ASTM D1036-99(2005)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Wood Poles
Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Wood Poles
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Tests of wood poles are made to determine:
4.1.1 Data for use in establishing allowable stresses,
4.1.2 Data upon which to base economical pole line design,
4.1.3 Data on the strength properties of different species in pole sizes,
4.1.4 Data as to the influence of defects on the strength properties of poles,
4.1.5 Data as to the effect of preservatives and preservative treatments on the strength properties of poles, and
4.1.6 Data for correlating the strength properties of full-size poles with those of small clear specimens of the same species.
Treating procedures to which poles have been subjected may introduce variables that prohibit direct comparisons between different groups of data. Complete information on the treating techniques shall form a part of the test records.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover determination of the bending strength and stiffness of wood poles. Knowledge of these properties is used in providing for reliable and economical design with poles of different species, size, or grade.
1.2 Two test methods are included: the cantilever test method and the machine test method.
1.3 Provision is also made for extracting small clear specimens from the butt section and determining static bending and compression parallel to grain strength values in accordance with Test Methods D 143.
1.4 The procedures specified in these test methods apply to tests of either treated or untreated material.
1.5 &inch-pound-units;
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D1036 – 99 (Reapproved 2005)
Standard Test Methods of
Static Tests of Wood Poles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1036; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
One of the important factors involved in the design and economical use of poles for the support of
aerialcommunicationandpowerlinesisthevalueofthemaximumfiberstressforthedifferentspecies
of timber used for poles. In order to gain information on this characteristic, mechanical tests on pole
size specimens have been made by numerous investigators. These tests have been made in various
manners, such as the use of a testing machine, holding the pole butt horizontally in a crib and applying
the load at the tip, setting poles in the earth and applying the load at the tip, and so forth. The amount
of seasoning the test poles have received and the type of preservative treatment applied to the poles
are additional variables. The result is that it is difficult, if not impossible, to obtain sufficient
information pertaining to the various tests to permit accurate comparisons.
It is the purpose of these test methods to cover testing procedures in sufficient detail so that the
results of tests made in accordance with the test methods defined will be comparable. It is, of course,
not intended that using other test methods that may be better adapted to a particular investigation
should be discouraged. However, experience gained from tests of several hundred poles has indicated
the test methods specified are entirely practicable.
The data forms presented have been found to be convenient for recording the test data and for
making the calculations necessary for the proper analysis of the test results.
1. Scope 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 These test methods cover determination of the bending
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
strength and stiffness of wood poles. Knowledge of these
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
properties is used in providing for reliable and economical
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
design with poles of different species, size, or grade.
1.2 Two test methods are included: the cantilever test
2. Referenced Documents
method and the machine test method.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3 Provision is also made for extracting small clear speci-
D143 Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber
mens from the butt section and determining static bending and
D198 Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural
compression parallel to grain strength values in accordance
Sizes
with Test Methods D143.
2.2 ANSI Standard:
1.4 The procedures specified in these test methods apply to
O5.1 Specifications and Dimensions for Wood Poles
tests of either treated or untreated material.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as the standard. SI values are given in parentheses and are
provided for information only.
1 2
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Wood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.04 on Pole and Pile contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Products. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved April 1, 2005. Published April 2005. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D1036 – 99. DOI: Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/D1036-99R05. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D1036 – 99 (2005)
3. Summary of Test Method
FIELD NOTES
Project No.
3.1 Major Tests:
Locality cut
County
3.1.1 In the cantilever test method, the pole is supported
Slope . Elevation
securely from butt to ground line in a horizontal position, and
Undergrowth
a load is applied near the pole tip by means of a pulling line.
Crown
Soil
3.1.2 In the machine test method, the pole is supported near
Shipment No.
the butt and tip, and a load is applied at the ground line by the
Species
moving head of a mechanical testing machine.
Date cut
Seedling or sprout
3.1.3 Determinations of age, rate of growth, moisture, and
How and when transported from woods
density are also made.
Age of tree in years
Treatment
3.2 Minor Tests:
Seasoning
3.2.1 Small clear specimens are taken from the butt section
Preservative retention
ofthetestedpolesforthedeterminationofstrengthvaluessuch
Age in service (if pole had been in service)
Age of pole since treatment
as static bending, compression parallel to grain, toughness,
Source of pole (supplier, region, and climate), if pole had been in service
compression perpendicular to grain, and hardness. The overall
Classification standard
objectives of the program will determine which of these tests Condition of pole (decay, woodpecker holes, splits), if pole had been
in service
are desired.
8. Field Marking
4. Significance and Use
8.1 Each specimen shall be legibly marked on the butt with
4.1 Tests of wood poles are made to determine:
its length, class, and source of supply, in accordance with the
4.1.1 Data for use in establishing allowable stresses,
requirements ofANSI O5.1, using such symbols as may apply
4.1.2 Data upon which to base economical pole line design,
to each specimen.
4.1.3 Data on the strength properties of different species in
CONDITIONING AND MEASURING OF SPECIMENS
pole sizes,
FOR TESTING
4.1.4 Data as to the influence of defects on the strength
properties of poles,
9. Conditioning
4.1.5 Data as to the effect of preservatives and preservative
9.1 Two basic procedures for conditioning and moisture
treatments on the strength properties of poles, and
content are provided as follows:
4.1.6 Data for correlating the strength properties of full-size
9.1.1 Test Method A, providing for air seasoning and butt
poles with those of small clear specimens of the same species.
soaking of poles prior to test.
4.2 Treating procedures to which poles have been subjected
9.1.2 Test Method B, providing for tests of poles in the
may introduce variables that prohibit direct comparisons be-
full-length green condition.
tween different groups of data. Complete information on the
treating techniques shall form a part of the test records.
NOTE 2—Test Method A, providing for butt soaking of poles after
seasoning, has been used as a preconditioning test method when it is
desired to provide tests simulating, as nearly as possible, actual field use
COLLECTION OF MATERIAL
under certain climatic conditions.
Test Method B, providing for tests of poles in the green condition, has
5. Identification
been used where the stability of moisture-strength relationships thus
establishedisparticularlydesiredforcomparisonbetweenspecies,grades,
5.1 Thematerialfortestshallbeselectedbyonequalifiedto
and testing procedures, and for establishing relationship of strength
identify the species.
between full-size poles and that of small clear specimens taken from the
pole material.
6. Number of Major Specimens
10. Alternative Conditioning Requirements
6.1 For each species under investigation it is desirable that
a minimum of 50 specimens be selected for test. The poles 10.1 Test Method A—All poles tested shall be air-seasoned
shall be carefully chosen as representative of the commercial on skids at least 2 ft (600 mm) above the ground. Prior to
product being supplied. testing, the butt sections (from the groundline to the butt) shall
besoakedinwaterinordertobringthemoisturecontentofthis
NOTE 1—Tests may be conducted to study the effect of some particular
section equal to or above the fiber saturation point. Butt
characteristic and in such cases the selection of test specimens shall be
soaking shall be conducted in a manner to prevent decay and
made in such a manner as to ensure that the range of the characteristic
withthepolesinaverticalposition.Moisturedeterminationsof
under study has been adequately sampled.
the butt section shall be made by means of increment borings.
7. Field Notes
The determinations shall be made by using the portions of the
borings nearest the pole surface with a length of boring equal
7.1 Field notes fully describing the material shall be care-
to one-half the pole radius.
fully made by the collector. These notes shall, so far as
possible, supply data outlined as follows and shall be incorpo-
NOTE 3—For the purposes of these test methods, poles will be
rated into the test records: considered air-seasoned when two successive determinations made one
D1036 – 99 (2005)
week apart indicate the moisture content of the pole to have reached a
STATIC BENDING TESTS OF POLES
practically constant value at or below 22 %.
Cantilever Test Method
10.2 Test Method B—All poles to be tested shall be selected
12. Apparatus
in the green condition and shall be tested before any seasoning
hastakenplace.Ifthereisanydelayintestingthatwouldresult 12.1 Aschematic drawing of the testing apparatus and field
layout for conducting the tests is shown in Fig. 1. For
in seasoning, this shall be prevented by proper storage,
preferably by full-length immersion in water. If other methods convenience of reference, the principal features of the layout
are denoted on the drawing by capital letters. The pole to be
of maintaining the green condition are employed, care shall be
exercised to prevent the development of stain or decay. Special tested shall be held securely from the butt to the ground line in
the crib A. The crib shall be built in such a manner that there
moisture determinations of the test sections are not required
prior to test (Section 25). willbenosignificantmovementofthepolebuttduringthetest.
Thedesignofthecribandholdingdevicesshallbesuchthatall
11. Initial Measurements
vertical and rotational motion of the pole shall be prevented.
11.1 Before placing a pole in the testing apparatus, a record 12.2 A support B shall be provided at a point about three
shall be made of the following items: quarters of the distance from the ground line to the point of
11.1.1 Weight, load application to minimize vertical movement at that point
11.1.2 Length to the nearest 1 in. (25 mm), and reduce the stress from the weight of the pole. This support
11.1.3 Class, shall be such that any friction associated with the deflection of
11.1.4 Circumferenceatbutt,attip,andatthegroundlineto the pole under load shall not be a significant portion of the
the nearest ⁄16 in. (1.5 mm), measured load on the pole.
11.1.5 Diameter of each knot over ⁄2 in. (13 mm) in 12.3 As a pole is placed in the testing apparatus, it shall be
diameter and its location on the surface of the pole relative to rotated to align the pole so as to minimize out-of-plane shear
the butt and to the longitudinal center line of the face of the stresses due to torque. The pole shall be shifted longitudinally
pole, and until its ground line coincides with the front face of the crib,
11.1.6 Any possible strength reducing defects observed and then it shall be secured firmly in place (see 12.1). A
other than knots, such as sweep, crook, checks, shakes, spiral wooden saddle C, Fig. 1, with a concave surface on the pole
grain, insect damage, and the like. side and rounded edges, shall be placed against the pole to
FIG. 1 Schematic Layout of Field Mechanical Tests of Wooden Poles
D1036 – 99 (2005)
TABLE 1 Winch Positions
prevent injury to the ground-line section. This saddle shall be
made of wood at least as soft as the pole under test and shall Pole Length, ft (m) Distance M from Distance N from
A A
Pole Axis, ft (m) Ground Line, ft (m)
have dimensions as shown in Fig. 2.
20 (6.1) 100 (30.5) 13.5 (4.1)
22 (6.7) 110 (33.5) 15.5 (4.7)
13. Load
25 (7.6) 125 (38.1) 17.5 (5.3)
13.1 The load shall be applied at a point 2 ft (600 mm) from
30 (9.1) 150 (45.7) 22.0 (6.7)
35 (10.7) 175 (53.3) 26.5 (8.1)
the tip of the pole by a power winch, or other means of
40 (12.2) 200 (61.0) 31.0 (9.4)
sufficient capacity and capable of pulling at a constant rate of
45 (13.7) 225 (68.6) 35.5 (10.8)
speed. The pulling line shall be kept level between the winch
50 (15.2) 250 (76.2) 40.0 (12.2)
55 (16.8) 275 (83.8) 44.5 (13.6)
position and the point where load is applied to the pole. The
60 (18.3) 300 (91.4) 49.0 (14.9)
load shall be applied continuously until the pole fails, and at
A
See Fig. 1 for location of distances M and N.
such a rate of speed as to cause a deflection at the point of load
of N in./min (mm/min), as determined by the equation:
type strain gages, suitably wrapped or housed for protection
N 5 2pZL /3C (1)
t
against shock when the pole breaks. This method permits
remote reading of loads and minimizes the possibility of
where:
personal injury during test. Alternatively, where electric-type
N = rate of deflection, in./min (mm/min),
straingagingequipmentisnotavailable,loadmaybemeasured
Z = rate of fiber strain, in./in.·min (mm/
by a dynamometer of suitable capacity, graduated in 50-lb
mm·min) = 0.0010, the value specified in Test Meth-
(200-N) divisions. Calibration of the dynamometer shall be
ods D198,
L = lever arm, in. (mm), and checked at frequent intervals during the tests. The load-
C = circumference at point of load application, in. (mm).
measuringdeviceshallbesupportedonasledorcradlemoving
t
on a suitable platform or level space.The sled or cradle and the
14. Pulling Line
surface on which it moves shall be such that the force required
14.1 The pulling line shall be secured around the pole at the
to pull it shall not add materially to the measured load on the
load point. The load measuring device shall be placed in series pole.
with the pulling line and the line to the winch with a
17. Deflections
free-running swivel on each side of it.
17.1 The deflection of the pole at the point of load shall be
15. Winch Positions
measured at such intervals of load as to provide not less than
15.1 If the winch G, Fig. 1, is set far enough away from the 15 simultaneous readings of load and deflection. A greater
pole to make the angle between the initial and final positions of numberofreadings(25to40)ispreferred.Themeasurementof
the pulling line small, the error in assuming that the pu
...
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