ASTM F1157-04(2010)

Standard Practice for Classifying the Relative Performance of the Physical Properties of Security Seals

ABSTRACT
This practice covers methods for testing the physical properties of mechanical (passive) security seals. Where appropriate, the various tests include particular apparatus or procedural specifications required for different types of security seals. A security seal shall be evaluated in accordance with its classification into one of five general groups and its performance in the following six tests: pull (tensile) shear, bending, impact, low temperature impact, and high temperature pull (tensile). A security seal shall receive a grade designation based upon its measured performance in each of the required tests. The seals shall be classified according to groups: Group 1; Group 2; Group 3; Group 4; and Group 5. Pull test, shear test, bending test, impact test, and extreme temperature tests shall be performed to conform with the specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers methods for testing the physical properties of mechanical (passive) security seals. Where appropriate, the various tests include particular apparatus or procedural specifications required for different types of security seals. This practice does not address adhesive (tape or label style) or electronic types of security seals.
1.2 This practice will serve as a basis for comparing the response of various security seals under different simulated modes of attack. The security seal to be evaluated shall first be classified into established groupings, and then tested in the manner designated as most suitable for that class of seal, in accordance with Classification F832.
1.3 A mechanical security seal is a single use, passive device intended to detect tampering or entry into the sealed item. Removal of the security seal requires permanent and irreversible damage to the seal. The following procedures reflect the relative performance of security seals when subject to various destructive physical attacks. These tests simulate known and likely security seal implementation and attack methods.
1.4 Security seals often contain unique identification markings for authentication purposes to discourages duplication and to prevent reapplication. This practice does not address unique identifiers or vulnerabilities of security seals.
Note 1—See Guide F1158 for procedures on the inspection and evaluation of tampering of security seals. See also Guide F946.
1.5 It is the responsibility of users of this practice to interpret their specific security needs concerning the application of seals, and to determine the grade of seal appropriate for their particular application. ASTM assumes no responsibility for losses occurring as a result of a defeated seal, whether the defeat is apparent, or the seal is not suited for its application.
1.6 The values as stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are given for information only.
1.7 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test procedures portion, Section 6, of this practice. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2010
• ICS: 97.020 - Home economics in general
• Technical Committee: F12 - Security Systems and Equipment
• Drafting Committee: F12.50 - Locking Devices

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM F1157-04 - Standard Practice for Classifying the Relative Performance of the Physical Properties of Security Seals
• Effective Date: 01-May-2010
• Replaced By: ASTM F1157-04(2015) - Standard Practice for Classifying the Relative Performance of the Physical Properties of Security Seals
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2015

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F1157 − 04(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Practice for
Classifying the Relative Performance of the Physical
Properties of Security Seals
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1157; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope for losses occurring as a result of a defeated seal, whether the
defeat is apparent, or the seal is not suited for its application.
1.1 This practice covers methods for testing the physical
properties of mechanical (passive) security seals. Where 1.6 The values as stated in inch-pound units are to be
appropriate, the various tests include particular apparatus or regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are given
procedural specifications required for different types of secu- for information only.
rityseals.Thispracticedoesnotaddressadhesive(tapeorlabel
1.7 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
style) or electronic types of security seals.
test procedures portion, Section 6, of this practice. This
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
1.2 This practice will serve as a basis for comparing the
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
response of various security seals under different simulated
of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
modes of attack. The security seal to be evaluated shall first be
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-
classified into established groupings, and then tested in the
tions prior to use.
manner designated as most suitable for that class of seal, in
accordance with Classification F832.
2. Referenced Documents
1.3 A mechanical security seal is a single use, passive
2.1 ASTM Standards:
device intended to detect tampering or entry into the sealed
F832 Classification for Security Seals
item. Removal of the security seal requires permanent and
F883 Performance Specification for Padlocks
irreversible damage to the seal. The following procedures
F946 Guide for Establishing Security Seal Control and
reflect the relative performance of security seals when subject
Accountability Procedures
to various destructive physical attacks. These tests simulate
F1158 Guide for Inspection and Evaluation of Tampering of
known and likely security seal implementation and attack
Security Seals
methods.
3. Terminology
1.4 Security seals often contain unique identification mark-
ings for authentication purposes to discourages duplication and
3.1 Definitions:
to prevent reapplication. This practice does not address unique
3.1.1 locked seal—condition, as intended by the
identifiers or vulnerabilities of security seals.
manufacturer, which secures the sealed item and cannot be
NOTE 1—See Guide F1158 for procedures on the inspection and
reversed or opened without physical destruction of the security
evaluation of tampering of security seals. See also Guide F946.
seal.
1.5 It is the responsibility of users of this practice to
3.1.2 open condition—condition which could allow entry
interpret their specific security needs concerning the applica-
into the sealed item and, for the purposes of this practice, a
tion of seals, and to determine the grade of seal appropriate for
failed security seal.
their particular application. ASTM assumes no responsibility
3.1.3 security seal—passive, one-time locking device used
to indicate tampering or entry, and may be designed to offer
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F12 on Security
Systems and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F12.50 on
Locking Devices. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published May 2010. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F1157 – 04. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/F1157-04R10. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1157 − 04 (2010)
limitedresistancetoforcedentry.Securitysealsrequireinspec- 5.2.1.1 Group 1—Flexible cable and wire seals, which can
tion to determine a tampering or entry event. be fixed or adjustable length.
5.2.1.2 Group 2—Strap and cinch seals.
4. Summary of Practice
5.2.1.3 Group 3—Rigid bolt and rod seals, including heavy
4.1 Asecurity seal shall be evaluated in accordance with its duty metal padlock type.
5.2.1.4 Group 4—Twisted rod or wire seals (pigtail).
classification into one of five general groups and its perfor-
mance in the following six tests: pull (tensile) shear, bending, 5.2.1.5 Group 5—Padlock type seals, scored seals, metal or
plastic base.
impact, low temperature impact, and high temperature pull
(tensile).
5.3 If a particular security seal does not appear to fall into
4.2 A security seal shall receive a grade designation based anyofthesegeneralclassifications,theclosestdescriptionshall
upon its measured performance in each of the required tests. be chosen by the user. The effectiveness of the testing
This grade shall be obtained by testing five individual seals in procedures and relevance of the test data may be jeopardized
each of the six specific tests. A minimum of 30 security seal by a faulty classification choice. These general groupings shall
specimens shall be required to complete testing. The grade be assigned the arbitrary numerical listing of one through five,
designation shall be determined by comparing the average respectively, as shown in 5.2.1. The group number shall be
value of the five test results to the corresponding grade documented with the test results.
classification tables presented in this practice.
5.4 The required performance levels in any test category
4.3 All tests shall be performed at ambient room tempera- shall not be affected by this general classification (see 5.2.1);
ture 65 6 5°F (18.3 6 2.8°C) unless otherwise indicated. only the manner in which the seal is physically manipulated
during subsequent testing shall be affected by this portion of
5. Seal Classification
the evaluation. All seals shall be tested in a locked position
using test fixtures appropriate for the seal group.
5.1 General—For the purpose of defining the most appro-
priate test configuration of the security seal during tests, the
6. Test Procedures
security seal shall be classified as an initial step in accordance
with the groups defined in Classification F832.
6.1 Pull (Tensile) Test:
5.2 For the purpose of comparing the physical properties of 6.1.1 Apply a pull (tensile) load to the locked security seal
security seals, seals are grouped in accordance with the in a direction opposite to the motion required to lock the seal.
following description of application seals: The travel rate of the test shall be 2 6 1 in./min (5.08 6 2.54
5.2.1 Groups: cm/min).
NOTE 1—Pin diameter 0.250 in. (6.35 mm) for smallest cross section dimension less than or equal to 0.125 in. (318 mm).
NOTE 2—Pin diameter 0.500 in. (12.7 mm) for smallest cross section dimension greater than 0.125 in. (3.18 mm).
NOTE 3—Tolerance: 60.010 in. (0.254 mm).
FIG. 1 Schematic Drawings of Pull (Tensile) Test Fixture Requirements for Groups 1 and 2
F1157 − 04 (2010)
FIG. 2 Schematic Drawings of Pull (Tensile) Test Fixture Requirements for Group 3
FIG. 3 Schematic Drawings of Pull (Tensile) Test Fixture Require-
ments for Group 4
FIG. 5 Schematic Drawings of Possible Pull (Tensile) Test Fix-
ture Configurations
6.2.1 Apply a shear force to the security seal specimen to
measure its resistance to a severing action. The shear plane
shalloccuratthesecurityseal’sweakestsection.Theshearrate
shall be 0.5 6 0.2 in./min (1.27 6 0.508 cm/min).
6.2.2 Fixtures necessary to perform this test are determined
FIG. 4 Schematic Drawings of Pull (Tensile) Test Fixture Require-
ments for Group 5 by the specimen’s cross-sectional dimensions, material, and
construction.
6.2.2.1 Fixtures shall be designed such that applied stresses
6.1.2 Fixtures necessary to perform this test are determined
are within the elastic limit of the fixture material.
by the group classification of the security seal. Figs. 1-4 show
6.2.2.2 Fixtures shall be designed to eliminate any artificial
fixture requirements for the classification groups. Possible
influences upon the tested strength characteristics of the test
fixture configurations are shown in Fig. 5.
specimen.
6.1.2.1 Fixtures shall be designed such that applied stresses
(1) Conduct shear tests with the shackle cutting fixture and
are within the elastic limit of the fixture material.
blades defined in Performance Specification F883 (see Fig. 6).
6.1.2.2 Fixtures shall be designed to eliminate any artificial
(2) Conduct shear test with precise shear fixture defined in
influences upon the tested strength characteristics of the test
Fig. 7 if the fixture defined in 6.2.2.2(1) cannot sever the
specimen.
security seal. The precision cutting fixture is designed for
6.1.3 Record the tensile value required to cause an open
smaller cross sections and flexible materials. (Warning—Do
condition for each of the five test specimens. Assign the grade
not exceed a shear force greater than 2000 lbf (8896 N). If a
designation in accordance with 4.2 and Table 1.
specimen does not sever during the application of 2001 lbf
6.2 Shear Test: (8900 N), halt test and unload test equipment. Record shear
F1157 − 04 (2010)
6.3.2.4 Record the bending cycles required to cause an open
condition for each of the five test specimens. A bending cycle
is defined as one complete arc of 180°. Assign the grade
designation in accordance with 4.2 and Table 3.
6.3.3 Rigid security seals include rigid bolt, rod and heavy
duty metal padlock security seals (Group 3), and twisted rod or
wire seals (Group 4), and shall be subjected to bending. Fig. 9
shows necessary fixture requirements.
6.3.3.1 Fixtures shall be designed such that applied stresses
are within the elastic limit of the fixture material.
6.3.3.2 Fixtures shall be designed to eliminate any artificial
influences upon the tested strength characteristics of the test
specimen.
6.3.3.3 The pre-test orientation shall be considered 0°. Bend
the security seal and measure the moment necessary to bend
from 0° to 90°. Reverse the applied bending and measure the
moment necessary to cause a bend from 90° to 0°. Repeat this
range of motion, until the security seal exhibits an open
condition. For calculation purposes, the moment arm is defined
as the perpendicular distance between line of action of the
applied force and the point of bend.
6.3.3.4 Record the maximum bending moment required to
cause an open condition for each of the five test specimens.
Assign the grade designation in accordance with 4.2 and Table
4.
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in inches (1 in. = 25.4 mm).
6.3.4 Metallichasppadlocksecurityseals(Group5)shallbe
NOTE 2—See Performance Specification F883 for definition of cutter
subjected to a twisting or torsional moment. Fig. 10 shows
jaws.
FIG. 6 Fixture for Use in Shear Test for Security Seals (Patterned necessary fixture requirements.
After Padlock Shackle Cutting Fixture in Performance Specifica-
6.3.4.1 Fixtures shall be designed such that applied stresses
tion F883)
are within the elastic limit of the fixture material.
6.3.4.2 Fixtures shall be designed to eliminate any artificial
influences upon the tested strength characteristics of the test
force of 2000 lbf (8896 N). Do not test specimen to failure.
specimen.
Sudden and violent rupture of the test specimen can endanger
6.3.4.3 Apply a moment to the security seal body until the
personnel, equipment, and property.)
seal exhibits an open condition.
6.2.3 Record the shear force required to cause an open
6.3.4.4 Record the maximum moment required to cause an
condition for each of the five test specimens. Assign the grade
open condition for each of the five test specimens. Assign the
designation in accordance with 4.2 and Table 2.
grade designation in accordance with 4.2 and Table 4.
6.3 Bending Test:
6.3.5 Non-metallic hasp padlock security seals (Group 5)
6.3.1 Apply a moment to the security seal specimen to
shall be subjected to a twisting or torsional moment. Fig. 11
measure its resistance to a bending or twisting action. For the
shows necessary fixture requirements.
purpose of the bending test, security seals are categorized as
6.3.5.1 Fixtures shall be designed such that applied stresses
flexible (Groups 1 and 2), rigid (Groups 3 and 4), padlocks
are within the elastic limit of the fixture material.
with metallic hasps (Group 5), and padlocks with non-metallic
6.3.5.2 Fixtures shall be designed to eliminate any artificial
hasps (Group 5).
influences upon the tested strength characteristics of the test
6.3.2 Flexible security seals include cable and wire seals
specimen.
(Group 1), and strap and cinch seals (Group 2) and shall be
6.3.5.3 The pre-test orientation with the torsion bar contact-
subjected to bending. Fig. 8 shows necessary fixture require-
ing both shackle legs shall be considered 0°. Rotate the torsion
ments.
bar from 0° to 90° so the bar is in constant contact with the
6.3.2.1 Fixtures shall be designed such that applied stresses
shackle legs. Reverse the motion and rotate the bar from 90° to
are within the elastic limit of the fixture material.
0°. Repeat this arc of 90° until the security seal exhibits an
6.3.2.2 Fixtures shall be designed to eliminate any artificial
open condition.
influences upon the tested strength characteristics of the test
6.3.5.4 Record the bending cycles required to cause an open
specimen.
condition for each of the five test specimens. A bending cycle
6.3.2.3 The pre-test orientation shall be considered 0°. Bend
is defined as a rotation from 0° to 90° to 0°. Assign the grade
the security seal from 0° to 90°. Reverse the motion and bend
designation in accordance with 4.2 and Table 3.
the security seal from 90° to -90°, an arc of 180°. Repeat this
180° arc until the security seal exhibits an open condition. 6.4 Impact Test:
F1157 − 04 (2010)
NOTE 1—Hole through specimen holder shall not exceed 10 % of the cross section dimension(s) of specimen.
NOTE 2—Hardness of cutting jaw 60 to 62 Rockwell “C” scale.
NOTE 3—Cutting jaw shall remain parallel 60.005 in. (0.127 mm) to specimen holder.
NOTE 4—Tolerance 60.005 i
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