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ASTM C1286-94

(Classification)

Standard Classification for Advanced Ceramics (Withdrawn 2002)

Standard Classification for Advanced Ceramics (Withdrawn 2002)

SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers a system by which advanced ceramics may be classified. The system has been devised to cover all types of advanced ceramics in the forms of inorganic precursors for ceramic powder production, powders, granular forms, fibers, whiskers, platelets, single crystals, consolidated polycrystalline ceramics, amorphous (glassy) and composite materials, and components in block and coating forms. The structure of the classification system is coded to be machine readable.  
1.2 The classification system has been developed through an international collaboration under the auspice of the Versailles Advanced Materials and Standards Project (VAMAS) Technical Working Area 14, and with support from the Commission to the European Communities, ASTM Institute of Standards Research, and the Japan Fine Ceramics Association. Its construction was based on the results of an international survey of requirements among manufacturing and user industries, and recommendations provided at an international workshop held at Ispra, Italy, in June 1990.  
1.3 The present range of products that is encompassed by the term advanced ceramics or one of its synonyms is enormous in breadth, and complex in chemistry, form, processing route, and property attributes. Normally, there are close interlinks between these factors. It has therefore been impossible to devise a simple hierarchial scheme, such as that used in IEC 672 for electrotechnical ceramics for insulators. The system developed and incorporated in this classification is novel in many respects to encompass all foreseen requirements and purposes, and all raw and manufactured materials and applications. It has great flexibility and is amenable to computer recognition and programming.  
1.4 System Constraints -It is not the purpose of this classification to specify how the system shall be used. The user is able to define the coding combination and the level of detail to suit a particular purpose. This classification provides only a flexible framework within which this might be done.  
1.4.1 The classification system includes only those ceramic products defined and designated by ceramic manufacturers, trade associations, and professional societies as advanced ceramics (see 3.1.1). On this basis, the classification system does not cover:  
1.4.1.1 Elemental carbon, except for specific ceramic forms such as diamond, vitreous carbon, and chemical vapor deposit (CVD) graphite;  
1.4.1.2 Elemental silicon, elemental germanium, and other elemental or compound semimetallic (intermetallic) substances other than when they form an integral component of, or precursor for, an advanced ceramic;  
1.4.1.3 Traditional ceramics based on clay, including: porcelains; whitewares; sanitary wares; floor and wall tiles;  
1.4.1.4 Unshaped and shaped refractories and bulk glasses for tonnage applications; and  
1.4.1.5 Flat or container glass.  
1.4.2 This classification provides a classification system framework that allows comparison and correlation of collected data/information with that gathered under other classification systems, such as the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code and the international convention on the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System. The SIC is the statistical classification standard underlying all establishment-based U.S. Federal economic statistics classified by industry. The SIC code covers the entire field of economic activities and defines industries in accordance with the composition and structure of the economy. The Harmonized System, an international system designed to standardize commodity classification for all major trading nations, in a relational way is similar to the SIC system.  
1.4.3 Currently, advanced ceramics are not represented as a specific code field in either the SIC or the Harmonized System, but are included in other categories where other material classes dominate and in which the advanced ceramics comprise ...

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
31-Dec-1993
Withdrawal Date
09-Apr-2002
ICS
81.060.99 - Other standards related to ceramics
Technical Committee
C28 - Advanced Ceramics
Drafting Committee
C28.91 - Nomenclature and Editorial
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM C1286-94 - Standard Classification for Advanced Ceramics (Withdrawn 2002)ASTM C1286-94 - Standard Classification for Advanced Ceramics (Withdrawn 2002)
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ASTM C1286-94 - Standard Classification for Advanced Ceramics (Withdrawn 2002)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or
withdrawn. Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: C 1286 – 94
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Classification for
1
Advanced Ceramics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1286; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ceramics (see 3.1.1). On this basis, the classification system
does not cover:
1.1 This classification covers a system by which advanced
1.4.1.1 Elemental carbon, except for specific ceramic forms
ceramics may be classified. The system has been devised to
such as diamond, vitreous carbon, and chemical vapor deposit
cover all types of advanced ceramics in the forms of inorganic
(CVD) graphite;
precursors for ceramic powder production, powders, granular
1.4.1.2 Elemental silicon, elemental germanium, and other
forms, fibers, whiskers, platelets, single crystals, consolidated
elemental or compound semimetallic (intermetallic) substances
polycrystalline ceramics, amorphous (glassy) and composite
other than when they form an integral component of, or
materials, and components in block and coating forms. The
precursor for, an advanced ceramic;
structure of the classification system is coded to be machine
1.4.1.3 Traditional ceramics based on clay, including: por-
readable.
celains; whitewares; sanitary wares; floor and wall tiles;
1.2 The classification system has been developed through an
1.4.1.4 Unshaped and shaped refractories and bulk glasses
international collaboration under the auspice of the Versailles
for tonnage applications; and
Advanced Materials and Standards Project (VAMAS) Techni-
1.4.1.5 Flat or container glass.
cal Working Area 14, and with support from the Commission to
the European Communities, ASTM Institute of Standards
1.4.2 This classification provides a classification system
Research, and the Japan Fine Ceramics Association. Its con- framework that allows comparison and correlation of collected
struction was based on the results of an international survey of
data/information with that gathered under other classification
requirements among manufacturing and user industries, and systems, such as the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)
recommendations provided at an international workshop held
code and the international convention on the Harmonized
at Ispra, Italy, in June 1990. Commodity Description and Coding System. The SIC is the
statistical classification standard underlying all establishment-
1.3 The present range of products that is encompassed by
based U.S. Federal economic statistics classified by industry.
the term advanced ceramics or one of its synonyms is
The SIC code covers the entire field of economic activities and
enormous in breadth, and complex in chemistry, form, process-
defines industries in accordance with the composition and
ing route, and property attributes. Normally, there are close
interlinks between these factors. It has therefore been impos- structure of the economy. The Harmonized System, an inter-
national system designed to standardize commodity classifica-
sible to devise a simple hierarchial scheme, such as that used in
IEC 672 for electrotechnical ceramics for insulators. The tion for all major trading nations, in a relational way is similar
to the SIC system.
system developed and incorporated in this classification is
novel in many respects to encompass all foreseen requirements 1.4.3 Currently, advanced ceramics are not represented as a
and purposes, and all raw and manufactured materials and specific code field in either the SIC or the Harmonized System,
applications. It has great flexibility and is amenable to com- but are included in other categories where other material
puter recognition and programming. classes dominate and in which the advanced ceramics comprise
only a small fraction of the end products of the classification.
1.4 System Constraints—It is not the purpose of this clas-
sification to specify how the system shall be used. The user is 1.4.4 This standard recognizes the relationship between
classification systems, but does not present a detailed cross-
able to define the coding combination and the level of detail to
suit a particular purpose. This classification provides only a walk between individual system fields. This relationship is
illustrated by the following examples:
flexible framework within which this might be done.
1.4.1 The classification system includes only those ceramic 1.4.4.1 In structural applications, advanced ceramic prod-
ucts are found in motor vehicle parts and accessories (SIC
products defi
...

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Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures

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4.3 The flexural strength of a group of test specimens is influenced by several parameters associated with the test procedure. Such factors include the testing rate, test environment, specimen size, specimen preparation, and test fixtures. Specimen and fixture sizes were chosen to provide a balance between the practical configurations and resulting errors as discussed in Test Method C1161, and Refs (1-3).4 Specific fixture and specimen configurations were designated in order to permit the ready comparison of data without the need for Weibull size scaling.  
4.4 The flexural strength of a ceramic material is dependent on both its inherent resistance to fracture and the size and severity of flaws. Variations in these cause a natural scatter in test results for a sample of test specimens. Fractographic analysis of fracture surfaces, although beyond the scope of this test method, is highly recommended for all purposes, especially if the data will be used for design as discussed in Ref (4) and Practices C1322 and C1239.  
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1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural strength of advanced ceramics at elevated temperatures.2 Four-point-1/4-point and three-point loadings with prescribed spans are the standard as shown in Fig. 1. Rectangular specimens of prescribed cross-section are used with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations. Test specimens may be 3 by 4 by 45 to 50 mm in size that are tested on 40-mm outer span four-point or three-point fixtures. Alternatively, test specimens and fixture spans half or twice these sizes may be used. The test method permits testing of machined or as-fired test specimens. Several options for machining preparation are included: application matched machining, customary procedures, or a specified standard procedure. This test method describes the apparatus, specimen requirements, test procedure, calculations, and reporting requirements. The test method is applicable to monolithic or particulate- or whisker-reinforced ceramics. It may also be used for glasses. It is not applicable to continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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Standard Test Method for Shear Strength of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites can be candidate materials for structural applications requiring high degrees of wear and corrosion resistance, and damage tolerance at high temperatures.  
5.2 Shear tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under shear stresses.  
5.3 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
5.4 For quality control purposes, results derived from standardized shear test specimens may be considered indicative of the response of the material from which they were taken for given primary processing conditions and post-processing heat treatments.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of shear strength of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites (CFCCs) at ambient temperature. The test methods addressed are (1) the compression of a double-notched test specimen to determine interlaminar shear strength, and (2) the Iosipescu test method to determine the shear strength in any one of the material planes of laminated composites. Test specimen fabrication methods, testing modes (load or displacement control), testing rates (load rate or displacement rate), data collection, and reporting procedures are addressed.  
1.2 This test method is used for testing advanced ceramic or glass matrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement having unidirectional (1D) or bidirectional (2D) fiber architecture. This test method does not address composites with 3D fiber architecture or discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard and are in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in 8.1 and 8.2.  
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ASTM C1259-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio for Advanced Ceramics by Impulse Excitation of Vibration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for material development, characterization, design data generation, and quality control purposes.  
5.2 This test method is specifically appropriate for determining the modulus of advanced ceramics that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic (1).4  
5.3 This test method addresses the room temperature determination of dynamic moduli of elasticity of slender bars (rectangular cross section) and rods (cylindrical). Flat plates and discs may also be measured similarly, but the required equations for determining the moduli are not addressed herein.  
5.4 This dynamic test method has several advantages and differences from static loading techniques and from resonant techniques requiring continuous excitation.  
5.4.1 The test method is nondestructive in nature and can be used for specimens prepared for other tests. The specimens are subjected to minute strains; hence, the moduli are measured at or near the origin of the stress-strain curve, with the minimum possibility of fracture.  
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1.1 This test method covers determination of the dynamic elastic properties of advanced ceramics at ambient temperatures. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonant frequencies that are determined by the elastic modulus, mass, and geometry of the test specimen. The dynamic elastic properties of a material can therefore be computed if the geometry, mass, and mechanical resonant frequencies of a suitable (rectangular, cylindrical, or disc geometry) test specimen of that material can be measured. The resonant frequencies in flexure and torsion are measured by excitation of vibrations of the test specimen in a supported mode by a singular elastic strike with an impulse tool (Section 4 and Fig. 1, Fig. 3, and Fig. 4). Dynamic Young’s modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in the flexural mode of vibration. The dynamic shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional resonant vibrations. Dynamic Young’s modulus and dynamic shear modulus are used to compute Poisson’s ratio.
FIG. 1 Block Diagram of Typical Test Apparatus  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Advanced ceramic powders and porous ceramic bodies often have a very fine particulate morphology and structure that are marked by high surface-to-volume (S-V) ratios. These ceramics with high S-V ratios commonly exhibit enhanced chemical reactivity and lower sintering temperatures. Results of many intermediate and final ceramic processing steps are controlled by, or related to, the specific surface area of the advanced ceramic. The functionality of ceramic adsorbents, separation filters and membranes, catalysts, chromatographic carriers, coatings, and pigments often depends on the amount and distribution of the porosity and its resulting effect on the specific surface area.  
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ASTM C1239-13(2018)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced Ceramics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Advanced ceramics usually display a linear stress-strain behavior to failure. Lack of ductility combined with flaws that have various sizes and orientations leads to scatter in failure strength. Strength is not a deterministic property, but instead reflects an intrinsic fracture toughness and a distribution (size and orientation) of flaws present in the material. This practice is applicable to brittle monolithic ceramics that fail as a result of catastrophic propagation of flaws present in the material. This practice is also applicable to composite ceramics that do not exhibit any appreciable bilinear or nonlinear deformation behavior. In addition, the composite must contain a sufficient quantity of uniformly distributed reinforcements such that the material is effectively homogeneous. Whisker-toughened ceramic composites may be representative of this type of material.  
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1.1 This practice covers the evaluation and reporting of uniaxial strength data and the estimation of Weibull probability distribution parameters for advanced ceramics that fail in a brittle fashion (see Fig. 1). The estimated Weibull distribution parameters are used for statistical comparison of the relative quality of two or more test data sets and for the prediction of the probability of failure (or, alternatively, the fracture strength) for a structure of interest. In addition, this practice encourages the integration of mechanical property data and fractographic analysis.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard per IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
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ASTM C1273-18(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Monolithic Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
4.2 High-strength, monolithic advanced ceramic materials generally characterized by small grain sizes (  
4.3 Although the volume or surface area of material subjected to a uniform tensile stress for a single uniaxially loaded tensile test may be several times that of a single flexure test specimen, the need to test a statistically significant number of tensile test specimens is not obviated. Therefore, because of the probabilistic strength distributions of brittle materials such as advanced ceramics, a sufficient number of test specimens at each testing condition is required for statistical analysis and eventual design, with guidelines for sufficient numbers provided in this test method. Note that size-scaling effects as discussed in Practice C1239 will affect the strength values. Therefore, strengths obtained using different recommended tensile test specimens with different volumes or surface areas of material in the gage sections will be different due to these size differences. Resulting strength values can be scaled to an effective volume or surface area of unity as discussed in Practice C1239.  
4.4 Tensile tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses. Uniform stress states are required to effectively evaluate any nonlinear stress-strain behavior which may develop as the result of testing mode, testing rate, processing or alloying effects, or environmental influences. These effects may be consequences of stress corrosion or subcritical (slow) crack growth, which can be minimized by testing at appropriately rapid rates as outlined in this test method.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile strength under uniaxial loading of monolithic advanced ceramics at ambient temperatures. This test method addresses, but is not restricted to, various suggested test specimen geometries as listed in the appendixes. In addition, test specimen fabrication methods, testing modes (force, displacement, or strain control), testing rates (force rate, stress rate, displacement rate, or strain rate), allowable bending, and data collection and reporting procedures are addressed. Note that tensile strength as used in this test method refers to the tensile strength obtained under uniaxial loading.  
1.2 This test method applies primarily to advanced ceramics that macroscopically exhibit isotropic, homogeneous, continuous behavior. While this test method applies primarily to monolithic advanced ceramics, certain whisker- or particle-reinforced composite ceramics as well as certain discontinuous fiber-reinforced composite ceramics may also meet these macroscopic behavior assumptions. Generally, continuous fiber ceramic composites (CFCCs) do not macroscopically exhibit isotropic, homogeneous, continuous behavior and application of this practice to these materials is not recommended.  
1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guid...

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ASTM C1211-18(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes. This test method is intended to be used with ceramics whose flexural strength is ∼50 MPa (∼7 ksi) or greater.  
4.2 The flexure stress is computed based on simple beam theory, with assumptions that the material is isotropic and homogeneous, the moduli of elasticity in tension and compression are identical, and the material is linearly elastic. The average grain size should be no greater than 1/50 of the beam thickness. The homogeneity and isotropy assumptions in the test method rule out the use of it for continuous fiber-reinforced composites for which Test Method C1341 is more appropriate.  
4.3 The flexural strength of a group of test specimens is influenced by several parameters associated with the test procedure. Such factors include the testing rate, test environment, specimen size, specimen preparation, and test fixtures. Specimen and fixture sizes were chosen to provide a balance between the practical configurations and resulting errors as discussed in Test Method C1161, and Refs (1-3).4 Specific fixture and specimen configurations were designated in order to permit the ready comparison of data without the need for Weibull size scaling.  
4.4 The flexural strength of a ceramic material is dependent on both its inherent resistance to fracture and the size and severity of flaws. Variations in these cause a natural scatter in test results for a sample of test specimens. Fractographic analysis of fracture surfaces, although beyond the scope of this test method, is highly recommended for all purposes, especially if the data will be used for design as discussed in Ref (4) and Practices C1322 and C1239.  
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM C1291-18(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Elevated Temperature Tensile Creep Strain, Creep Strain Rate, and Creep Time to Failure for Monolithic Advanced Ceramics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Creep tests measure the time-dependent deformation under force at a given temperature, and, by implication, the force-carrying capability of the material for limited deformations. Creep rupture tests, properly interpreted, provide a measure of the force-carrying capability of the material as a function of time and temperature. The two tests complement each other in defining the force-carrying capability of a material for a given period of time. In selecting materials and designing parts for service at elevated temperatures, the type of test data used will depend on the criteria for force-carrying capability that best defines the service usefulness of the material.  
4.2 This test method may be used for material development, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
4.3 High-strength, monolithic ceramic materials, generally characterized by small grain sizes (  
4.4 Data obtained for design and predictive purposes shall be obtained using any appropriate combination of test methods that provide the most relevant information for the applications being considered. It is noted here that ceramic materials tend to creep more rapidly in tension than in compression (1-3).4 This difference results in time-dependent changes in the stress distribution and the position of the neutral axis when tests are conducted in flexure. As a consequence, deconvolution of flexural creep data to obtain the constitutive equations needed for design cannot be achieved without some degree of uncertainty concerning the form of the creep equations, and the magnitude of the creep rate in tension vis-a-vis the creep rate in compression. Therefore, creep data for design and life prediction shall be obtained in both tension and compression, as well as the expected service stress state.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile creep strain, creep strain rate, and creep time to failure for advanced monolithic ceramics at elevated temperatures, typically between 1073 and 2073 K. A variety of test specimen geometries are included. The creep strain at a fixed temperature is evaluated from direct measurements of the gage length extension over the time of the test. The minimum creep strain rate, which may be invariant with time, is evaluated as a function of temperature and applied stress. Creep time to failure is also included in this test method.  
1.2 This test method is for use with advanced ceramics that behave as macroscopically isotropic, homogeneous, continuous materials. While this test method is intended for use on monolithic ceramics, whisker- or particle-reinforced composite ceramics as well as low-volume-fraction discontinuous fiber-reinforced composite ceramics may also meet these macroscopic behavior assumptions. Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites (CFCCs) do not behave as macroscopically isotropic, homogeneous, continuous materials, and application of this test method to these materials is not recommended.  
1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard (see IEEE/ASTM SI 10). The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1275-18(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Monotonic Tensile Behavior of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics with Solid Rectangular Cross-Section Test Specimens at Ambient Temperature

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
4.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites generally characterized by fine grain-sized (  
4.3 Unlike monolithic advanced ceramics which fracture catastrophically from a single dominant flaw, CFCCs generally experience “graceful” fracture from a cumulative damage process. Therefore, the volume of material subjected to a uniform tensile stress for a single uniaxially loaded tensile test may not be as significant a factor in determining the ultimate strengths of CFCCs. However, the need to test a statistically significant number of tensile test specimens is not obviated. Therefore, because of the probabilistic nature of the strength distributions of the brittle matrices of CFCCs, a sufficient number of test specimens at each testing condition is required for statistical analysis and design. Studies to determine the exact influence of test specimen volume on strength distributions for CFCCs have not been completed. It should be noted that tensile strengths obtained using different recommended tensile specimens with different volumes of material in the gage sections may be different due to these volume differences.  
4.4 Tensile tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses. Uniform stress states are required to effectively evaluate any nonlinear stress-strain behavior which may develop as the result of cumulative damage processes (for example, matrix cracking, matrix/fiber debonding, fiber fracture, delamination, etc.) which may be influenced by testing mode, testing rate, processing or alloying effects, or environmental influences. Some of these effects may be consequences of stress corrosion or subcritical (slow) crack growth that can be minimized by testing at sufficiently rapid rates as outlined in this test method.  
4.5 The results of tensile t...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile behavior including tensile strength and stress-strain response under monotonic uniaxial loading of continuous fiber-reinforced advanced ceramics at ambient temperature. This test method addresses, but is not restricted to, various suggested test specimen geometries as listed in the appendix. In addition, test specimen fabrication methods, testing modes (force, displacement, or strain control), testing rates (force rate, stress rate, displacement rate, or strain rate), allowable bending, and data collection and reporting procedures are addressed. Note that tensile strength as used in this test method refers to the tensile strength obtained under monotonic uniaxial loading where monotonic refers to a continuous nonstop test rate with no reversals from test initiation to final fracture.  
1.2 This test method applies primarily to all advanced ceramic matrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement: unidirectional (1D), bidirectional (2D), and tridirectional (3D). In addition, this test method may also be used with glass (amorphous) matrix composites with 1D, 2D, and 3D continuous fiber reinforcement. This test method does not directly address discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics, although the test methods detailed here may be equally applicable to these composites.  
1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7 and 8.2.5.2.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance...

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ASTM
ASTM C1337-17(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Creep and Creep Rupture of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics Under Tensile Loading at Elevated Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
4.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites are candidate materials for structural applications requiring high degrees of wear and corrosion resistance and toughness at high temperatures.  
4.3 Creep tests measure the time-dependent deformation of a material under constant load at a given temperature. Creep rupture tests provide a measure of the life of the material when subjected to constant mechanical loading at elevated temperatures. In selecting materials and designing parts for service at elevated temperatures, the type of test data used will depend on the criteria for load-carrying capability which best defines the service usefulness of the material.  
4.4 Creep and creep rupture tests provide information on the time-dependent deformation and on the time-of-failure of materials subjected to uniaxial tensile stresses at elevated temperatures. Uniform stress states are required to effectively evaluate any nonlinear stress-strain behavior which may develop as the result of cumulative damage processes (for example, matrix cracking, matrix/fiber debonding, fiber fracture, delamination, etc.) which may be influenced by test mode, test rate, processing or alloying effects, environmental influences, or elevated temperatures. Some of these effects may be consequences of stress corrosion or subcritical (slow) crack growth. It is noted that ceramic materials typically creep more rapidly in tension than in compression. Therefore, creep data for design and life prediction should be obtained in both tension and compression.  
4.5 The results of tensile creep and tensile creep rupture tests of specimens fabricated to standardized dimensions from a particular material or selected portions of a part, or both, may not totally represent the creep deformation and creep rupture properties of the entire, full-size end p...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the time-dependent deformation and time-to-rupture of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites under constant tensile loading at elevated temperatures. This test method addresses, but is not restricted to, various suggested test specimen geometries. In addition, test specimen fabrication methods, allowable bending, temperature measurements, temperature control, data collection, and reporting procedures are addressed.  
1.2 This test method is intended primarily for use with all advanced ceramic matrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement: unidirectional (1-D), bidirectional (2-D), and tridirectional (3-D). In addition, this test method may also be used with glass matrix composites with 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D continuous fiber reinforcement. This test method does not address directly discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics, although the test methods detailed here may be equally applicable to these composites.  
1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Hazard statements are noted in 7.1 and 7.2.

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