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ASTM D6256/D6256M-99

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Wood-Cleated Shipping Boxes and Skidded, Load-Bearing Bases

Standard Specification for Wood-Cleated Shipping Boxes and Skidded, Load-Bearing Bases

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the fabrication of new wood-cleated boxes with skidded, load-bearing bases. Boxes covered by this specification are designed for nonregulated domestic and overseas shipment of loads less than 2500 lb [1134 kg] and not greater than 16 ft [4877 mm] in length (see 9.1). Regulated commodities shipments may require better boxes than those specified herein (see 9.2).
1.2 The performance of wood-cleated boxes with skidded, load-bearing bases is dependent on their fabricated components; therefore, a variety of types, styles, and classes reflecting varied performance are specified. This specification, however, does not cover box performance under all atmosphere, handling, shipping and storage conditions.
1.3 If the use of other construction methods or techniques are acceptable and permitted (see 5.1.18), the resulting packaging systems shall be of equal or better performance than would result from the use of these specified materials and procedures. The appropriate distribution cycle specified in Practice D 4169 can be used to develop comparative procedures and criteria.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for conversion of units.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Oct-1999
ICS
55.160 - Cases. Boxes. Crates
Technical Committee
D10 - Packaging
Drafting Committee
D10.12 - Shipping Containers, Crates, Pallets, Skids and Related Structures
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D6256/D6256M-99(2005) - Standard Specification for Wood-Cleated Shipping Boxes and Skidded, Load-Bearing Bases
Effective Date
01-Apr-2005
Referred By
ASTM D3951-18 - Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999
Referred By
ASTM D6253-16 - Standard Practice for Treatment and/or Marking of Wood Packaging Materials
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999

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ASTM D6256/D6256M-99 - Standard Specification for Wood-Cleated Shipping Boxes and Skidded, Load-Bearing BasesASTM D6256/D6256M-99 - Standard Specification for Wood-Cleated Shipping Boxes and Skidded, Load-Bearing Bases
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ASTM D6256/D6256M-99 - Standard Specification for Wood-Cleated Shipping Boxes and Skidded, Load-Bearing Bases
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 6256/D 6256M – 99
Standard Specification for
Wood-Cleated Shipping Boxes with Skidded, Load-Bearing
Bases
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6256/D 6256M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
ments
1.1 This specification covers the fabrication of new wood-
D 1990 Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for
cleated boxes with skidded, load-bearing bases. Boxes covered
Visually-Graded Dimension, Lumber from In-Grade Tests
by this specification are designed for nonregulated domestic
of Full-Size Specimens
and overseas shipment of loads less than 2500 lb [1134 kg] and
D 3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging
not greater than 16 ft [4877 mm] in length (see 9.1). Regulated
D 3953 Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals
commodities shipments may require better boxes than those
D 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-
specified herein (see 9.2).
tainers and Systems
1.2 The performance of wood-cleated boxes with skidded,
D 4727/D 4727M Specification for Corrugated and Solid
load-bearing bases is dependent on their fabricated compo-
Fiberboard Sheet Stock (Container Grade) and Cut
nents;therefore,avarietyoftypes,styles,andclassesreflecting
Shapes
varied performance are specified. This specification, however,
D 6251/D 6251M Specification for Natural Wood-Cleated
does not cover box performance under all atmosphere, han-
Panelboard Shipping Boxes
dling, shipping and storage conditions.
D 6039 Specification for Crates, Wood, Open and Covered
1.3 If the use of other construction methods or techniques
D 6199 Practice for Quality of Wood Members of Contain-
are acceptable and permitted (see 5.1.18), the resulting pack-
ers and Pallets
aging systems shall be of equal or better performance than
F 1667 Specification for Driven Fasteners, Nails, Spikes,
would result from the use of these specified materials and
and Staples
procedures. The appropriate distribution cycle specified in
IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International
Practice D 4169 can be used to develop comparative proce-
System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
dures and criteria.
2.2 Federal Specifications:
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
TT-W-572 Wood Preservative: Water-Repellent
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
PPP-B-601 Boxes, Wood, Cleated-Plywood
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
2.3 Code of Federal Regulations:
system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must
CFR Parts 107–180 Title 49, Hazardous Materials Regula-
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
tions
two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
2.4 APA—The Engineered Wood Association Standard:
See IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for conversion of units.
PS1-95 Construction and Industrial Plywood
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2.5 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Standards:
responsibility of the user of the standard to establish appro-
B18.2.1 Square and Hex Bolts and Screws—Inch Series
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
B18.2.2 Square and Hex Nuts (Inch Series)
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.10.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.08.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Available from the Federal Supply Service Bureau, Specification Section, Suite
8100, 480 L’Enfant Plaza, SW, Washington, DC 20408.
1 7
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-10 on Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.26 on Wooden Office, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–9328.
Crates, Pallets and Skids. Available fromAPA–The Engineered WoodAssociation, 7011 S. 19th St., P.O.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1999. Published December 1999. Originally Box 11700, Tacoma, WA 98411–0700.
published as D 6256/D 6256M – 98. Last previous edition D 6256/D 6256M – 98.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 6256/D 6256M
B18.2.3.8M Metric Hex Lag Screws 3. Terminology
B18.2.4.2M Metric Hex Nuts, Style 2
3.1 Definitions—General definitions for packaging and dis-
B18.5 Round Head Bolts (Inch Series)
tribution environments are found in Terminology D 996.
B18.5.2.2M Metric Round Head Square Neck Bolts
B18.22M Metric Plain Washers
4. Classification
B18.22.1 Plain Washers
4.1 Type:
2.6 Hardwood Plywood and Veneer Association Standard:
HPVA HP-1-1994 Hardwood and Decorative Plywood
4.1.1 Type I—Plywood base (see Fig. 1).
2.7 National Motor Freight Traffıc Association Standard:
4.1.2 Type II—Lumber base (see Fig. 1).
National Motor Freight Classification
4.2 Class:
2.8 Uniform Classification Committee Standard:
12 4.2.1 Class 1—Domestic.
Uniform Freight Classification
4.2.2 Class 2—Overseas.
4.3 Style:
4.3.1 Style A—Regular cleating arrangement (see Fig. 2).
9 4.3.2 Style B—Lock corner cleating arrangement (see Fig.
Available from theAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 E. 47th St.,
New York, NY 10017, American National Standard Institute (ANSI) adopted. 2).
Available from Hardwood Plywood and Veneer Association, P.O. Box 2789,
4.4 Treatment:
Reston, VA 22090–0789, American National Standards Institute (ANSI) adopted.
AvailablefromNationalMotorFreightTrafficAssociation,AmericanTrucking
4.4.1 Treatment A—Without preservative treatment.
Associations, 2200 Mill Road, Alexandria, VA 22314.
12 4.4.2 Treatment B—With preservative treatment.
Available from the Uniform Classification Committee, Tariff Publishing
Officer, 151 Ellis St. N.E., Suite 200, Atlanta, GA 30335.
FIG. 1 Base Types
D 6256/D 6256M
FIG. 2 Box Styles
5. Ordering Information 5.1.3 Type of base flooring (see Section 4).
5.1.4 Whenplywoodissandedortreated(see4.4and6.1.2).
5.1 Purchasers should select the preferred permitted options
5.1.5 If beveling of skids is required (see 6.2).
and include the following information in procurement docu-
5.1.6 Contents weight (see Table 1).
ments:
5.1.7 If rubbing strips are required (see 6.2.4).
5.1.1 Specification title, number, and date.
5.1.2 Box type, style, and class required (see Section 4).
5.1.8 Type of superstructure (see 6.2.5).
D 6256/D 6256M
5.1.9 Joist requirement (see 6.2.5.2).
5.1.10 Box inside dimensions specified in inches [millime-
ters] to the nearest ⁄2 in. [13 mm] in order of length by width
by height (see 7.1).
5.1.11 Whether boxes are to be shipped assembled or
knocked-down (see 7.4.2 and 8.1).
5.1.12 When corner straps are required (see 7.4.2.4).
5.1.13 Whether ventilation holes or slots are required (see
7.5).
5.1.14 Whether special packing is required (see 8.3).
5.1.15 Whether special marking is required (see 8.3).
5.1.16 Load condition (see Figs. 3 and 4).
5.1.17 Whether a regulated materials box is required (see
9.2).
5.1.17.1 Physical characteristics of load, including contents
dimensions, weight, and density.
5.1.17.2 Whether a test report is required.
5.1.18 Whether other construction methods or techniques
are acceptable and permitted (see 1.3).
5.1.18.1 Whether proof that other construction methods or
techniques are acceptable (see 1.3) is required.
6. Materials and Manufacture
6.1 Materials—It is encouraged that recycled material be
FIG. 4 Load Conditions D and E
used when practical. All recovered, recycled, or virgin mate-
rials used in box manufacturing shall meet the requirements of
this specification and the referenced documents. In addition,
materials shall not affect or be affected by the product being
packed. Fiberboard panelboard shall have no more than 40 %
post-consumer recovered material.
6.1.1 Lumber—Lumber for all components shall conform to
Practice D 6199. Lumber for superstructure components shall
conform to the requirements for cleated panel boxes, Specifi-
cation D 6251/D 6251M, and lumber for base components to
those for crates, Specification D 6039, and shall conform to
commercial standards in accordance with Practice D 1990.
6.1.2 Plywood—Unless otherwise specified, plywood used
in the fabrication of Class 1 boxes shall conform to ANSI/
HPVAHP-1-1994,TypeII,Grade3-4;orAPAPS1-95,Interior,
Grade C-D. Plywood used to fabricate Class 2 boxes shall
conform to ANSI/HPVA HP-1-1994, Type I, Grade 3-4; APA
PS1-95, Interior with Exterior Glue; or APA PS1-95, Exterior,
Grade C-C. Plywood is furnished unsanded and untreated (see
5.1.4). Water repellent conforming to TT-W-572, or a commer-
cial equivalent, shall be used when treatment is specified (see
4.4 and 5.1.4).
6.1.3 Fiberboard—Unless otherwise specified, fiberboard
shallconformtoSpecificationD 4727/D 4727M.Class1boxes
shall be fabricated fromType SF, Class – Domestic, Grade 500
or 600. Class 2 boxes shall be fabricated from Type SF, Class
– Weather-Resistant, Grade V2s, V3s, or V4s.
6.1.4 Fasteners—Nails and staples shall be steel and con-
form to Specification F 1667. Unclinched nails shall be
cement-coated or chemically etched. Lag bolts shall be in
accordance with ASME B18.2.1 (B18.2.3.8M). Round head
square neck bolts, black oxide-coated, shall be in accordance
with ASME B18.5 (B18.5.2.2M). Mating nuts shall be ASME
B18.2.2 (B18.2.4.2M). Lag and round head square neck bolt
FIG. 3 Load Conditions A, B, and C washers shall conform to ASME B18.22.1 (B18.22M).
D 6256/D 6256M
A
TABLE 1 Skid Nominal Sizes and Maximum Lengths
A
Nominal Sizes in. [mm]
2by4 2by6 2by8 4by4 4by6 6by6
Contents
[38 by 89] [38 by 140] [38 by 184] [89 by 89] [89 by 140] [140 by 140]
B
Weight Load
lb [kg] Condition Skid Max Length ft [mm]
0–100 A 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[0–45] [4877]
B 16 . . . . .
[4877]
C 16 . . . . .
[4877]
D 16 . . . . .
[4877]
E 16 . . . . .
[4877]
101–200 A 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[45.8–90.7] [4877]
B 16 . . . . .
[4877]
C 16 . . . . .
[4877]
D 16 . . . . .
[4877]
E 16 . . . . .
[4877]
201–400 A 11 15 16 . . . . . . . . .
[91.2–181.4] [3353] [4572] [4877]
B 13 16 . . . .
[3962] [4877]
C 8 12 16 . . .
[2438] [3658] [4877]
D 10 15 16 . . .
[3048] [4572] [4877]
E 13 16 . . . .
[3962] [4877]
401–600 A 8 11 14 16 . . . . . .
[181.9–272.2] [2438] [3353] [4267] [4877]
B 9 14 16 . . .
[2743] [4267] [4877]
C 5 8 11 16 . .
[1524] [2438] [3353] [4877]
D 7 10 14 16 . . . . . .
[2134] [3048] [4267] [4877]
E 9 14 16 . . .
[2743] [4267] [4877]
601–800 A 7 9 11 16 . . . . . .
[272.6–363] [2134] [2743] [3353] [4877]
B 7 10 14 16 . . . . . .
[2134] [3048] [4267] [4877]
C 4 6 8 16 . .
[1219] [1829] [2438] [4877]
D 5 8 10 16 . .
[1524] [2438] [3048] [4877]
E 7 10 14 16 . . . . . .
[2134] [3048] [4267] [4877]
801–1000 A 6 8 10 16 . . . . . .
[363.3–453.6] [1829] [2438] [3048] [4877]
B 5 8 11 16 . .
[1524] [2438] [3353] [4877]
C 3 5 7 16 . .
[914] [1524] [2134] [4877]
D 4 6 8 16 . .
[1219] [1829] [2438] [4877]
E 5 8 11 16 . .
[1524] [2438] [3353] [4877]
1001–1200 A 6 7 8 16 . . . . . .
[454–544.3] [1829] [2134] [2438] [4877]
B 4 7 9 16 . .
[1219] [2134] [2743] [4877]
C 3 4 5 13 16 . . .
[914] [1219] [1524] [3962] [4877]
D 3 5 7 16 . .
D 6256/D 6256M
TABLE 1 Continued
A
Nominal Sizes in. [mm]
2by4 2by6 2by8 4by4 4by6 6by6
Contents
[38 by 89] [38 by 140] [38 by 184] [89 by 89] [89 by 140] [140 by 140]
B
Weight Load
lb [kg] Condition Skid Max Length ft [mm]
[914] [1524] [2134] [4877]
E 4 7 9 16 . .
[1219] [2134] [2743] [4877]
1201–1400 A 5 7 8 14 16 . . .
[544.8–635] [1524] [2134] [2438] [4267] [4877]
B 5 6 8 16 . .
[1524] [1829] [2438] [4877]
C 0 4 5 11 16 .
[0] [1219] [1524] [3353] [4877]
D 3 4 6 14 16 . . .
[914] [1219] [1829] [4267] [4877]
E 5 6 8 16 . .
[1524] [1829] [2438] [4877]
1401–1600 A 5 6 7 13 16 . . .
[635.5–725.7] [1524] [1829] [2134] [3962] [4877]
B 3 5 7 16 . .
[914] [1524] [2134] [4877]
C 0 3 4 18 15 16
[0] [914] [1219] [5486] [4572] [4877]
D 3 4 5 12 16 . . .
[914] [1219] [1524] [3658] [4877]
E 3 5 7 16 . .
[914] [1524] [2134] [4877]
1601–1800 A 5 6 7 12 16 . . .
[726.2–816.5] [1524] [1829] [2134] [3658] [4877]
B 3 5 6 15 16 . . .
[914] [1524] [1829] [4572] [4877]
C0 3 4 9 14 16
[0] [914] [1219] [2743] [4267] [4877]
D 0 3 4 11 16 .
[0] [914] [1219] [3353] [4877]
E 3 5 6 15 16 . . .
[914] [1524] [1829] [4572] [4877]
1801–2000 A 4 5 6 11 15 16
[816.9–907.2] [1219] [1524] [1829] [3353] [4572] [4877]
B 3 4 5 13 16 . . .
[914] [1219] [1524] [3962] [4877]
C0 0 3 8 12 16
[0] [0] [914] [2438] [3658] [4877]
D 0 3 4 10 15 16
[0] [914] [1219] [3048] [4572] [4877]
E 3 4 5 13 16 . . .
[914] [1219] [1524] [3962] [4877]
2001–2200 A 4 5 6 10 14 16
[907.6–997.9] [1219] [1524] [1829] [3048] [4267] [4877]
B 0 4 5 12 16 . . .
[0] [1219] [1524] [3658] [4877]
C0 0 3 7 11 16
[0] [0] [914] [2134] [3353] [4877]
D0 3 4 9 14 16
[0] [914] [1219] [2743] [4267] [4877]
E 0 4 5 12 16 . . .
[0] [1219] [1524] [3658] [4877]
2201–2400 A 4 5 6 10 13 16
[998.4–1088.6] [1219] [1524] [1829] [3048] [3962] [4877]
B 0 3 4 11 16 16
[0] [914] [1219] [3353] [4877] [4877]
C0 0 3 7 10 16
[0] [0] [914] [2134] [3048] [4877]
D0 0 3 8 13 16
[0] [0] [914] [2438] [3962] [4877]
E 0 3 4 11 16 .
[0] [914] [1219] [3353] [4877]
2401–2500 A 4 5 6 9 13 16
[1089.1–1134] [1219] [1524] [1829] [2743] [3962] [4877]
B 0 3 4 10 16 . . .
[0] [914] [1219] [3048] [4877]
D 6256/D 6256M
TABLE 1 Continued
A
Nominal Sizes in. [mm]
2by4 2by6 2by8 4by4 4by6 6by6
Contents
[38 by 89] [38 by 140] [38 by 184] [89 by 89] [89 by 140] [140 by 140]
B
Weight Load
lb [kg] Condition Skid Max Length ft [mm]
C0 0 3 6 10 16
[0] [0] [914] [1829] [3048] [4877]
D0 0 3 8 12 16
[0] [0] [914] [2438] [3658] [4877]
E 0 3 4 10 16 . . .
[0] [914] [1219] [3048] [4877]
A
See 7.1 for definition.
B
The load condition is determined by the manner in which the load is applied to the skids (see Figs. 3 and 4).
6.2 Base Components—The
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Dimensions are important properties in the general construction of a box, and accurate methods of measurement are required for research work, routine control, and acceptance testing for conformance to specifications. For packages to carry and protect their contents effectively and efficiently, boxes and interior components must be properly and consistently sized. Correctly dimensioned and well-made boxes can be more easily set up by hand or be erected using automatic equipment. “Square” boxes (rectangular parallelepipeds) will stack better to accept load and improve stability during storage and shipment.  
4.1.1 Interior dimensions of boxes are critical when the contents of the box are intended to fill or nearly fill the box with little unused side and head space. The inside dimension by tape method are the size values most often cited in box design (see 9.1, and TAPPI T827). The interior size of a box can be estimated from the score to score measurements when the scoring allowance is taken into account (see Appendix X2). The actual inside dimensions can be measured directly using the box gauge method (see 9.2). Either method can be used to measure interior box dimensions.  
4.1.2 Exterior dimensions may be the critical design criteria when attempting to optimize use of the shipping platform area and overall stack height based on transportation and storage limitations. Exterior dimensions are also key design elements when making common footprint boxes.5 The exterior dimensions of a box can be measured directly using the exterior dimensions by tape method (see Appendix X1).  
4.2 Measuring a Lot Quantity of Boxes—This method determines if a lot (that is, production run) is within specified tolerance for each dimension (length, width, and depth as are shown in Practice D5118/D5118M). A minimum of five specimens are measured. The test result for each dimension is the individual measurements of that dimension on all specimens (see 9.3).  
4.3 Measuring Single Bo...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the interior and exterior dimensions of regular slotted or special slotted styles of single-wall corrugated, double-wall corrugated and solid fiberboard boxes.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5118/D5118M-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Fabrication of Fiberboard Shipping Boxes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Corrugated and solid fiberboard boxes, sleeves, and liners are used to unitize products into packages of size and shape suitable for manual or mechanical handling and to protect the contents against environmental, handling, shipping, and storage conditions.  
4.2 This practice covers some of the basic constructions and styles of commercially available fiberboard packaging used to unitize and protect contents. This practice also provides references to aid in box design for performance and for testing boxes to gauge actual performance.  
4.3 Use of Other Specifications—Nothing in this practice shall be construed to prohibit the use of boxes of special design or of fiberboard packages identified by package number in the current Uniform Freight Classification and National Motor Freight Classification when in the experience and judgment of the purchaser, the nature of the articles or material to be shipped justifies such boxes or packages. Some commodities may require less protection while other commodities may require better boxes than are specified herein. Containers for explosives and dangerous articles must also comply with regulations for the Transport of Hazardous Materials (CFR Title 49).  
FIG. 1 Fiberboard Box Dimensioning  
FIG. 2 Box, Fiberboard; Detail of Manufacturer's Joint Construction for Class Weather Resistant and WWVR Boxes  
FIG. 3 Box, Fiberboard; Details of Manufacturer's Joint Types  
FIG. 4 Cover Assembly  
FIG. 5 Box, Fiberboard; SL—Sleeve  
FIG. 6 Box, Fiberboard; L—Liner  
FIG. 7 Box, Fiberboard; RSC—Regular Slotted Box (0201)  
FIG. 8 Box, Fiberboard; OSC—Overlap Slotted Box (0202)  
FIG. 9 Box, Fiberboard; FOL—Full Overlap Slotted Box (0203)  
FIG. 10 Box, Fiberboard; SFF—Special Full Flap Slotted Box (0206)  
FIG. 11 Box, Fiberboard; CSSC—Center Special Slotted Box (0204) and CSOSC—Center Special Overlap Slotted Box (0205)  
FIG. 12 Box, Fiberboard; HSCC—Half Slotted Box with Cover (0200)  
FIG. 13 Box, Fiberboard; DBLCC—D...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the fabrication of new fiberboard boxes, liners, and sleeves.  
1.2 This practice points out the factors and components that must be controlled in the manufacture of corrugated and solid fiberboard boxes, liners, and sleeves.  
1.3 This practice does not directly cover the adequacy of fiberboard containers under all conditions of exposure to atmosphere, handling, shipping, and storage. However, references regarding how to assess the adequacy of container under these conditions are included in the practice.  
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7030-04(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Short Term Creep Performance of Corrugated Fiberboard Containers Under Constant Load Using a Compression Test Machine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 In the distribution system, the packaged product may be stored for a period of time in a manner such that one or more containers are stacked on one another. The bottom package is thus continually subjected to a constant compression load.  
4.2 This test method subjects an empty container to a predetermined static load and to specified atmospheric conditions, if required, over a short period of time using fixed platen compression testing equipment. Deflection is measured over time.  
4.3 Deflection versus time data can be used to predict time to failure of corrugated shipping containers under constant load.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determining the resistance of an empty paper corrugated shipping container to a vertically applied constant compression load for a specified time. The test method may also include palletized or unitized loads made of such containers. The boxes are tested in the orientation that they are most likely to be stacked in a unitized or palletized load.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6573/D6573M-13(2020)(Specification)
Standard Specification for General Purpose Wirebound Shipping Boxes

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the fabrication of new wire-bound general purpose panelboard shipping boxes for use as containers for domestic and overseas shipment of materials and supplies. This specification does not include wirebound box performance under all atmosphere, handling, shipping, and storage conditions. Methods other than those detailed here may be used for the construction of the boxes, provided, that the finished products are of equal or better performance than those produced using the recommended procedures. The boxes are grouped into three types according to the load each box can carry, three classes according to shipment specifications, three styles, and two grades. It is recommended that the boxes be made from recycled materials, lumber, wires, and fasteners that meet the requirements of this specification. Each box side and joint should be assembled according to the recommended procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the fabrication of new wirebound general purpose (GP) panelboard (hereafter referred to as wirebound boxes) shipping boxes intended for use as containers for domestic and overseas shipment of general materials and supplies, not exceeding 500 lb [226.8 kg] for Class 1 domestic, 400 lb [181.4 kg] for Class 2 overseas shipments or 300 lb [136.0 kg] for Class 3 extreme distribution hazard conditions or military contingency purposes.  
1.2 Wirebound box performance is dependent on its fabricated components; therefore, a variety of types of load, classes, styles, and treatments reflecting varied performance are specified. This specification does not cover wirebound box performance under all atmosphere, handling, shipping, and storage conditions. Wirebound boxes in compliance with Hazardous Material Modal Regulations or United States Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) are found in the Supplementary Requirements.  
1.3 The use of other construction methods or techniques are acceptable and shall be permitted, provided the resulting packaging systems are of equal or better performance than would result from the use of these specified materials and procedures. The appropriate Practice D4169 distribution cycle(s) can be used to develop comparative procedures and criteria.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI values given in brackets are mathematical. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for conversion of units.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6881/D6881M-03(2020)(Classification)
Standard Classification for Standard Plastics Industry Bulk Box/Pallet Unit Size Classified By Bulk Density

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard classification will be used to:  
4.1.1 Standardize the package size increasing availability, versatility, and acceptability of bulk box/pallet units.  
4.1.2 Lower transport package manufacturing costs.  
4.1.3 Lower cost/lb of packaged resin because of higher net weight/package.  
4.1.4 Reduce environmental impact of pallets and bulk boxes by reducing waste.  
4.1.5 Support reuse of bulk boxes and pallets throughout the supply chain.  
4.1.6 Optimize lifecycle package cost.  
4.1.7 Improve both inbound and outbound freight cost in comparison to non-optimal packaging.  
4.1.8 Lower inventory/storage cost of raw materials (need less on hand).  
4.1.9 Reduce warehouse space for resin storage.  
4.1.10 Reduce forklift trips (carrying higher weight).  
4.1.11 Promote multi-industry usage of common footprint boxes and pallets (examples are the automotive and chemical drum industry).  
4.1.12 Guide the first-time resin packager as to a successful bulk box/pallet unit now in use in the resin industry.  
4.1.13 Optimize net product weight in truckload trailer vans and oversea containers.  
4.2 This standard classification will be used by:  
4.2.1 Resin producers/converters/compounders/customers to compare with their current practice.  
4.2.2 Bulk box manufacturers to recommend a proven cost-effective package for plastic resins in the targeted bulk density range.  
4.2.3 Pallet manufacturers as a common bulk box footprint pallet for the targeted bulk density ranges used by the plastic resin industry.  
4.2.4 Box liner manufacturers to size their liners to a specified volume dimension.  
4.2.5 Warehouses to provide space layout plans based on dimensions of the standard box/pallet unit.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers containers used to hold plastic resins with bulk density (Test Methods D1895) of 27 to 39 lb/ft3 (0.432 to 0.625 g/cm3).  
1.2 This classification does not apply to any plastic resins with bulk density below 27 lb/ft3 (0.432 g/cm3) or above 39lb/ft3  (0.625 g/cm3).  
1.3 This classification does not apply to bulk boxes containing hazardous materials.  
1.4 This classification does not address box/pallet unitization requirements.  
1.5 This classification does not address requirements of plastic bag liners normally placed inside the corrugated bulk box before filling with plastic resin.  
1.6 This classification does not address tamping, shaking, or other compression methods of the resin filled bulk box to condense entrained air and increase headspace in the bulk box.  
1.7 This classification does not address blocking and bracing or other shipping requirements normally associated with bulk box unit deliveries.  
1.8 This classification does not address filled bulk box/pallet unit stack height.  
1.9 This classification does not address international shipping regulations of bulk box/pallet units.  
1.10 This classification does not address pallet opening sizes for pallet trucks.  
1.11 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.13 This classification offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgement. Not all aspects of this classification may be applicable in all circumstances. This...

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ASTM D6254/D6254M-20(Specification)
Standard Specification for Wirebound Pallet-Type Wood Boxes

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the fabrication of new fully enclosed wire bound pallet-type wooden boxes intended for use as containers for domestic and overseas shipment of general materials and supplies, not exceeding a certain weight given. Wire bound pallet-type wooden box performance is dependent on its fabricated components; therefore, a variety of types, classes, and treatments reflecting varied performance are specified. According to type of material used in the manufacture of wooden boxes, four types are classified: Type I which are made with sheathed lumber, Type II which are made with sheathed lumber and veneer, Type III which are made of sheathed lumber and veneer with two different length sidewalls, and Type IV which are made of sheathed plywood. Four classes have been designated to wooden boxes, according to the number of entry ways: Class 1 which has partial four-way entry base, Class 2 which has two-way entry base, Class 3 which has partial four-way entry base with two different length sidewalls, and Class 4 which has two-way entry base with two different length sidewalls. And for the wooden boxes’ last classification, the way they are treated are described also as follows: Treatment A and B- with water preservative treatment and Treatment C without preservative treatment. All recovered, recycled, or virgin materials used in box manufacture shall meet the requirements of this specification and referenced documents. In addition, materials shall not affect or be affected by the product being packed. To determine the wooden boxes’ performance, the following tests shall be conducted: wood members moisture content test, coating adherence on galvanized wire test, wire tensile strength test, oxine copper preservative test, and zinc napthenate preservative test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the fabrication of new fully enclosed wirebound pallet-type wood boxes intended for use as containers for domestic and overseas shipment of general materials and supplies, not exceeding 2500 lb [1134 kg] (see 4.1 and 10.1).  
1.2 Wirebound pallet-type wood box performance is dependent on its fabricated components; therefore, a variety of types, classes, and treatments reflecting varied performance are specified (see 4). This specification, however, does not cover wirebound pallet-type wood box performance under all atmosphere, handling, shipping, and storage conditions.  
1.3 The use of other construction methods or techniques is acceptable and permitted (see 5.1.11), provided the resulting packaging systems shall be of equal or better performance than would result from the use of these specified materials and procedures. The appropriate distribution cycle provided in Practice D4169 can be used to develop comparative procedures and criteria.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. See for conversion of units.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5639/D5639M-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Selection of Corrugated Fiberboard Materials and Box Construction Based on Performance Requirements

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice assists users in selecting appropriate performance characteristics of corrugated fiberboard or box construction, or both, commensurate with their user’s needs for packing and distribution of goods. This practice describes several attributes of fiberboard and boxes which relate to various hazards encountered in distribution and describes test parameters which may be specified by the user to ensure sufficient strength in the box for containment, storage, handling, transport and protection of contents.  
4.2 The user should specify only those attributes and related tests which are required for performance to the users satisfaction including their operations and distribution cycle(s). When using the carriers’packaging rules as the major basis for developing specifications, the reason for the rule and its function and importance should be understood. As previously stated, rules and regulations may be exceeded and should be when the minimum specifications are inadequate for the full effects of the distribution cycle, etc.. If the user decides to employ box compression strength or a rough handling performance protocol as the overriding specification, it should be noted that all minimum standards required by various organizations shall also be met or surpassed if using the related certificate. These minimum standards can be stated in the box drawing so as to ensure adherence to rules and regulations. If a Box Manufacturer’s Certificate (BMC) is printed on the box, then the ECT or Mullen Burst/Basis Weight values shall meet or exceed the minimum requirements for size and weight of the packaged product.  
4.3 See Appendix X7 for several examples of specification determinations.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides information on corrugated fiberboard for the prospective user who wants guidance in selecting attributes of materials and box construction based on performance requirements. These attributes should be part of specifications which establish levels of the qualities a shipping container shall have achieved in order to be acceptable to the purchaser or user. The attributes and qualities should be testable, using standard methods that are recognized by both the buyer and seller. This practice will assist users in developing specifications for corrugated containers through an analysis of performance requirements and subsequent relationships to fiberboard materials and box construction attributes. This practice is meant to complement the box buyer–box manufacturer relationship by having the buyer (user) better understand, discuss, and negotiate needed elements of box design and specification. The full box design process is complex, and it is beyond the scope of this standard.  
1.2 The attributes and their levels should be based on the intended use of the box, including the handling and environment it will encounter. Many packaging rules include detailed descriptions of the materials that may be used and style, closure, or other construction details of allowed shipping containers. These rules are presented as minimum requirements; they may be exceeded for functional reasons, but there is no regulatory reason to do so. Rail and motor freight classifications applicable for surface common carrier transportation have established minimum requirements for certain attributes of corrugated packaging. These may or may not be appropriate for application in the complete distribution system, as they encompass only containerboard or combined corrugated board — not finished boxes — and are not intended to provide for the distribution and storage system beyond the transportation segment.  
1.2.1 The attribute levels contained herein are based on U.S. practice and specifications. Some attributes such as flute dimensions and basis weights may be defined differently in other countries.  
1.3 There are four common methods used for specifying boxes.  
1.3.1 A common approach is to examine boxes cur...

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ASTM
ASTM D6880/D6880M-19(Specification)
Standard Specification for Wood Boxes

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the fabrication methods for the production of wood boxes. The wood boxes produced are classified into two classes according to durability, six styles according to cleat and joint structure, and two treatment types. It is recommended that the boxes be made from recycled materials using standard-compliant fasteners. Each box side and joint should be assembled according to the recommended procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the fabrication of wood boxes. These wood boxes, when constructed, filled and closed, shall be used for the packing of contents not exceeding 1000 lb [454 kg].  
1.2 If the use of other construction methods or techniques is acceptable and permitted (see 5.1), the resulting boxes shall be of equal or better performance than would result from the use of the specified materials and procedures. An appropriate distribution cycle, specified in Practice D4169, can be used to develop comparative procedures and criteria.  
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI-10 for conversion of units.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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