ASTM E393-13
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring Reaction Rates by Analysis of Barium-140 From Fission Dosimeters
Standard Test Method for Measuring Reaction Rates by Analysis of Barium-140 From Fission Dosimeters
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Refer to Guide E844 for the selection, irradiation, and quality control of neutron dosimeters.
5.2 Refer to Practice E261 for a general discussion of the measurement of neutron fluence rate and fluence. The neutron spectrum must be known in order to measure neutron fluence rates with a single detector. Also it is noted that cross sections are continuously being reevaluated. The latest recommended cross sections and details on how they can be obtained are discussed in Guide E1018.
5.3 The reaction rate of a detector nuclide of known cross section, when combined with information about the neutron spectrum, permits the determination of the magnitude of the fluence rate impinging on the detector. Furthermore, if results from other detectors are available, the neutron spectrum can be defined more accurately. The techniques for fluence rate and fluence determinations are explained in Practice E261.
5.4 140Ba is a radioactive nuclide formed as a result of uranium fission. Although it is formed in fission of any heavy atom, the relative yield will differ. Recommended fission yields for 140Ba production are given in Table 1. The direct (independent) fission yield of the daughter product 140La, which is counted, is given in Table 2. These independent fission yields are relatively low compared to the 140Ba cumulative fission yield and will not significantly affect the accuracy of the nondestructive procedure and need not be considered.
5.5 The half-life of 140Ba is 12.752 days. Its daughter 140La has a half-life of 1.6781 days.3 The comparatively long half-life of 140Ba allows the counting to be delayed several weeks after irradiation in a high-neutron field. However, to achieve maximum sensitivity the daughter product 140La should be counted five to six days after the irradiation during nondestructive analysis or five to six days after chemical separation if the latter technique is used. An alternative method after chemical separation is to count the 140...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes two procedures for the measurement of reaction rates by determining the amount of the fission product 140Ba produced by the non-threshold reactions 235U(n,f), 241Am(n,f), and 239Pu(n,f), and by the threshold reactions 238U(n,f), 237Np(n,f), and 232Th(n,f).
1.2 These reactions produce many fission products, among which is 140Ba, having a half-life of 12.752 days. 140Ba emits gamma rays of several energies; however, these are not easily detected in the presence of other fission products. Competing activity from other fission products requires that a chemical separation be employed or that the 140Ba activity be determined indirectly by counting its daughter product 140La. This test method describes both procedure (a), the nondestructive determination of 140Ba by the direct counting of 140La several days after irradiation, and procedure (b), the chemical separation of 140Ba and the subsequent counting of 140Ba or its daughter 140 La.
1.3 With suitable techniques, fission neutron fluence rates can be measured in the range from 107 n (neutrons) · cm−2 · s−1 to approximately 1015 n · cm−2 · s−1.
1.4 The measurement of time-integrated reaction rates with fission dosimeters by 140Ba analysis is limited by the half-life of 140Ba to irradiation times up to about six weeks.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E393 − 13
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Reaction Rates by Analysis of Barium-140 From
1
Fission Dosimeters
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E393; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method describes two procedures for the
C697Test Methods for Chemical, Mass Spectrometric, and
measurement of reaction rates by determining the amount of
140
Spectrochemical Analysis of Nuclear-Grade Plutonium
the fission product Ba produced by the non-threshold
235 241 239
Dioxide Powders and Pellets
reactions U(n,f), Am(n,f), and Pu(n,f), and by the
238 237 232 D1193Specification for Reagent Water
threshold reactions U(n,f), Np(n,f), and Th(n,f).
E170Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and
1.2 These reactions produce many fission products, among
Dosimetry
140 140
which is Ba, having a half-life of 12.752 days. Ba emits
E181Test Methods for Detector Calibration andAnalysis of
gamma rays of several energies; however, these are not easily
Radionuclides
detected in the presence of other fission products. Competing
E261Practice for Determining Neutron Fluence, Fluence
activity from other fission products requires that a chemical
Rate, and Spectra by Radioactivation Techniques
140
separation be employed or that the Ba activity be deter-
E704Test Method for Measuring Reaction Rates by Radio-
140
mined indirectly by counting its daughter product La. This activation of Uranium-238
test method describes both procedure (a), the nondestructive
E705Test Method for Measuring Reaction Rates by Radio-
140 140
determination of Ba by the direct counting of La several activation of Neptunium-237
days after irradiation, and procedure (b), the chemical separa- E844Guide for Sensor Set Design and Irradiation for
140 140
tion of Ba and the subsequent counting of Ba or its Reactor Surveillance, E 706 (IIC)
140
daughter La. E944Guide for Application of Neutron Spectrum Adjust-
ment Methods in Reactor Surveillance, E 706 (IIA)
1.3 With suitable techniques, fission neutron fluence rates
E1005Test Method for Application and Analysis of Radio-
7 −2 −1
canbemeasuredintherangefrom10 n(neutrons)·cm ·s
metric Monitors for Reactor Vessel Surveillance, E 706
15 −2 −1
to approximately 10 n·cm ·s .
(IIIA)
E1018Guide for Application of ASTM Evaluated Cross
1.4 The measurement of time-integrated reaction rates with
140
Section Data File, Matrix E706 (IIB)
fission dosimeters by Ba analysis is limited by the half-life
140
of Ba to irradiation times up to about six weeks.
3. Terminology
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1 Definitions:
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.1.1 Refer to Terminology E170.
standard.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 For nondestructive analysis, the fission dosimeter is
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
allowed to cool for five days or more. The 1.596-MeV gamma
140
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
energy peak of La, which is the daughter product of the
140
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Ba, is then counted. This information, combined with the
decay constants for the La and the Ba, and the fission yield of
140
the Bagivesthereactionfissionrate.Whenthepropercross
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE10onNuclear
Technology and Applicationsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
2
E10.05 on Nuclear Radiation Metrology. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2013.PublishedJuly2013.Originallyapproved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E393–08. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
E0393-13. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E393 − 13
140
TABLE 1 Recommended Cumulative Fission Yields for Ba
section is used with the reaction rate, the equivalent fission
Production
fluence rate can be determined.
Thermal or Fast
140 A,B
Fission Dosimeter Fission Yield,%
4.2 For destructive analysis, the fission product Ba is
Neutron Field
separated from the irradiated fission dosimeter. The activity of 235
UT 6.21448 ± 1 %
140
the
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E393 − 08 E393 − 13
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Reaction Rates by Analysis of Barium-140 From
1
Fission Dosimeters
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E393; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes two procedures for the measurement of reaction rates by determining the amount of the fission
140 235 241 239
product Ba produced by the non-threshold reactions U(n,f), Am(n,f), and Pu(n,f), and by the threshold reactions
238 237 232
U(n,f), Np(n,f), and Th(n,f).
140 140
1.2 These reactions produce many fission products, among which is Ba, having a half-life of 12.752 days. Ba emits gamma
rays of several energies; however, these are not easily detected in the presence of other fission products. Competing activity from
140
other fission products requires that a chemical separation be employed or that the Ba activity be determined indirectly by
140 140
counting its daughter product La. This test method describes both procedure (a), the nondestructive determination of Ba by
140 140
the direct counting of La several days after irradiation, and procedure (b), the chemical separation of Ba and the subsequent
140 140
counting of Ba or its daughter La.
7 −2 −1
1.3 With suitable techniques, fission neutron fluence rates can be measured in the range from 10 n (neutrons) · cm · s to
15 −2 −1
approximately 10 n · cm · s .
140
1.4 The measurement of time-integrated reaction rates with fission dosimeters by Ba analysis is limited by the half-life of
140
Ba to irradiation times up to about six weeks.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C697 Test Methods for Chemical, Mass Spectrometric, and Spectrochemical Analysis of Nuclear-Grade Plutonium Dioxide
Powders and Pellets
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
E170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
E181 Test Methods for Detector Calibration and Analysis of Radionuclides
E261 Practice for Determining Neutron Fluence, Fluence Rate, and Spectra by Radioactivation Techniques
E704 Test Method for Measuring Reaction Rates by Radioactivation of Uranium-238
E705 Test Method for Measuring Reaction Rates by Radioactivation of Neptunium-237
E844 Guide for Sensor Set Design and Irradiation for Reactor Surveillance, E 706 (IIC)
E944 Guide for Application of Neutron Spectrum Adjustment Methods in Reactor Surveillance, E 706 (IIA)
E1005 Test Method for Application and Analysis of Radiometric Monitors for Reactor Vessel Surveillance, E 706 (IIIA)
E1018 Guide for Application of ASTM Evaluated Cross Section Data File, Matrix E706 (IIB)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on Nuclear Technology and Applicationsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E10.05 on
Nuclear Radiation Metrology.
Current edition approved July 1, 2008June 1, 2013. Published September 2008July 2013. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 20022008 as
E393 – 96 (2002).E393 – 08. DOI: 10.1520/E0393-08.10.1520/E0393-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E393 − 13
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Refer to Terminology E170.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 For nondestructive analysis, the fission dosimeter is allowed to cool for five days or more. The 1.596-MeV gamma energy
140 140
peak of La, which is the daughter product of the Ba, is then counted. This information, combined with the decay constants
140
for the La and the Ba, and the fission yield of the Ba gives the reaction fission rate. When
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.