ASTM C1242-14a
(Guide)Standard Guide for Selection, Design, and Installation of Dimension Stone Attachment Systems
Standard Guide for Selection, Design, and Installation of Dimension Stone Attachment Systems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, and contractors who either design or install exterior stone cladding for architectural structures.
4.2 This guide is an industry standard for engineering design considerations, documentation, material considerations, anchor type applications, and installation workmanship to assist designers and installers to achieve a proper and durable stone cladding.
4.3 Stone and its support systems are part of a building's skin and shall be compatible with the behavior and performance of other interfacing systems, such as the curtainwall and superstructure frame.
4.3.1 Every stone work application shall comply with applicable building codes.
4.3.2 It is not the intent of this Guide to supercede published recommendations for specific stone types. Provisions of other dimension stone industry publications should be reviewed and considered in addition to this Guide's recommendations. All industry information should be considered with respect to project specifications and requirements. If provisions of such publications differ from those in this Guide, it is acceptable practice to follow the publication's provisions if recommended by the stone specialist defined in 4.4 for the specific conditions of the individual project.
4.3.3 Because stone properties vary, the range and variability of pertinent properties of the stone proposed for use should be determined by testing and statistical methods that are evaluated using sound engineering principles. Use recent test data where applicable. Always reference proven performance of relevant existing structures.
4.3.4 Changes in properties over time shall be considered.
4.3.5 Overall behaviors of all building systems and components including the stone shall be interactively compatible.
4.4 Stone Specialist—Some conditions require professional expertise to select and plan a proper anchoring system, establish appropriate testing requirements, interpret tests,...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the categories of anchors and anchoring systems and discusses the design principles to be considered in selecting anchors or systems that will resist gravity loads and applied loads.
1.2 This guide sets forth basic requirements for the design of stone anchorage and provides a practical checklist of those design considerations.
1.3 This guide pertains to:
1.3.1 The anchoring of stone panels directly to the building structure for support,
1.3.2 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components after these support systems are attached to the building structure,
1.3.3 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components with stone cladding preassembled before these support systems are attached to the building structure, and
1.3.4 The supervision and inspection of fabrication and installation of the above.
1.4 Observe all applicable regulations, specific recommendations of the manufacturers, and standards governing interfacing work.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. (A) This stone type is a subclassification.(B) This stone type has subclassifications or grades.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See Tables 1 and 2.)
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Designation: C1242 − 14a
StandardGuide for
Selection, Design, and Installation of Dimension Stone
Attachment Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1242; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Natural building stone is chosen as a building’s cladding for its beauty which endures with minimal
maintenance. Stone is durable when used properly. Exercising good judgment when selecting the
particular stone, determining the quarrying and fabrication techniques, designing the method of
attachment, and installing all components correctly maximizes these benefits. A properly executed
stonecladdingisdesignedandinstalledwithinthecapabilitiesandlimitationsofthestoneandsupport
system to resist all forces that work on them.
This guide presents design principles that require consideration when designing anchorages and
evaluating exterior stone to be compatible with its proposed use. It is an overview of current
techniques and a review of minimum requirements for sound stone engineering and construction. The
guide does not list all possible methods of attachment nor does it provide a step-by-step procedure for
stone anchor engineering. Knowledge gained from new engineering designs, testing of applications,
and the investigation of existing problems are continually reviewed to update this guide. Comment
from users is encouraged.
Good judgment by architects, engineers, and contractors when specifying, designing, engineering,
and constructing stone and other work that interfaces stone is necessary to use this guide. Users of this
guide should combine known performance characteristics of the stone, the building’s structural
behavior, and knowledge of materials and construction methods with proven engineering practice.
1. Scope 1.3.1 The anchoring of stone panels directly to the building
structure for support,
1.1 This guide covers the categories of anchors and anchor-
1.3.2 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to
ing systems and discusses the design principles to be consid-
curtainwall components after these support systems are at-
ered in selecting anchors or systems that will resist gravity
tached to the building structure,
loads and applied loads.
1.3.3 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to
1.2 This guide sets forth basic requirements for the design
curtainwall components with stone cladding preassembled
of stone anchorage and provides a practical checklist of those
before these support systems are attached to the building
design considerations.
structure, and
1.3 This guide pertains to: 1.3.4 The supervision and inspection of fabrication and
installation of the above.
1.4 Observe all applicable regulations, specific recommen-
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension
dations of the manufacturers, and standards governing inter-
Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.06 on Attachment
Components and Systems. facing work.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2014. Published December 2014. Originally
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C1242 – 14. DOI:
10.1520/C1242-14A. as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1242 − 14a
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only C119 Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone
and are not considered standard. C170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Dimension
Stone
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
C406 Specification for Roofing Slate
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
C482 Test Method for Bond Strength of Ceramic Tile to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Portland Cement Paste
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
C503 Specification for Marble Dimension Stone
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See Tables 1 and
C509 Specification for Elastomeric Cellular Preformed Gas-
2.)
ket and Sealing Material
2. Referenced Documents
C568 Specification for Limestone Dimension Stone
C615 Specification for Granite Dimension Stone
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C616 Specification for Quartz-Based Dimension Stone
C97 Test Methods forAbsorption and Bulk Specific Gravity
C629 Specification for Slate Dimension Stone
of Dimension Stone
C864 SpecificationforDenseElastomericCompressionSeal
C99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension
Gaskets, Setting Blocks, and Spacers
Stone
C880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension Stone
C920 Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
C1115 Specification for Dense Elastomeric Silicone Rubber
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Gaskets and Accessories
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
C1193 Guide for Use of Joint Sealants
the ASTM website.
FIG. 1 Kerf Anchor
C1242 − 14a
FIG. 4 Point Loading Prevention
FIG. 2 Rod and Plug Anchor
FIG. 3 Adhesive Embedded Threaded Anchor
C1201 Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior
DimensionStoneCladdingSystemsbyUniformStaticAir
FIG. 4 Point Loading Prevention (continued)
Pressure Difference
C1354/C1354M Test Method for Strength of Individual
3. Terminology
Stone Anchorages in Dimension Stone
3.1 General Definitions—For definitions of terms used in
C1472 Guide for Calculating Movement and Other Effects
this guide, refer to Terminology C119.
When Establishing Sealant Joint Width
C1496 Guide for Assessment and Maintenance of Exterior 3.2 Specific definitions used in the design process are listed
Dimension Stone Masonry Walls and Facades in 7.4.
C1526 Specification for Serpentine Dimension Stone
4. Significance and Use
C1527 Specification for Travertine Dimension Stone
E632 Practice for Developing Accelerated Tests to Aid 4.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects,
Prediction of the Service Life of Building Components engineers, and contractors who either design or install exterior
and Materials
stone cladding for architectural structures.
C1242 − 14a
TABLE 1 Dimension Stone Specifications
Stone Type ASTM Specification
A
Calcite C503
A
Dolomite C503
Granite C615
B
Limestone C568
B
Marble (exterior) C503
B
Quartz-Based C616
A
Quartzite C616
A
Quartzitic Sandstone C616
A
Sandstone C616
A
Serpentine C503
Serpentine C1526
Slate (roof) C406
Slate (walls) C629
A
Travertine C1527
A
This stone type is a subclassification.
B
This stone type has subclassifications or grades.
FIG. 5 Disc Anchor
TABLE 2 Dimension Stone Test Methods
Measures ASTM Test Method
liquid porosity and relative density C97
combined shear with tensile unit strength from bending C99
ultimate crushing unit strength C170
primary tensile unit strength from bending C880
capacity and deflections of panels assembled with C1201
their anchors onto their supporting backup structure
individual anchor strength C1354/C1354M
accelerated production of service life E632
industry information should be considered with respect to
project specifications and requirements. If provisions of such
publications differ from those in this Guide, it is acceptable
practice to follow the publication’s provisions if recommended
by the stone specialist defined in 4.4 for the specific conditions
of the individual project.
4.3.3 Because stone properties vary, the range and variabil-
ity of pertinent properties of the stone proposed for use should
be determined by testing and statistical methods that are
evaluated using sound engineering principles. Use recent test
data where applicable. Always reference proven performance
of relevant existing structures.
4.3.4 Changes in properties over time shall be considered.
FIG. 6 Combined Anchor
4.3.5 Overall behaviors of all building systems and compo-
nents including the stone shall be interactively compatible.
4.2 This guide is an industry standard for engineering
4.4 Stone Specialist—Some conditions require professional
design considerations, documentation, material considerations,
expertise to select and plan a proper anchoring system,
anchor type applications, and installation workmanship to
establish appropriate testing requirements, interpret tests, de-
assist designers and installers to achieve a proper and durable
sign and engineer the anchoring system, or monitor its fabri-
stone cladding.
cation and installation. A specialist is a person that comple-
4.3 Stone and its support systems are part of a building’s ments the capabilities of the project team by contributing
skin and shall be compatible with the behavior and perfor- specific expert experience with the use, selection, design, and
manceofotherinterfacingsystems,suchasthecurtainwalland installation of dimension stone.
superstructure frame. 4.4.1 Particular conditions where special expertise is sug-
4.3.1 Every stone work application shall comply with ap- gested to achieve a reliable installation:
plicable building codes. 4.4.1.1 Where complex connections or anchoring methods
4.3.2 ItisnottheintentofthisGuidetosupercedepublished of unknown or questionable performance records are likely to
recommendations for specific stone types. Provisions of other be considered or specified;
dimension stone industry publications should be reviewed and 4.4.1.2 Where the performance record of the specified
considered in addition to this Guide’s recommendations. All systems and materials is not known or questionable;
C1242 − 14a
4.4.1.3 When multiple cladding materials occur on the same 5.2.1 The simplest connections are usually the best.
facade; 5.2.2 Make connections with the fewest components.
4.4.1.4 Ifthesupportingstructureorbackupismoreflexible 5.2.3 Use the fewest possible anchor connection types in
than L/600 in any direction; any particular project.
4.4.1.5 If extreme loading could be caused by seismic, 5.2.4 Provide for adjustability in connections to accommo-
hurricane, tornado, or installation and handling methods; date tolerances in materials and construction.
4.4.1.6 When special building code requirements prevail. 5.2.5 Distribute the weight of stone or panel systems on no
4.4.1.7 If provisions of stone industry publications or proj- more than two points of connection where possible.
ect specifications differ from this guide. 5.2.6 Make anchor connection locations accessible to the
craftsman.
5.2.7 Design connection components and stone sinkages to
5. Selection Considerations
avoid entrapping moisture.
5.1 Review the following factors before selecting a stone
5.2.8 At friction connections with slotted holes parallel to
material, an anchoring system and subframe system from those
the direction of load, specify proper bolts, washers, slot size,
options being considered:
and bolt installation procedure.
5.1.1 Have the stone materials under consideration per-
5.3 Safety Factors—In order to design an anchoring system,
formed well on existing buildings in similar exposures?
the variabilities of the materials being considered should be
5.1.2 Have the different anchoring and subframe systems
known and compensated.This is accomplished through the use
under consideration performed well on existing buildings in
of an appropriate safety factor to be applied to the stone, the
similar exposures?
anchorage, and the backup structure.
5.1.3 How is the performance of the anchor and its engage-
5.3.1 Table 3 shows generally accepted Safety Factors for
ment into the stone affected by installation and handling
stone cladding by stone type. These factors are recognized by
procedures?
industry specialists and publications and are based upon past
5.1.4 How are the performance and appearance of the
successful practice. These factors are based on a maximum
subframe, the anchor’s connection to the subframe, and the
coefficientofvariationof20 %whenprojectsamplesaretested
subframe’s connections to the building structure affected by
in accordance withTest Methods C99 or C880 for sedimentary
differential movements?
stones in thicknesses of 2 in. (50 mm) or greater. Safety factors
5.1.5 Do the physical characteristics of the stone measured
could be changed when conditions listed under 5.3.2 or 5.3.3
by standard tests show the material has structural limitations?
exist in the project.
Which physical properties are important to the application, and
5.3.2 Exemplar Availability: Asafety factor could be modi-
which test methods measure those properties and their vari-
fied if the long-term performance of the stone material, anchor
ability? Refer to Table 2 for standard test methods and
and backup system cannot be verified by well-performing
properties they measure.
exemplars. Consult a stone specialist as defined in 4.4 for the
5.1.6 Do the physical characteristics of the stone not mea-
appropriate change in safety factor.
sured by standard tests suggest the material may have long-
5.3.3 Structural Variables: A safety factor could be modi-
term durability concerns? Other properties, including (but not
fied if specific conditions exist on the project different from
limited to) resistance to chemical attack, weather-related
those upon which Table 3 values are based. Consult a stone
strength reduction, and dimensional changes, might be evalu-
specialist as defined in 4.4 for the appropriate change in safety
ated by special laboratory tests designed to obtain data under
factor. Some specific conditions are:
simulated conditions.
5.3.3.1 Critical material strength tests show increased vari-
5.1.7 Doestheprojectlocationorshapedevelopexceptional
ability;
design wind, or seismic loads, or does the stone material
5.3.3.2 Life expectancy of project exceeds forty years;
require higher safety factors than other stones not anticipated
5.3.3.3 Stone material loses significant strength over time;
by statutory codes?
5.3.3.4 When designing stone at anchors;
5.1.8 Do the anchor and subframe system accommodate
5.3.3.5 Anchor capacity tests show increased variability;
building dimensional changes caused by wind and seismic
5.3.3.6 Anchors will not be inspected in final position on
sway, thermal and elastic deformation, creep and shrinkage,
building;
and their combined effects?
5.3.3.7 Anchors require varied installation techniques or
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1242 − 14 C1242 − 14a
Standard Guide for
Selection, Design, and Installation of Dimension Stone
Attachment Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1242; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Natural building stone is chosen as a building’s cladding for its beauty which endures with minimal
maintenance. Stone is durable when used properly. Exercising good judgment when selecting the
particular stone, determining the quarrying and fabrication techniques, designing the method of
attachment, and installing all components correctly maximizes these benefits. A properly executed
stone cladding is designed and installed within the capabilities and limitations of the stone and support
system to resist all forces that work on them.
This guide presents design principles that require consideration when designing anchorages and
evaluating exterior stone to be compatible with its proposed use. It is an overview of current
techniques and a review of minimum requirements for sound stone engineering and construction. The
guide does not list all possible methods of attachment nor does it provide a step-by-step procedure for
stone anchor engineering. Knowledge gained from new engineering designs, testing of applications,
and the investigation of existing problems are continually reviewed to update this guide. Comment
from users is encouraged.
Good judgment by architects, engineers, and contractors when specifying, designing, engineering,
and constructing stone and other work that interfaces stone is necessary to use this guide. Users of this
guide should combine known performance characteristics of the stone, the building’s structural
behavior, and knowledge of materials and construction methods with proven engineering practice.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers the categories of anchors and anchoring systems and discusses the design principles to be considered in
selecting anchors or systems that will resist gravity loads and applied loads.
1.2 This guide sets forth basic requirements for the design of stone anchorage and provides a practical checklist of those design
considerations.
1.3 This guide pertains to:
1.3.1 The anchoring of stone panels directly to the building structure for support,
1.3.2 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components after these support systems are attached to the
building structure,
1.3.3 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components with stone cladding preassembled before these
support systems are attached to the building structure, and
1.3.4 The supervision and inspection of fabrication and installation of the above.
1.4 Observe all applicable regulations, specific recommendations of the manufacturers, and standards governing interfacing
work.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.06 on Attachment Components
and Systems.
Current edition approved May 1, 2014Oct. 15, 2014. Published June 2014December 2014. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 20122014 as
ε1
C1242 – 12aC1242 – 14. . DOI: 10.1520/C1242-14.10.1520/C1242-14A.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1242 − 14a
FIG. 18 Dowel Anchor
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. (See Tables 1 and 2.)
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C97 Test Methods for Absorption and Bulk Specific Gravity of Dimension Stone
C99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension Stone
C119 Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone
C170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Dimension Stone
C406 Specification for Roofing Slate
C482 Test Method for Bond Strength of Ceramic Tile to Portland Cement Paste
C503 Specification for Marble Dimension Stone
C509 Specification for Elastomeric Cellular Preformed Gasket and Sealing Material
C568 Specification for Limestone Dimension Stone
C615 Specification for Granite Dimension Stone
C616 Specification for Quartz-Based Dimension Stone
C629 Specification for Slate Dimension Stone
C864 Specification for Dense Elastomeric Compression Seal Gaskets, Setting Blocks, and Spacers
C880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension Stone
C920 Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants
C1115 Specification for Dense Elastomeric Silicone Rubber Gaskets and Accessories
C1193 Guide for Use of Joint Sealants
C1201 Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Dimension Stone Cladding Systems by Uniform Static Air Pressure
Difference
C1354C1354/C1354M Test Method for Strength of Individual Stone Anchorages in Dimension Stone
C1472 Guide for Calculating Movement and Other Effects When Establishing Sealant Joint Width
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
C1242 − 14a
FIG. 21 Kerf Anchor
C1496 Guide for Assessment and Maintenance of Exterior Dimension Stone Masonry Walls and Facades
C1526 Specification for Serpentine Dimension Stone
C1527 Specification for Travertine Dimension Stone
E632 Practice for Developing Accelerated Tests to Aid Prediction of the Service Life of Building Components and Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 General Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology C119.
3.2 Specific definitions used in the design process are listed in 7.4.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, and contractors who either design or install exterior stone cladding
for architectural structures.
4.2 This guide is an industry standard for engineering design considerations, documentation, material considerations, anchor
type applications, and installation workmanship to assist designers and installers to achieve a proper and durable stone cladding.
4.3 Stone and its support systems are part of a building’s skin and shall be compatible with the behavior and performance of
other interfacing systems, such as the curtainwall and superstructure frame.
4.3.1 Every stone work application shall comply with applicable building codes.
C1242 − 14a
FIG. 32 Rod and Plug Anchor
FIG. 43 Adhesive Embedded Threaded Anchor
4.3.2 It is not the intent of this Guide to supercede published recommendations for specific stone types. Provisions of other
dimension stone industry publications should be reviewed and considered in addition to this Guide’s recommendations. All
industry information should be considered with respect to project specifications and requirements. If provisions of such
publications differ from those in this Guide, it is acceptable practice to follow the publication’s provisions if recommended by the
stone specialist defined in 4.4 for the specific conditions of the individual project.
4.3.3 Because stone properties vary, the range and variability of pertinent properties of the stone proposed for use should be
determined by testing and statistical methods that are evaluated using sound engineering principles. Use recent test data where
applicable. Always reference proven performance of relevant existing structures.
4.3.4 Changes in properties over time shall be considered.
4.3.5 Overall behaviors of all building systems and components including the stone shall be interactively compatible.
4.4 Stone Specialist—Some conditions require professional expertise to select and plan a proper anchoring system, establish
appropriate testing requirements, interpret tests, design and engineer the anchoring system, or monitor its fabrication and
installation. A specialist is a person that complements the capabilities of the project team by contributing specific expert experience
with the use, selection, design, and installation of dimension stone.
4.4.1 Particular conditions where special expertise is suggested to achieve a reliable installation:
C1242 − 14a
FIG. 54 Point Loading Prevention
FIG. 54 Point Loading Prevention (continued)
4.4.1.1 Where complex connections or anchoring methods of unknown or questionable performance records are likely to be
considered or specified;
4.4.1.2 Where the performance record of the specified systems and materials is not known or questionable;
4.4.1.3 When multiple cladding materials occur on the same facade;
4.4.1.4 If the supporting structure or backup is more flexible than L/600 in any direction;
4.4.1.5 If extreme loading could be caused by seismic, hurricane, tornado, or installation and handling methods;
4.4.1.6 When special building code requirements prevail.
4.4.1.7 If provisions of stone industry publications or project specifications differ from this guide.
5. Selection Considerations
5.1 Review the following factors before selecting a stone material, an anchoring system and subframe system from those options
being considered:
5.1.1 Have the stone materials under consideration performed well on existing buildings in similar exposures?
C1242 − 14a
FIG. 65 Disc Anchor
FIG. 76 Combined Anchor
5.1.2 Have the different anchoring and subframe systems under consideration performed well on existing buildings in similar
exposures?
5.1.3 How is the performance of the anchor and its engagement into the stone affected by installation and handling procedures?
5.1.4 How are the performance and appearance of the subframe, the anchor’s connection to the subframe, and the subframe’s
connections to the building structure affected by differential movements?
5.1.5 Do the physical characteristics of the stone measured by standard tests show the material has structural limitations? Which
physical properties are important to the application, and which test methods measure those properties and their variability? Refer
to Table 2 for standard test methods and properties they measure.
5.1.6 Do the physical characteristics of the stone not measured by standard tests suggest the material may have long-term
durability concerns? Other properties, including (but not limited to) resistance to chemical attack, weather-related strength
reduction, and dimensional changes, might be evaluated by special laboratory tests designed to obtain data under simulated
conditions.
5.1.7 Does the project location or shape develop exceptional design wind, or seismic loads, or does the stone material require
higher safety factors than other stones not anticipated by statutory codes?
C1242 − 14a
TABLE 1 Dimension Stone Specifications
Stone Type ASTM Specification
A
Calcite C503
A
Dolomite C503
Granite C615
B
Limestone C568
B
Marble (exterior) C503
B
Quartz-Based C616
A
Quartzite C616
A
Quartzitic Sandstone C616
A
Sandstone C616
A
Serpentine C503
Serpentine C1526
Slate (roof) C406
Slate (walls) C629
A
Travertine C1527
A
This stone type is a subclassification.
B
This stone type has subclassifications or grades.
TABLE 2 Dimension Stone Test Methods
Measures ASTM Test Method
liquid porosity and relative density C97
combined shear with tensile unit strength from bending C99
ultimate crushing unit strength C170
primary tensile unit strength from bending C880
capacity and deflections of panels assembled with C1201
their anchors onto their supporting backup structure
individual anchor strength C1354
individual anchor strength C1354/C1354M
accelerated production of service life E632
5.1.8 Do the anchor and subframe system accommodate building dimensional changes caused by wind and seismic sway,
thermal and elastic deformation, creep and shrinkage, and their combined effects?
5.1.9 Will contiguous facade elements such as windows, other claddings, window supports, or window-washing and wall
maintenance provisions influence the stone cladding, its anchoring or subframe system?
5.1.10 Do the anchor or subframe systems penetrate waterproofing, facilitate internal moisture collection, or penetrate wall
insulation and cavity ventilation?
5.1.11 Do the materials used resist corrosion, galvanic and chemical reactions?
5.2 The following general rules are helpful in the design of anchors and connections:
5.2.1 The simplest connections are usually the best.
5.2.2 Make connections with the fewest components.
5.2.3 Use the fewest possible anchor connection types in any particular project.
5.2.4 Provide for adjustability in connections to accommodate tolerances in materials and construction.
5.2.5 Distribute the weight of stone or panel systems on no more than two points of connection where possible.
5.2.6 Make anchor connection locations accessible to the craftsman.
5.2.7 Design connection components and stone sinkages to avoid entrapping moisture.
5.2.8 At friction connections with slotted holes parallel to the direction of load, specify proper bolts, washers, slot size, and bolt
installation procedure.
5.3 Safety Factors—In order to design an anchoring system, the variabilities of the materials being considered should be known
and compensated. This is accomplished through the use of an appropriate safety factor to be applied to the stone, the anchorage,
and the backup structure.
5.3.1 Table 3 shows generally accepted Safety Factors for stone cladding by stone type. These factors are recognized by industry
TABLE 3 Generally Accepted Safety Factors for Stone Cladding
by Stone Type
Stone Type Specification Safety Factor
granite C615 3
limestone C568 6
group A marble C503 5
travertine C1527 8
sandstone C616 6
slate C629 5
---------------------- P
...
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