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ASTM E2737-23

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Digital Detector Array Performance Evaluation and Long-Term Stability

Standard Practice for Digital Detector Array Performance Evaluation and Long-Term Stability

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended to be used by the DDA user to measure and record the baseline performance of an acquired DDA in order to monitor its performance throughout its service as an imaging system. This practice is not intended to be used as an “acceptance test” of a DDA.  
4.2 This practice defines the tests to be performed and their required intervals. Also defined are the methods of tabulating results that DDA users will complete following initial baselining of the DDA system. These tests will also be performed periodically at the stated required intervals to evaluate the DDA system to determine if the system remains within acceptable operational limits as established in this practice and defined between the user and CEO.  
4.3 There are several factors that affect the quality of a DDA image including the basic spatial resolution, geometric unsharpness, scatter, signal to noise ratio, contrast sensitivity, contrast/noise ratio, image lag, and for some types of DDAs, burn-in. There are several additional factors and settings which can affect these results (for example, integration time, detector parameters, imaging software, and even X-ray radiation quality). Additionally, detector correction techniques may have an impact on the quality of the image. This practice delineates tests for each of the properties listed herein and establishes standard techniques for assuring repeatability throughout the lifecycle testing of the DDA.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the baseline and periodic performance evaluation of Digital Detector Array (DDA) systems used for industrial radiography. It is intended to ensure that the evaluation of image quality, as far as this is influenced by the DDA system, meets the needs of users, and their customers, and enables process control to monitor long-term stability of the DDA system.  
1.2 This practice specifies the fundamental parameters of DDA systems to be measured to determine baseline performance, and to track the long-term stability of the DDA system.  
1.3 The DDA system tests specified in this practice shall be completed upon acceptance of the system from the manufacturer to baseline the performance of the DDA. Periodic performance testing shall then be used to monitor long-term stability of the system in order to identify when an action needs to be taken due to system degradation beyond a certain defined level.  
1.4 Two types of phantoms, the duplex plate and the five-groove wedge, are used for testing as specified herein. The use of these two types of phantoms is not intended to exclude the use of other phantom configurations. In the event the tests or phantoms specified herein are not sufficient or appropriate, the user, in coordination with the cognizant engineering organization (CEO) may develop additional or modified tests, test objects, phantoms, or image quality indicators to evaluate the DDA system performance. Acceptance levels for these ALTERNATE test methods shall be determined by agreement between the user and CEO.  
1.5 The user of this practice shall consider that higher energies than 450 keV may require different test methods or modifications to the test methods described here. This practice is not intended for usage with isotopes.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Jun-2023
ICS
11.040.50 - Radiographic equipment
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method
Current Stage
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ASTM E2737-23 - Standard Practice for Digital Detector Array Performance Evaluation and Long-Term StabilityASTM E2737-23 - Standard Practice for Digital Detector Array Performance Evaluation and Long-Term Stability
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2737 − 23
Standard Practice for
Digital Detector Array Performance Evaluation and Long-
1
Term Stability
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2737; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope modifications to the test methods described here. This practice
is not intended for usage with isotopes.
1.1 This practice covers the baseline and periodic perfor-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
mance evaluation of Digital Detector Array (DDA) systems
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
used for industrial radiography. It is intended to ensure that the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
evaluation of image quality, as far as this is influenced by the
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
DDA system, meets the needs of users, and their customers,
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
and enables process control to monitor long-term stability of
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
the DDA system.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.2 This practice specifies the fundamental parameters of
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
DDA systems to be measured to determine baseline
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
performance, and to track the long-term stability of the DDA
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
system.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.3 The DDA system tests specified in this practice shall be
completed upon acceptance of the system from the manufac-
2. Referenced Documents
turer to baseline the performance of the DDA. Periodic
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
performance testing shall then be used to monitor long-term
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
stability of the system in order to identify when an action needs
Testing
to be taken due to system degradation beyond a certain defined
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
level.
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-
1.4 Two types of phantoms, the duplex plate and the
dicators (IQI) Used for Radiography
five-groove wedge, are used for testing as specified herein. The
E1165 Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of
use of these two types of phantoms is not intended to exclude
Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging
the use of other phantom configurations. In the event the tests
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
or phantoms specified herein are not sufficient or appropriate,
E1742/E1742M Practice for Radiographic Examination
the user, in coordination with the cognizant engineering orga-
E2002 Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and
nization (CEO) may develop additional or modified tests, test
Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy
objects, phantoms, or image quality indicators to evaluate the
E2446 Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Com-
DDA system performance. Acceptance levels for these AL-
puted Radiography Systems
TERNATE test methods shall be determined by agreement
E2597/E2597M Practice for Manufacturing Characterization
between the user and CEO.
of Digital Detector Arrays
E2698 Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Digital
1.5 The user of this practice shall consider that higher
Detector Arrays
energies than 450 keV may require different test methods or
E2736 Guide for Digital Detector Array Radiography
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on
2
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2023. Published August 2023. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as E2737 – 10 (2018). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/E2737-23. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2737 − 23
E2903 Test Method for Measurement of the Effective Focal 3.2.10 phantom—a part or item being used to quantify DDA
Spot Size of Mini and Micro
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2737 − 10 (Reapproved 2018) E2737 − 23
Standard Practice for
Digital Detector Array Performance Evaluation and Long-
1
Term Stability
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2737; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice describes the evaluation of DDA systems for industrial radiology.covers the baseline and periodic performance
evaluation of Digital Detector Array (DDA) systems used for industrial radiography. It is intended to ensure that the evaluation
of image quality, as far as this is influenced by the DDA system, meets the needs of users, and their customers, and enables process
control and long termto monitor long-term stability of the DDA system.
1.2 This practice specifies the fundamental parameters of Digital Detector Array (DDA) DDA systems to be measured to
determine baseline performance, and to track the long term long-term stability of the DDA system.
1.3 The DDA system performance tests specified in this practice shall be completed upon acceptance of the system from the
manufacturer and at intervals specified in this practice to monitor long term stability of the system. The intent of these tests is to
monitor the system performance for degradation and to baseline the performance of the DDA. Periodic performance testing shall
then be used to monitor long-term stability of the system in order to identify when an action needs to be taken when the system
degrades by a certain due to system degradation beyond a certain defined level.
1.4 Two types of phantoms, the duplex plate and the five-groove wedge, are used for testing as specified herein. The use of the
gages provided in this standard is mandatory for each test. these two types of phantoms is not intended to exclude the use of other
phantom configurations. In the event thesethe tests or gages are not sufficient, phantoms specified herein are not sufficient or
appropriate, the user, in coordination with the cognizant engineering organization (CEO) may develop additional or modified tests,
test objects, gages,phantoms, or image quality indicators to evaluate the DDA system. system performance. Acceptance levels for
these ALTERNATE tests test methods shall be determined by agreement between the user, CEO and manufacturer.user and CEO.
1.5 The user of this practice shall consider that higher energies than 450 keV may require different test methods or modifications
to the test methods described here. This practice is not intended for usage with isotopes.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology (X and
Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018July 1, 2023. Published February 2018August 2023. Originally approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 20102018 as
E2737 – 10.E2737 – 10 (2018). DOI: 10.1520/E2737-10R18.10.1520/E2737-23.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2737 − 23
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
Used for Radiography
E1165 Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1742/E1742M Practice for Radiographic Examination
E2002 Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy
E2445/E244
...

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SCOPE
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SCOPE
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a means to compare DDAs on a common set of technical measurements, realizing that in practice, adjustments can be made to achieve similar results even with disparate DDAs, given geometric magnification, or other industrial radiologic settings that may compensate for one shortcoming of a device.  
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1.1 This practice describes the evaluation of Digital Detector Arrays (DDAs), and assures that one common standard exists for quantitative comparison of DDAs so that an appropriate DDA is selected to meet NDT requirements.  
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1.2 Computed tomography (CT) may be used for new applications or in place of radiography or radioscopy, provided that the capability to disclose physical features or indications that form the acceptance/rejection criteria is fully documented and available for review. In general, CT has lower spatial resolution than film radiography and is of comparable spatial resolution with digital radiography or radioscopy unless magnification is used. Magnification can be used in CT or radiography/radioscopy to increase spatial resolution but concurrently with loss of field of view.  
1.3 Computed tomography (CT) systems use a set of transmission measurements made along a set of paths projected through the object from many different directions. Each of the transmission measurements within these views is digitized and stored in a computer, where they are subsequently conditioned (for example, normalized and corrected) and reconstructed, typically into slices of the object normal to the set of projection paths by one of a variety of techniques. If many slices are reconstructed, a three dimensional representation of the object is obtained. An in-depth treatment of CT principles is given in Guide E1441.  
1.4 Computed tomography (CT), as with conventional radiography and radioscopic examinations, is broadly applicable to any material or object through which a beam of penetrating radiation may be passed and detected, including metals, plastics, ceramics, metallic/nonmetallic composite material and assemblies. The principal advantage of CT is that it has the potential to provide densitometric (that is, radiological density and geometry) images of thin cross sections through an object. In many newer systems the cross-sections are now combined into 3D data volumes for additional interpretation. Because of the absence of structural superposition, images may be much easier to interpret than conventional radiological images. The new purchaser can quickly learn to read CT data because images correspond more closely to the way the human mind visualizes 3D structures than conventional projection radiology. Further, because CT images are digital, the images may be enhanced, analyzed, compressed, archived, input as data into performance calculations, compared with digital data from other nondestructive evaluation modalities, or transmitted to other locations for remote viewing. 3D data sets can be rendered ...

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ASTM E1695-20e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Computed Tomography (CT) System Performance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The major factors affecting the quality of a CT image are total image unsharpness (UTimage), contrast (Δµ), and random noise (σ). Geometrical and detector unsharpness limit the spatial resolution of a CT system, that is, its ability to image fine structural detail in an object. Random noise and contrast response limit the contrast sensitivity of a CT system, that is, its ability to detect the presence or absence of features in an object. Spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity may be measured in various ways. In this test method, spatial resolution is quantified in terms of the modulation transfer function (MTF), and contrast sensitivity is quantified in terms of the contrast discrimination function (CDF). The relationship between contrast sensitivity and spatial resolution describing the resolving and detecting capabilities is given by the contrast-detail-diagram (CDD metric, see also Guide E1441 and Practice E1570). This test method allows the purchaser or the provider of CT systems or services, or both, to measure and specify spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity and is a measure for system stability over time and performance acceptability.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides instruction for determining the spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity in X-ray and γ-ray computed tomography (CT) volumes. The determination is based on examination of the CT volume of a uniform cylinder of material. The spatial resolution measurement (Modulation Transfer Function) is derived from an image analysis of the sharpness at the edges of the reconstructed cylinder slices. The contrast sensitivity measurement (Contrast Discrimination Function) is derived from an image analysis of the contrast and the statistical noise at the center of the cylinder slices.  
1.2 This test method is more quantitative and less susceptible to interpretation than alternative approaches because the required cylinder is easy to fabricate and the analysis easy to perform.  
1.3 This test method is not to predict the detectability of specific object features or flaws in a specific application. This is subject of IQI and RQI standards and standard practices.  
1.4 This method tests and describes overall CT system performance. Performance tests of systems components such as X-ray tubes, gamma sources, and detectors are covered by separate documents, namely Guide E1000, Practice E2737, and Practice E2002; c.f. 2.1, which should be consulted for further system analysis.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E3398-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Digital Neutron Radiography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Purpose—Practices to be employed for the radiographic examination of materials and components with neutrons using digital neutron detectors are outlined herein. They are intended as a guide for the assessment of a digital neutron radiograph’s characteristics. For information on neutron beam lines for imaging and film neutron radiography, refer to Guide E748.  
4.2 Limitations—Acceptance standards have not been established for any material or production process. Neutron radiography, whether performed by means of a reactor, an accelerator, subcritical assembly, or radioactive source, will be consistent in sensitivity and spatial resolution only if the consistency of all details of the technique, such as neutron source, collimation, geometry, imaging system, etc., are maintained. This guide is limited to the use of digital neutron detectors in combination with neutron conversion materials for image recording. This guide is intended for use with thermal and cold neutron spectrums. The production of thermal neutron radiographs by employing the use of film and appropriate conversion screens is covered in Guide E748.  
4.3 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards—Interpretat- ion and acceptance standards are not covered by this guide. Designation of accept-reject standards is recognized to be within the cognizance of product specifications.  
4.4 Other Aspects of the Neutron Radiographic Process—For many important aspects of neutron radiography such as technique, files, viewing of radiographs, storage of radiographs, film processing, and record keeping, refer to Guide E94, which covers these aspects for X-ray radiography. (See Section 2.)
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the evaluation, qualification, and quantification of digital neutron images. These images can be acquired by many methods, including: neutron sensitive imaging plates (Computed Radiography – CR), Digital Detector Arrays – DDA’s (amorphous silicon, CMOS, CCD, etc.), micro-channel plates, neutron sensitive fluoroscopes, neutron sensitive scintillators coupled to optical cameras, digitized radiographic films, and linear diode arrays.  
1.2 This guide does not purport to establish what is considered an acceptable image but is intended to only give guidance on digital neutron imaging, as well as image quality metrics of importance, and how they can be measured and reported.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1647-16(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Contrast Sensitivity in Radiology

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The contrast sensitivity gauge measures contrast sensitivity independent of the imaging system spatial resolution limitations. The thickness recess dimensions of the contrast sensitivity gauge are large with respect to the unsharpness limitations of most imaging systems. Four levels of contrast sensitivity are measured: 4 %, 3 %, 2 %, and 1 %.  
5.2 The contrast sensitivity gauge is intended for use in conjunction with a high-contrast resolution measuring gauge, such as Practice E2002, ISO 19232 – 5 Duplex Wire Image Quality Indicator7, or a line-pair gauge. Such gauges measure system unsharpness essentially independent of the imaging system's contrast sensitivity. Such measurements are appropriate for the qualification and performance monitoring of radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems with film, realtime devices, Computed Radiography (CR) and Digital Detector Arrays (DDA).  
5.3 Radioscopic/radiographic system performance may be specified by combining the measured contrast sensitivity expressed as a percentage with the unsharpness expressed in millimetres of unsharpness. For the duplex wire image quality indicator, the unsharpness is equal to twice the wire diameter. For the line pair gauge, the unsharpness is equal to the reciprocal of the line-pair/mm value. As an example, an imaging system that exhibits 2 % contrast sensitivity and images the 0.1 mm paired wires of the duplex wire IQI (equivalent to imaging 5 line-pairs/millimeter resolution on a line-pair gauge) performs at a 2 %–0.2 mm sensitivity level. A standard method of evaluating overall radioscopic system performance is given in Practice E1411 and in EN 13068–1. A conversion table from duplex wire read out to lp/mm can be found in Practice E2002. For CR system performance evaluation, this contrast sensitivity gauge is used in Practice E2445.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and material selection of a contrast sensitivity measuring gauge used to determine the minimum change in material thickness or density that may be imaged without regard to unsharpness limitations.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to transmitted-beam radiographic imaging systems (film, radioscopy, computed radiography, and digital detector array image detectors) utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety statements, see NIST/ANSI Handbook 114 Section 8, Code of Federal Regulations 21 CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR 1910.96.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2736-17(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Digital Detector Array Radiography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard provides a guide for the other DDA standards (see Practices E2597, E2698, and E2737). It is not intended for use with computed radiography apparatus. Figure 1 describes how this standard is interrelated with the aforementioned standards.
FIG. 1 Flow Diagram Representing the Connection Between the Four DDA Standards  
4.2 This guide is intended to assist the user to understand the definitions and corresponding performance parameters used in related standards as stated in 4.1 in order to make an informed decision on how a given DDA can be used in the target application.  
4.3 This guide is also intended to assist cognizant engineering officers, prime manufacturers, and the general service and manufacturing customer base that may rely on DDAs to provide advanced radiological results so that these parties may set their own acceptance criteria for use of these DDAs by suppliers and shops to verify that their parts and structures are of sound integrity to enter into service.  
4.4 The manufacturer characterization standard for DDA (see Practice E2597) serves as a starting point for the end user to select a DDA for the specific application at hand. DDA manufacturers and system integrators will provide DDA performance data using standardized geometry, X-ray beam spectra, and phantoms as prescribed in Practice E2597. The end user will look at these performance results and compare DDA metrics from various manufacturers and will decide on a DDA that can meet the specification required for inspection by the end user. See Sections 5 and 8 for a discussion on the characterization tests and guidelines for selection of DDAs for specific applications.  
4.5 Practice E2698 is designed to assist the end user to set up the DDA with minimum requirements for radiological examinations. This standard will also help the user to get the required SNR, to set up the required magnification, and provides guidance for viewing and storage of radiographs. Discussion is also...
SCOPE
1.1 This standard is a user guide, which is intended to serve as a tutorial for selection and use of various digital detector array systems nominally composed of the detector array and an imaging system to perform digital radiography. This guide also serves as an in-detail reference for the following standards: Practices E2597, E2698, and E2737.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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