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ASTM E2555-21

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Factors and Procedures for Applying the MIL-STD-105 Plans in Life and Reliability Inspection

Standard Practice for Factors and Procedures for Applying the MIL-STD-105 Plans in Life and Reliability Inspection

ABSTRACT
This practice presents a procedure and related tables of factors for adapting Practice E2234 (equivalent to MIL-STD105) sampling plans to acceptance sampling inspection when the item quality of interest is life length or reliability. Factors are provided for three alternative criteria for lot evaluation: mean life, hazard rate, and reliable life. Inspection of the sample is by attributes with testing truncated at the end of some prearranged period of time. The Weibull distribution, together with the exponential distribution as a special case, is used as the underlying statistical model. The procedure and tables presented in this practice are based on the use of the Weibull distribution in acceptance sampling inspection.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedure and tables presented in this practice are based on the use of the Weibull distribution in acceptance sampling inspection. Details of this work, together with tables of sampling plans of other forms, have been published previously. See Refs (1-3).4 Since the basic computations required have already been made, it has been quite easy to provide these new factors. No changes in method or details of application have been made over those described in the publications referenced above. For this reason, the text portion of this report has been briefly written. Readers interested in further details are referred to these previous publications. Other sources of material on the underlying theory and approach are also available (4-7).  
4.2 The procedure to be used is essentially the same as the one normally used for attribute sampling inspection. The only difference is that sample items are tested for life or survival instead of for some other property. For single sampling, the following are the required steps:  
4.2.1 Using the tables of factors provided in Annex A1, select a suitable sampling inspection plan from those tabulated in Practice E2234.  
4.2.2 Draw at random a sample of items of the size specified by the selected Practice E2234 plan.  
4.2.3 Place the sample of items on life test for the specified period of time, t.  
4.2.4 Determine the number of sample items that failed during the test period.  
4.2.5 Compare the number of items that failed with the number allowed under the selected Practice E2234 plan.  
4.2.6 If the number that failed is equal to or less than the acceptable number, accept the lot; if the number failing exceeds the acceptable number, reject the lot.  
4.3 Both the sample sizes and the acceptance numbers used are those specified by Practice E2234 plans. It will be assumed in the section on examples that single sampling plans will be used. However, the matching double sampling and multiple sampling plans provided in MIL-...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice presents a procedure and related tables of factors for adapting Practice E2234 (equivalent to MIL-STD-105) sampling plans to acceptance sampling inspection when the item quality of interest is life length or reliability. Factors are provided for three alternative criteria for lot evaluation: mean life, hazard rate, and reliable life. Inspection of the sample is by attributes with testing truncated at the end of some prearranged period of time. The Weibull distribution, together with the exponential distribution as a special case, is used as the underlying statistical model.  
1.2 A system of units is not specified by this practice.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issue...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2021
ICS
07.020 - Mathematics
Technical Committee
E11 - Quality and Statistics
Drafting Committee
E11.40 - Reliability
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E2555-21 - Standard Practice for Factors and Procedures for Applying the MIL-STD-105 Plans in Life and Reliability InspectionASTM E2555-21 - Standard Practice for Factors and Procedures for Applying the MIL-STD-105 Plans in Life and Reliability Inspection
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2555 − 21 An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Factors and Procedures for Applying the MIL-STD-105 Plans
1
in Life and Reliability Inspection
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2555; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 Other Documents:
MIL-STD-105ESampling Procedures and Tables for In-
1.1 This practice presents a procedure and related tables of
3
spection by Attributes
factors for adapting Practice E2234 (equivalent to MIL-STD-
105) sampling plans to acceptance sampling inspection when
3. Terminology
the item quality of interest is life length or reliability. Factors
3.1 Definitions:
are provided for three alternative criteria for lot evaluation:
3.1.1 TheterminologydefinedinTerminologyE456applies
mean life, hazard rate, and reliable life. Inspection of the
to this practice unless modified herein.
sampleisbyattributeswithtestingtruncatedattheendofsome
3.1.2 acceptance quality limit (AQL), n—qualitylimitthatis
prearranged period of time. The Weibull distribution, together
theworsttolerableprocessaveragewhenacontinuingseriesof
with the exponential distribution as a special case, is used as
lots is submitted for acceptance sampling. E2234
the underlying statistical model.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Thisdefinitionsupersedesthatgivenin
1.2 A system of units is not specified by this practice.
MIL-STD-105E.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1.2.2 Discussion—A sampling plan and an AQL are cho-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the sen in accordance with the risk assumed. Use of a value of
AQL for a certain defect or group of defects indicates that the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- sampling plan will accept the great majority of the lots or
batchesprovidedtheprocessaveragelevelofpercentdefective
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- (or defects per hundred units) in these lots or batches are no
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- greater than the designated value ofAQL. Thus, theAQL is a
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the designated value of percent defective (or defects per hundred
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- units) for which lots will be accepted most of the time by the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical sampling procedure being used. The sampling plans provided
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. herein are so arranged that the probability of acceptance at the
designated AQL value depends upon the sample size, being
2. Referenced Documents
generally higher for large samples than for small ones, for a
2
given AQL. The AQL alone does not identify the chances of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
accepting or rejecting individual lots or batches but more
E456Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
directly relates to what might be expected from a series of lots
E2234Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Attri-
or batches, provided the steps indicated in this refer to the
butes Indexed by AQL
operating characteristic curve of the plan to determine the
relative risks.
1
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE11onQualityand
3.1.3 consumer’s risk, n—probability that a lot having
Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.40 on Reliability.
Current edition approved May 1, 2021. Published June 2021. Originally specified rejectable quality level will be accepted under a
ɛ1
approved in 2007. Last previous version approved in 2018 as E2555–07 (2018) .
defined sampling plan.
DOI: 10.1520/E2555-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM MIL-STD-105Eisalsocommonlyreferredtoas“MIL-STD-105.”Itisvirtually
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on identical in content to its predecessor, MIL-STD-105D.These documents are out of
the ASTM website. print.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2555 − 21
3.1.4 double sampling plan, n—a multiple sampling plan in provide information that may be used as a basis for making a
which up to two samplings can be taken and evaluated to decision concerning the larger collection. E2234
accept or reject
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: E2555 − 07 (Reapproved 2018) E2555 − 21 An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Factors and Procedures for Applying the MIL-STD-105 Plans
1
in Life and Reliability Inspection
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2555; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Section 3.1.2 was corrected editorially in March 2019.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice presents a procedure and related tables of factors for adapting Practice E2234 (equivalent to MIL-STD-105)
sampling plans to acceptance sampling inspection when the item quality of interest is life length or reliability. Factors are provided
for three alternative criteria for lot evaluation: mean life, hazard rate, and reliable life. Inspection of the sample is by attributes with
testing truncated at the end of some prearranged period of time. The Weibull distribution, together with the exponential distribution
as a special case, is used as the underlying statistical model.
1.2 A system of units is not specified by this practice.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E2234 Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexed by AQL
2.2 Other Documents:
3
MIL-STD-105E Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by Attributes
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 The terminology defined in Terminology E456 applies to this practice unless modified herein.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.40 on Reliability.
Current edition approved April 1, 2018May 1, 2021. Published May 2018June 2021. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous version approved in 20122018 as
ɛ1
E2555 – 07 (2012).(2018) . DOI: 10.1520/E2555-07R18E01.10.1520/E2555-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
MIL-STD-105E is also commonly referred to as “MIL-STD-105.” It is virtually identical in content to its predecessor, MIL-STD-105D. These documents are out of print.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2555 − 21
3.1.2 acceptance quality limit (AQL), n—quality limit that is the worst tolerable process average when a continuing series of lots
is submitted for acceptance sampling. E2234
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
This definition supersedes that given in MIL-STD-105E.
3.1.2.2 Discussion—
A sampling plan and an AQL are chosen in accordance with the risk assumed. Use of a value of AQL for a certain defect or group
of defects indicates that the sampling plan will accept the great majority of the lots or batches provided the process average level
of percent defective (or defects per hundred units) in these lots or batches are no greater than the designated value of AQL. Thus,
the AQL is a designated value of percent defective (or defects per hundred units) for which lots will be accepted most of the time
by the sampling procedure being used. The sampling plans provided herein are so arranged that the probability of acceptance at
the designated AQL value depends upon the sample size, being generally higher for large samples than for small ones, for a given
AQL. The AQL alone does not identify the chances of accepting or rejecting individual lots or batches but more directly relates
to what might be expected from a series of lots or batches, provided the
...

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This practice establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes using MIL-STD-105E as a basis for sampling a steady stream of lots indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL). It provides the sampling plans of MIL-STD-105E in ASTM format for use by ASTM committees and others and recognizes the continuing usage of MIL-STD-105E in industries supported by ASTM. This practice also establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Purpose—This publication establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes. This publication shall not be interpreted to supersede or conflict with any contractual requirements. The words “accept,” “acceptance,” “acceptable,” etc, refer only to the contractor’s use of the sampling plans contained in this standard and do not imply an agreement by the customer (formerly “Government” in original text) to accept any product. Determination of acceptability by the customer shall be as described in contractual documents. The sampling plans described in this standard are applicable to AQL’s of 0.01 % or higher and are therefore not suitable for applications where quality levels in the range of parts per million levels can be realized.  
4.2 Application—Sampling plans designated in this publication are applicable, but not limited, to inspection of the following: (1) end items, (2) components and raw materials, (3) operations or services, (4) materials in process, (5) supplies in storage, (6) maintenance operations, (7) data or records, (8) administrative procedures. These plans are intended primarily to be used for a continuing series of lots or batches. The plans may also be used for the inspection of isolated lots or batches, but, in this latter case, the user is cautioned to consult the operating characteristic curves to find a plan which will yield the desired protection (see 6.11).
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Standard Practice for Factors and Procedures for Applying the MIL-STD-105 Plans in Life and Reliability Inspection

ABSTRACT
This practice presents a procedure and related tables of factors for adapting Practice E2234 (equivalent to MIL-STD105) sampling plans to acceptance sampling inspection when the item quality of interest is life length or reliability. Factors are provided for three alternative criteria for lot evaluation: mean life, hazard rate, and reliable life. Inspection of the sample is by attributes with testing truncated at the end of some prearranged period of time. The Weibull distribution, together with the exponential distribution as a special case, is used as the underlying statistical model. The procedure and tables presented in this practice are based on the use of the Weibull distribution in acceptance sampling inspection.
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4.2.2 Draw at random a sample of items of the size specified by the selected Practice E2234 plan.  
4.2.3 Place the sample of items on life test for the specified period of time, t.  
4.2.4 Determine the number of sample items that failed during the test period.  
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FIG. 1 Sequence of Steps  
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Standard Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexed by AQL

ABSTRACT
This practice establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes using MIL-STD-105E as a basis for sampling a steady stream of lots indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL). It provides the sampling plans of MIL-STD-105E in ASTM format for use by ASTM committees and others and recognizes the continuing usage of MIL-STD-105E in industries supported by ASTM. This practice also establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Purpose—This publication establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes. This publication shall not be interpreted to supersede or conflict with any contractual requirements. The words “accept,” “acceptance,” “acceptable,” etc, refer only to the contractor’s use of the sampling plans contained in this standard and do not imply an agreement by the customer (formerly “Government” in original text) to accept any product. Determination of acceptability by the customer shall be as described in contractual documents. The sampling plans described in this standard are applicable to AQL’s of 0.01 % or higher and are therefore not suitable for applications where quality levels in the range of parts per million levels can be realized.  
4.2 Application—Sampling plans designated in this publication are applicable, but not limited, to inspection of the following: (1) end items, (2) components and raw materials, (3) operations or services, (4) materials in process, (5) supplies in storage, (6) maintenance operations, (7) data or records, (8) administrative procedures. These plans are intended primarily to be used for a continuing series of lots or batches. The plans may also be used for the inspection of isolated lots or batches, but, in this latter case, the user is cautioned to consult the operating characteristic curves to find a plan which will yield the desired protection (see 6.11).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes using MIL-STD-105E as a basis for sampling a steady stream of lots indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL).  
1.2 This practice provides the sampling plans of MIL-STD-105E in ASTM format for use by ASTM committees and others. It recognizes the continuing usage of MIL-STD-105E in industries supported by ASTM. Most of the original text in MIL-STD-105E is preserved in Sections 4 – 6 of this practice.  
1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E456-13a(2022)(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics

ABSTRACT
This standard is the general terminology standard for terms defined in the standards of Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics. A term in this standard which lists an attribution to an E11 technical standard indicates that the standard is normative for that term. Term definitions that are similar to ISO 3534 will be noted in this standard, but ISO 3534 will not be considered normative for any E11 terms.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard is the general terminology standard for terms defined in the standards of Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics.  
1.2 A term in this standard which lists an attribution to an E11 technical standard indicates that the standard is normative for that term. Any changes in the term definition in the normative standard will be editorially changed in this standard. Any terms added to an E11 standard will be editorially added to this standard with an attribution to that standard.  
1.3 Term definitions that are similar to ISO 3534 will be noted in this standard, but ISO 3534 will not be considered normative for any E11 terms.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2232-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection and Use of Mathematical Methods for Calculating Absorbed Dose in Radiation Processing Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Use as an Analytical Tool—Mathematical methods provide an analytical tool to be employed for many applications related to absorbed dose determinations in radiation processing. Mathematical calculations may not be used as a substitute for routine dosimetry in some applications (for example, medical device sterilization, food irradiation).  
4.2 Dose Calculation—Absorbed-dose calculations may be performed for a variety of photon/electron environments and irradiator geometries.  
4.3 Evaluate Process Effectiveness—Mathematical models may be used to evaluate the impact of changes in product composition, loading configuration, and irradiator design on dose distribution.  
4.4 Complement or Supplement to Dosimetry—Dose calculations may be used to establish a detailed understanding of dose distribution, providing a spatial resolution not obtainable through measurement. Calculations may be used to reduce the number of dosimeters required to characterize a procedure or process (for example, dose mapping).  
4.5 Alternative to Dosimetry—Dose calculations may be used when dosimetry is impractical (for example, granular materials, materials with complex geometries, material contained in a package where dosimetry is not practical or possible).  
4.6 Facility Design—Dose calculations are often used in the design of a new irradiator and can be used to help optimize dose distribution in an existing facility or radiation process. The use of modeling in irradiator design can be found in Refs (2-7).  
4.7 Validation—The validation of the model should be done through comparison with reliable and traceable dosimetric measurements. The purpose of validation is to demonstrate that the mathematical method makes reliable predictions of dose and other transport quantities. Validation compares predictions or theory to the results of an appropriate experiment. The degree of validation is commensurate with the application. Guidance is given in the documents referenced in Annex A2.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes different mathematical methods that may be used to calculate absorbed dose and criteria for their selection. Absorbed-dose calculations can determine the effectiveness of the radiation process, estimate the absorbed-dose distribution in product, or supplement or complement, or both, the measurement of absorbed dose.  
1.2 Radiation processing is an evolving field and annotated examples are provided in Annex A6 to illustrate the applications where mathematical methods have been successfully applied. While not limited by the applications cited in these examples, applications specific to neutron transport, radiation therapy and shielding design are not addressed in this document.  
1.3 This guide covers the calculation of radiation transport of electrons and photons with energies up to 25 MeV.  
1.4 The mathematical methods described include Monte Carlo, point kernel, discrete ordinate, semi-empirical and empirical methods.  
1.5 This guide is limited to the use of general purpose software packages for the calculation of the transport of charged or uncharged particles and photons, or both, from various types of sources of ionizing radiation. This standard is limited to the use of these software packages or other mathematical methods for the determination of spatial dose distributions for photons emitted following the decay of 137Cs or 60Co, for energetic electrons from particle accelerators, or for X-rays generated by electron accelerators.  
1.6 This guide assists the user in determining if mathematical methods are a useful tool. This guide may assist the user in selecting an appropriate method for calculating absorbed dose. The user must determine whether any of these mathematical methods are appropriate for the solution to their specific application and what, if any, software to apply.
Note 1: The user is urged to apply these predictive techniques while being aware of the need for experien...

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ASTM
ASTM D6026-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits and Data Records in Geotechnical Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The guidelines presented in this practice for retaining significant digits and rounding numbers may be adopted by the using agency or user. Their adoption should generally be used to calculate and record data when specified requirements are not included in a standard.  
5.2 While this practice originated when most geotechnical data were manually collected and recorded on data forms, tables, or into computers, the use of digital acquisition, calculations, and reporting of data has become more common. When calculators and computers are used for data collection, the significant digits may not meet the requirements specified in this standard. Nevertheless, their use shall not be regarded as nonconforming with this practice.  
5.3 The guidelines presented herein should not be interpreted as absolute rules but as guides to calculate and report observed or test data without exaggerating or degrading the precision of the values.  
5.3.1 The guidelines presented emphasize recording data to enough significant digits or the number of decimal places to allow sensitivity and variability analyses to be performed.
SCOPE
1.1 Using significant digits in geotechnical data involves the processes of collecting, calculating, and recording either measured values or calculated values (results) or both. This practice is intended to promote uniformity in recording significant digits for measured and calculated values involving geotechnical data.  
1.2 The guidelines presented are industry standard and are representative of the significant digits that should be retained in general. The guidelines do not consider material variation, the purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user's objectives, and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.  
1.3 It is beyond the scope of this practice to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.4 This practice accepts a variation of the traditional rounding method that recognizes the algorithm common to most hand-held calculators and computers, see 6.2.3. The traditional rounding method (see 6.2) is in accordance with Practice E29, ASTM Manual 7, or IEEE/ASTM SI 10.
Note 1: Calculators and computers often present and use many digits in their output and calculations, which may not all be significant. It is the responsibility of the programmer and user to make sure that the measured and calculated values are handled, interpreted and reported properly using these guidelines.  
1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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