6.4.
6.5 Containers—Of sufficient size to hold the specimens partially immersed in an alcohol/water solution. It is advised that these
containers be non-reactive, resistant to breakage and resistant to deformation and degradation when exposed to temperatures
encountered in this test method.
6.6 Absorptive Pads—6-mm [ ⁄4 in.] thick felt pads, blotters, synthetic fiber carpeting or similar absorptive material for placing
between specimens and the container bottom.
6.7 Balance—A balance capable of determining the mass of the specimen to the nearest 0.1 % of the total mass meeting the
requirements of Specification D4753.
6.8 Camera—A digital or film camera capable of producing good quality, clear, color photographs for “before” and “after”
photographs.documenting specimen conditions before and after testing.
6.9 Stereomicroscope—A microscope or other suitable magnifying device, capable of at least 20× magnification for examination
of the specimen prior to and after testing. Ideally, a camera body could be mounted to the stereomicroscope, allowing the user to
document the small-scale bedding or potential planes of weakness within the test specimen.
6.10 Photographic Scale—A scale of appropriate dimension and division when compared to the field of view and the detail being
studied. When selecting a scale, always choose the scale that will provide at least as precise a measurement as the system that will
be measuring the photographic information. If For exampe, if the system has a precision to one millimeter, make sure the scale
used is accurate and precise to at least one millimeter across the entire scale.
7. Special Solutions
7.1 The special solution required for this test method consists of a 0.5 % isopropyl alcohol/water solution. This solution may be
mixed and stored ahead of time. It will be used to replenish the solution as the test proceeds. Commercially available isopropyl
alcohol as opposed to reagent grade is suitable.
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NOTE 3—The 0.5 % isopropyl alcohol contained in the special solution is to lower the viscosity of water, allowing for more thorough penetration of the
water into the test specimen’s micro-pores prior to freezing.
8. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test UnitsSampling and Sample Sets
8.1 A Sampling for a source of rock to be sampled shall be guided by the principles in Practice D4992.
8.2 Rock sources may be from mine, quarry, outcrop, or field boulders. Visual observation of color, texture, mineralogy, or some
other feature, will be the key to proper representative sampling.
8.2.1 A rock source that is macroscopically uniform shall be represented by a minimum of five pieces of the material obtained
from separate locations within the source area. This group is considered as a specimensample set.
8.2.2 A rock source that is macroscopically non-uniform shall be represented by a minimum of eight pieces of the material
obtained from separate locations within the source area. This group is considered as a specimensample set.
8.2.3 Sample the rock types in their approximate proportion to the types that occur at the source.
8.3 Planes of weakness will be included in each sample such that a determination may be made as to the durability of the various
planes of weakness their durability and their effect on the overall durability of a rock mass that would contain these planes of
weakness.
8.4 Each rock sample piece within the samp
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