ASTM D2981-94(2014)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Wear Life of Solid Film Lubricants in Oscillating Motion
Standard Test Method for Wear Life of Solid Film Lubricants in Oscillating Motion
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used for determining the wear life properties of bonded solid lubricants in oscillating motion under the prescribed test conditions. This test method differentiates between bonded solid lubricants with respect to their wear life. If the test conditions are changed, relative wear life may change and relative ratings of the bonded solid film lubricants may be different.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of wear life of a bonded solid film lubricant under oscillating motion by means of a block-on-ring2 friction and wear testing machine.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D2981 − 94 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Wear Life of Solid Film Lubricants in Oscillating Motion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2981; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.4 wear—damage to a solid surface, generally involving
progressive loss of material, due to relative motion between
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of wear life of a
that surface and a contacting substance or substances.
bonded solid film lubricant under oscillating motion by means
of a block-on-ring friction and wear testing machine.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 The test machine is operated using a coated steel testing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ring oscillating against a steel test block. The oscillating speed
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
is 87.5 6 1 cpm at a 90° arc. The specimens are worn-in for
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1minat13.6kg(30lb)normalloadobtainedbyapplicationof
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
0.454 kg (1 lb) of dead weight to the 0:1 ratio lever system.
Wear-in is followed by application of a normal load of 283 kg
2. Referenced Documents
(630 lb) obtained by application of 9.53 kg (21 lb) of dead
2.1 ASTM Standards:
weighttothe30:1ratioleversystemforthedurationofthetest.
D2714Test Method for Calibration and Operation of the
4.2 One measurement is made:
Falex Block-on-Ring Friction and Wear Testing Machine
4.2.1 wear life—the number of cycles required for the
3. Terminology
frictional force to rise to a predetermined value.
3.1 Definitions:
5. Significance and Use
3.1.1 coeffıcient of friction, µ or f—in tribology, the dimen-
sionlessratioofthefrictionforce(F)betweentwobodiestothe 5.1 This test method is used for determining the wear life
normal force (N) pressing these two bodies together. properties of bonded solid lubricants in oscillating motion
under the prescribed test conditions. This test method differ-
µ or f 5 ~F/N! (1)
entiates between bonded solid lubricants with respect to their
3.1.1.1 Discussion—A distinction is often made between
wear life. If the test conditions are changed, relative wear life
static coeffıcient of friction and kinetic coeffıcient of friction.
may change and relative ratings of the bonded solid film
3.1.2 friction force—the resisting force tangential to the
lubricants may be different.
interface between two bodies when, under the action of an
externalforce,onebodymovesortendstomoverelativetothe
6. Apparatus
other.
6.1 Block-on-Ring Test Machine, equippedwithoscillating
3.1.3 kinetic coeffıcient of friction—the coefficient of fric-
drive, load cell transducer and recorder described in detail in
tion under conditions of macroscopic relative motion between
AnnexA1 and illustrated in Fig. 1. (See Test Method D2714.)
two bodies.
6.2 Test Ring, SAE 4620 Steel, having a Rockwell hardness
of HRC 58-63. Each ring had a ground face of 8.163 mm 6
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
0.127 mm (0.321 6 0.005 in.), a diameter of 34.9885 6
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
0.0254,− 0.1270 mm (1.3775 6 0.001,−0.005 in.) and an
Subcommittee D02.L0.05 on Solid Lubricants.
CurrenteditionapprovedMay1,2014.PublishedJuly2014.Originallyapproved
eccentricitybetweentheinnerandoutersurfaceof 60.038mm
in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D2981–94(2009). DOI:
(0.0015 in.). The surface finish of the outside diameter of each
10.1520/D2981-94R14.
2 ring prior to lubricant coating application should be from 500
ThesolesourceofsupplyoftheBlock-on-Ringknowntothecommitteeatthis
time is Falex Corp., 1020Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL 60554. If you are aware of to 750 nm (20 to 30 µin.) rms.
alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International
2 5
6.3 Test Block, SAE 01 Steel with test surface of 0.635 6
Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. 0.021,−0.000 mm (0.250 6 0.0005,−0.0000 in.) wide and
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL 60554.
the ASTM website. SAE 01 is also known as Starrett 406 or Marshall Oilcrat.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2981 − 94 (2014)
9.2 With 1.4 kg (3 lb) on the bale rod, which is equivalent
to a 13.6 kg (30 lb) normal load on the specimen, start the
machine. Standard drive machines will operate only at
87.5cpm; for variable drive units the 87.5 cpm speed is set
before specimens are mounted. Run the machine for 1 min to
accomplishinitialwear-inofthecoatedspecimenandthenstop
the machine. Gently lower 27.3 kg (60 lb) of additional weight
ontothebalerod,bringingthetotalto28.3kg(63lb)or283kg
(630 lb) normal load on the specimen. Start the machine again
and run until failure occurs due to excessive friction, as
described above. Record friction during the break-in cycle and
also record the number of revolutions to failure.
FIG. 1 Falex Block-on-Ring Test Machine with Recorder
10. Calculation
10.1 Calculate the coefficient of friction from the friction
1.575 6 0.005 mm (0.620 6 0.0002 in.) long and having a
force values as follows:
Rockwell hardness of HRC 58-63. Each block should have the
f 5 F/W (2)
test surface ground to a finish of 100 to 200 nm (4 to 8 µin.)
rms and be perfectly square with all outside edges.
where:
f = coefficient of friction,
7. Reagents
F = friction force, kg (lb), and
7.1 Solvents, safe, nonfilming, nonchlorinated.
W = normal load, kg (lb).
11. Report
8. Preparation of Apparatus
11.1 The report shall include the following:
8.1 Before each test, thoroughly clean the test block, the
11.1.1 Reportthefrictionforceinbothdirectionsat50,100,
shaft, specimen holder, lock nut, lock washer, and the tapered
and 1000 cycles. Record the number of revolutions to failure,
and threaded sections of the test shaft, using the solvents
(point after wear-in at which a coefficient of friction of 0.1 is
described in 6.1.
reached).
8.2 Usingclean,lint-freecottongloves,mountthetestblock
11.1.2 Indicate where failure occurred, whether in the
intheblockholderandpositionbothsecurelyinthecylindrical
inside, middle, or outside of the wear track of the test ring.
slot of the specimen holder. Holding the test block in pla
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2981 − 94 (Reapproved 2009) D2981 − 94 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Wear Life of Solid Film Lubricants in Oscillating Motion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2981; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of wear life of a bonded solid film lubricant under oscillating motion by means of
a block-on-ring friction and wear testing machine.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2714 Test Method for Calibration and Operation of the Falex Block-on-Ring Friction and Wear Testing Machine
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 coeffıcient of friction, μ or f—in tribology, the dimensionless ratio of the friction force (F) between two bodies to the
normal force (N) pressing these two bodies together.
μ or f 5 F/N (1)
~ !
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.L0.05 on Solid Lubricants.
Current edition approved April 15, 2009May 1, 2014. Published July 2009July 2014. Originally approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 20032009 as
D2981D2981 – 94 (2009).–94 (2003). DOI: 10.1520/D2981-94R09.10.1520/D2981-94R14.
The Block-on-Ring Test machine is available from sole source of supply of the Block-on-Ring known to the committee at this time is Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Dr.,
Sugar Grove, IL 60554. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful
consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
A distinction is often made between static coeffıcient of friction and kinetic coeffıcient of friction.
3.1.2 friction force—the resisting force tangential to the interface between two bodies when, under the action of an external
force, one body moves or tends to move relative to the other.
3.1.3 kinetic coeffıcient of friction—the coefficient of friction under conditions of macroscopic relative motion between two
bodies.
3.1.4 wear—damage to a solid surface, generally involving progressive loss of material, due to relative motion between that
surface and a contacting substance or substances.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The test machine is operated using a coated steel testing ring oscillating against a steel test block. The oscillating speed is
87.5 6 1 cpm at a 90° arc. The specimens are worn-in for 1 min 1 min at 13.6 kg (30 lb) normal load obtained by application of
0.454 kg (1 lb) of dead weight to the 0:1 ratio lever system. Wear-in is followed by application of a normal load of 283 kg (630
lb) obtained by application of 9.53 kg (21 lb) of dead weight to the 30:1 ratio lever system for the duration of the test.
4.2 One measurement is made:
4.2.1 wear life—the number of cycles required for the frictional force to rise to a predetermined value.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2981 − 94 (2014)
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method is used for determining the wear life properties of bonded solid lubricants in oscillating motion under the
prescribed test conditions. This test method differentiates between bonded solid lubricants with respect to their wear life. If the test
conditions are changed, relative wear life may change and relative ratings of the bonded solid film lubricants may be different.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Block-on-Ring Test Machine, equipped with oscillating drive, load cell transducer and recorder described in detail in
Annex A1 and illustrated in Fig. 1. (See Test Method D2714.)
6.2 Test Ring, SAE 4620 Steel, having a Rockwell hardness of HRC 58-63. Each ring had a ground face of 8.163 mm 6 0.127
mm (0.321 6 0.005 in.), a diameter of 34.9885 6 0.0254, − 0.1270 mm (1.3775 6 0.001, −0.005 in.) and an eccentricity between
the inner and outer surface of 60.038 mm (0.0015 in.). The surface finish of the outside diameter of each ring prior to lubricant
coating application should be from 500 to 750 nm (20 to 30 μin.) rms.
2 5
6.3 Test Block, SAE 01 Steel with test surface of 0.635 6 0.021, −0.000 mm (0.250 6 0.0005, −0.0000 in.) wide and 1.575
6 0.005 mm (0.620 6 0.0002 in.) long and having a Rockwell hardness of HRC 58-63. Each block should have the test surface
ground to a finish of 100 to 200 nm (4 to 8 μin.) rms and be perfectly square with all outside edges.
7. Reagents
7.1 Solvents, safe, nonfilming, nonchlorinated.
8. Preparation of Apparatus
8.1 Before each test, thoroughly clean the test block, the shaft, specimen holder, lock nut, lock washer, and the tapered and
threaded sections of the test shaft, using the solvents described in 6.1.
8.2 Using clean, lint-free cotton gloves, mount the test block in the block holder and position both securely in the cylindrical
slot of the specimen holder. Holding the test block in place, mount the test ring over the test shaft and press into position beneath
the block exercising care not to scratch the coated test surface. Position the lock washer and lock nut and tighten with the torque
wrench to 2 N·m (100 lb·in.)
8.3 Calibrate the load cell transducer and recorder in accordance with the equipment manufacturer’s directions.
8.4 Adjust the arc of oscillation to 90°.
8.5 Place a 1.4 kg (3 lb) weight in position on the bale rod.
8.6 Set the friction force cut-off level to terminate the test at a frictional force of 280 N (63 lb) or a coefficient of friction of
0.1 after wear-in.
9. Procedure
9.1 Conduct the test in a temperature- and humidity-controlled atmosphere (24 6 3°C (75 6 5°F), 50 6 5 %) and allow
sufficient static time for the specimens to reach a state of equilibrium.
Available from Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL 60554.
SAE 01 is also known as Starrett 406 or Marshall Oilcrat.
Benzene, n-hexane or iso octane, formerly used in this test method, has been eliminated due to possible toxic effects. Though it is not expected that there will be any
adverse influence on results, principal users will advise experiences to guide future work.
FIG. 1 Falex Block-on-Ring Test Machine with Recorder
...
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